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Based on Carbon Content » steel - chemical composition Wrought lnon ateel Cos + ixon Lor carbon “pig @ 2% Carbon 23-47 Soft | mallable toy Carbon Hard & contaolled amounts of pxtttle mangantée, phos phorout Ailicon, . Sulfur, Oxy Fo M:8 - 0:2 01257 o Medtum steel - 0 ap- o457 ¢ + . combination of Hard steel- 0°48 to <7 Corbon ated + co, Cu, chicomiwe , OBEY Ov ohey eeew co rfolybaamur Ni, Spaing pel - 086-8576 Tingate, Vanadium elastic deformation: plostic deformation: . Yodeé er some propane: gr43. Nima to 74 Unit werght of ebel : WN[/m> = Young modulus: OF elasticity og tt sey ! eet Nf sp vtaiat og Oex ie ag a i = Coeggicrent of ghermabicvnt, * wel’c Coepgictent Loh expansion. 7 Get x 76 / FE. Pogasons £aH0 : . ttn elastic aang® 08 cs : tn plastic Ange Os. sinasg fo) a Ghemical pro pectios op MS: carbon (+/d 20mm y below) oes y. ( , : 20 mm. over ~ O257: i : sulphur — 0» 055 y » ph -~ ooss / Metectal solid Maps Graseous Cplasma’) YN = Metalic Ceramic polymer. Composite, Alloy pure metal Intermetallic: | Ferrous . | Non-Ferrous | Ceramic is ; a conducting : ¥ , Ansulating hata Btel — Feryous : a i End use” Form/size/ shape composters acer 7 ' niu) (gonstay Liquid “gtee| Att tet Non a one -¥ baal Aainlpattel “alan ai az A wi " icon | elena 1 Medium 0 tee) rinosbed ateel if \ High a age ¢ ae ateel es Flat product non flat Yield strength = 28614 260 .N/imm™ i( Ts, .226)) Stave | Moatgied Actual nS Frachure press an. bres’ Spey Aba airate neoktn w padining t x Nastic a —>. L now— untform piaatic se Fy Pet ; ghraw strain ouve FOR ‘nigh strength steel Hot xolled section cold formed Becton Built up section . t shel structural sections => eh Shak Woeting © atreu” "Method * CIs M) chavadtorvatic” bead chotactovcatic Strength Effects Factor of safety " Wor King abreus permiaatble Stress Atrwaes caused by the charactor'stte Load =muast Upermisathe ox allowable btress’ be les ‘than an which 8 & prachon of the yreld strength, permisaible #402 may’ be * gigincd 0. “factor of sogety " which —_epresonia a Margin fox overload and other unknown factors which could be jolesoed by abmucture . Fos fox tenston member ond beams 78 1-67 Fos fox long column te 192 and Short column = i8 BT- . ia 24 3 Fos fox connec tons xeblistic . measure of Fas Wem’ does “riot paovide, Allowable. stress = Fos, Material “non Lint tgnored , : Development og © plastic hinges of Potlwe , No allowane rpdiataibution oF load tn Brel intermediate Srruchure « ~Geovreric Non ~ linear bel Brade ignored F port bac le, haviour in the Fos che. Limit state Method + (18M) grate at which Ore OF the conditions pedal Jp the stueture hat Reached lirnttin a Limit a tats are the Vartow Conditions in which! would be Considered to have failed fox which it was built, ao sbaucture fo fulfil dhe = purpose LsM he state =o B+reng th Limit skate 06 sevibiy strength -> Buckling: Stability against overturning , sway Fattgue , Gatique Fracture , Baile fachre . gervicetbiliy > Deflechon, vibsatton , Aas, Corrosion ; lt aepataable fine arstabance , durabili ky ema Three ideas + > safety format pasttal sapty pacter foamak > Reference 4o mit Stores. of plaske dgnign ° A ssumphions Lethe Material obeys hoon, law Hl this KbreSE 2: The Yield stress and Modulus og clasbicity have Ane Some value in compvession an tension, 3. the Moateral is homogenous and Daottopic Mm both the — Floste and plaske States, ductile 40 5 assumed to be auggichen ty Ay The moteriol Section 40 tater place permit lorge rofattom og the 5. plastve hinge rotation are L and: when com pared. wrqn the elaste deformation 60 that all” ro Hinges dhe yotedion are Contentrated at the plat dhe begmen te bedween the plastic hinges : 6+ The Magnitude og Bending Moments camed by the external loads pill be most equal to plastic moment Capacity 9g the dection. The plastic i4 Forms when the moment reaches the Capa ct ty of &ection . +. the influence ob og plastic moment * — & The plane section 18 egget ob © shear lk neglected 4, The equilibatum: 0% fore a the Hme corse Collapse fa conafdered for undeformed glaze 08 = the At ancture . to. No tnatabiirty ours in any Mam ber on | Atauctwre upto collapse « (cl 45.2 18 800 ~ noot 2 four Baste need of plastic moments normal and: shear force not considered . not , Plane and tre plastic desig ne Advan 4a of and Realfstic factor 1. Realfzation — of unt form | of — safety 2. No Need + oatis fy elostfe | atratn compatabil condiHon - 3. Saving og morerials aegulting in Atghter | sections = OR Ay RUcrw » fe No eect aue *0 yom panture chang e, Aettlemot | of supports: so re will ge gorge dea og Collaps& mode and strength of by "Yo Disadvantages of plastic deargn; le obtaining collapse foad th adifptult ef the Stature fs seasona bly Complicated . e 2: Diffrult to design fox fatigue 3. patretple § — Superposiivon 16 invalid , 4+ Coloularion for clastic deformatfon requires 2 carefull consideraton . Load factor: Load factor i degined 94 the koto OR collapse toad to the working load . Aeclion modu oe fy ho me Pw Mw f Ze clot s Zt. ghape’factor “8’ sim x ins 2 Nom no unt De ROS Lie een vee —_— $4 2 Fos Load factory = Fos x $ OF Fos = fy 2 #49 2 15 7 Lead 4 Ob by debi Collapse oad: tt % assumed that the Atrers in the plastic ceqion i constant when ‘the whole Cross ection at any point in a dtaucture becomes plastic, no furture increase int the moment of reAlstane ié possible without excetaive atrain and plastic hinges \iax been developed , One more Auch hing ex one, Aogutred for & com plete collapse . the. number depands upon the type Sructure. The value of whe foad — ALAMLAL 4o produce this store is called Collap se Load + plastic collapse Loads number. The Load at which the Supgicrant -feabures a plastic hing es are formed in & btaudure Buch ahat collapse —- Mechanrarn~ "8 ~ Created . 18 cabled a3 Plast’c collapse load on plosto limit load . ' plastic hinge : * Tr is a zone of Yielding dug to plac flurture kK ing Btkucture . * Altnough hinges donot ovkually formed , it Can be deen that lowge Changes og Blope oir over O émail Length 0B member at poston of Mmaxtmum Moment, # AtRain edertt hardening overs Ochion cua OF the hinges 4o | that large dep lect'ons are aceompined by slrabt inorease in Loads structure Can S“Ppore ultimate i load due to -formaHon of plastic hinge ot certain —cavtieal sections ¥™ (the plastic hinges can | be degined os a Yfelded Zone due to flacture fn a etaucire in which infinit® YoaHon Can take plase oF & constant xeatraining moment | 08 action) "x The value og he momect at | a adjacent ébecHion ab the yreld zene for - | certain length de Known ob hinge length , depands upon the Foading and qeomentuy of. the ’ecHon , $ b Ck ; __ Mp (Plastic moment) WT My (yteld moment) ae PL _ 4 bE. = plastic moment Mp = ae 4 Yield moment My = Sy> 7° reat bd > ve bd® _ \ x ee fy oad 4 : ALKAX Z fy * P = 2x fyx =P, 3 2 xmMp—7 O 3 My = From BMD, we. MS To. Hala. L-*%) = Myx b Mp (= :) ios MpL- Mp% = Myh But from ® MpL - Mp® Lx x MP Mp(L~¥%) = LX4x Mp, Lex = ED 3 The Fully plastic moment is the maximum moment of vesistance og the fully Yfetded Cross Bection. Additional assumptons are made to evaluate Fully plastic moment of ection , Additional — gssumpitons + i Instability og the structure will nob Occur prior to the attainment of wlimate load. ne The tonnectons provided fully continue fuch that fully plastic Can be . transmitted , 2. The Loading ts paopoational . Redistatbution of — mo ments *. | The formation of plastic hinges allows o | gubsiquint @ Redistaibudion op momenta untill the Reached at each critical | fully plaske moment fa a aedtstatbution of moment fs ‘the | Aecton. the “main —contaibuting — 1 ) = Yo = =x (4) . 4 zp = bd (24 = bd* 2 4 4 = Poo. (Ubd*® 5 be 8 shape factor == =P. a be 7 z - 1S d) Diamond Section + Pythagonad . ay Bo=t/brrhe Ac-b BE = hb ( om a, bbe h 6 Arworgfe 2 Zh bh A= 1G i bh = be Atairsvel fo 2 tmel s e) 7; zz = Wot 5 y _ {_42la Lh 64 A gD 2 244 Ze = Tee Ae uot y ms = mpt ye Ze pe 64 Dd 4+ Ze.= wos Zp rp? e) Be AXD 4 Ehope factor : Zp = 108 z= Ds Be Ye ~T. WDs Zee #) 4 Tez = 1 (v+-d*) mace 64 —I ye D zee Tee | ept-d#) ) po ce x D ze = oT (p4t-d4) 32D Ay 0 = ™ _(p% d*) a z . ay al zB z ° at al (0% 19 = lbp (03- A) “or (04 - a4) teot (I~ dps) a1 aut (1- dpa) Ib b=) 37 \- bh” 0 when eq , WS Aa = '000 mr A> = 1680 mw Ligomm “Yrs More =k = Mo. o> ee = 47-18 mm p= Contaoidal ars on Ze from bottom rT = baa We 3 22, = + ab = lv0xto a (1066) 245-41. 96)" on” * Pe aah xine mnt | fo Dzz, = a3 2 * e+ ah* = wax yo® tbe x (to 9748) (5) Ie = 405 xto® mm* . Tee - T2z,+ Tez, = 613649 x10o m4, ze- Te= | gaeaxwe Jmax> 41-48 x10 mm | Let yy be the equal. aun axis at the distone from bop, 1000 +1680 ae / 2680mm> (woxw) + CYr~ to) x12 = AL Zz Yi = 38:33 mm 2p = 4 (art d2). Yp = dfetance og 4 06 area above eamah aus ANE. > F Cuore) 4 (a -0')}+ +} 12 xlyi-l0) X Too mid + Cypnto) x12 GH = 28-46 Se- 150-41 Lk gg er 5 e838 2 Zp > 2680 (ae-4o+55:-83) 2 sottom - Zp = sN2965. 3 2 2 a z 2 oq efor rome bam fn yrarts - « y az = 3 7 (to-478) Tyys = oe sape = wxiwoe 4 (ip x bo) (5-50) ™ I = $.33-% loF mm 4 mm? | 3 3 Tyyo = Abe 2 waoxine 20160 muh 12 Ia x oh ma Tyy * aa ze = yy = . * he MY: 17068-2 mmt 0 mm Grey} us pentaal ant , plane momont of Deteamine the plaste vyesrstanu abowt , plore modulus, shape faster aaa zz arth fox the gectton shown i i ‘ Jeotne x EMM CALA Anca a = ani = 8 Ana 2 = 21662215 = Aas = lor 2-4 = 1136 Aaa ay = 200xe = otal aun = 186 vom Firom potter ougin + %, = loo mm Ye = loomM 20b4 = boo in Fe = Ayre aad Ag %3 TARY arrAerag ty he = loo MY = womm ay = loomm yz 243. BmmM ye 184-53 mw yo = Somm Ya = 62 mm ye > B04 mmm Ton, BAe Aye = BORER 4 Ime Gre : ay * mae) | aorta Kot vom _ . 1g? T2ze = TSK 2HA 4 2064 (us0-164-53). ia = 15h eiot mm 6 bout mmo x 8mm eee 124 sHe 300, eae 1938 — 14-58) | Tzz, = loxlo a= OXIA. 4 (rae) (6:2 ~ 184-53) = 552 rm a - > eof a seer + tbo (804 ~ 194-58) = 2.28.06! DTz2z-* 114 x 0% mm F Ze 2 Eze 2 brig x 0h mm — edmax 5 ; plastic section, modulus * Ze = A (ht) = 3568 (Git %) 2 che gisbance between jop 0G the Section to - ee egpal, One by 4s ———~ oak (200 x 8) + (ig x lao) + (yin aah) xh - 4. abe 33ab + (ur gc ina) xT = 3568 yz 6133 mm d AC : L ZPe As 55 a ho: Goss) x (ut) + crab x (ge 8-2) + 45¥ (qs peet +(du=2=24)) eee 1a) | Wooo + 1736 + (rs cys B56T-I15 40°3 mm 4, T= (varias) ® (eo eine) # (x Gorn ae 124 = Granted) + (45x (308- ADAUSAE EOE gg or nm Deh QAOe = 184 +38 mm - 0 \ z . A me p2 = A (i+ Fe) = goTas 1736 mm? Shope gactoy = _=P= Zen 1.306 plastic moment , Mp = zpz mand 2M = 260% 907381 Bb Mp = 201832840 Nmm Mp aet Kwm (Mp7 Me) | Elastic moment, Me = fy ze . z = 15a knm Cit shouldbe (457 Mp= Me) lax thon. MP) Collapse load : comepse ') Bimply supported beam: Wook : A we et P BMD at ~collapse . i) \ Static method 4 ema c Mpe We xk = WEE. 2 2 4 Wa = AWP L 2> Kinematic method E 4a=ag 8 A ace! gano = 2 Ln e- A & B= OXL Lio 2 Woxkdone by load «= Load x Deglection , = wuxdA 17%) | = wueb 2 = “oe © oe Reactions = hovld be Number of ” * Zv=0 Hae i) ye 2-2 = Number of hinge sayiteed eye = othe t (ate, Woxrkdone by plake hinge = Moment X Rotation = Mp x (pre) = 2Mpo > @ By painciple of Viaiual Ww OAR ; 0-0 wusk = 2Mpe a — Jou > AMP L 3) Fixed beam ° 6-3-8 ve i He be. Lv 1. 6rotic method ¢ oO swab MP a om tone = A > oF A - AL 5s Ax OxL “ “> = Woakdone by external load ~ wad x deflection = WuxdA = wuexL 7 @ . a Woakdone ley plastic hinge = Moment x Retaion ath ate ot B =Mpb + Mp lere)+ Mpe Zaye > 4Mpe Tue SMP : me HA | Wi) Eecontare load - Simp supported an 1. pratto method gmp ot Collapse Wuob | Mp L was Mek | ooh pir ion Hinematic method : ——— —= A é b tore - A > o-4 a7 & @ oe t +8) B= hw at tan 0) 7 az a b b A= 6b on = Bib Oj; = 6% b Woak done by load = toad & deglecti on = Wuxd ce wu Ow be plastic hing € = Moment x voto = Mp (pte) at © > Mp (e+ &% on) aaa bre pe ( 2) Wak done Faom A» = Mpe (2) 26 By painciple of Veetual work trbernal woakdone External workdone 0 - 6 Wu Bre = Mp ® (YY) = Mel ab wu A iv) Eccentate Load fox fined beam: te gtatic method * —— oe B= wrb oO) = OXe -@ load ~ Wuxd = wu: ea? Woakdone by plastic hinge = moment x Yotaten = Mp (etot) + Hpet Hpey W vakdone by External " Ni et ba H ef >) +hpe. 4 Hebe. aNpe + 2 Mpem b 2 Mpe (*2) « 2Hpe (4) u rotation Hpet Hpey as) = 2MpeL > @ By painesp le of vidual work, O- @ waco, = 2MPOL Wu = 2 Mpe ob - y) airaply gupported peam with wl 1. eo’ method ye xO aa A Co me = (Re xi) - (werent _— = wut? - wal? 3 gup at collapse , ( ) a Kinematic method | tiene BI A B ae Us. > 8 1n me ero p= ek 2 Worndone bY food = Wr Aa wa eb -@ Workdone by plastfe hinge = moment x yototion -= Mp (ore) . - apo.” © By paincéple of viatual work, @-0 wus - 2 MPe ¥ wus 8MP A shown in dio gam» Ni) Freed beam with udd vm A pore \y static method wa Hy 2Mp = Walt wit wit or rr TZ Mp = wu L® le | Geing the collapse tod for the cantilever bem if 1 Mp A Case v ol qe wae case I) phastic hinge at seotion change External woxkdone = load x deglection - = 2Wu XA From aBce!, tang = A > eA L/o be By ext a External worKdone = awn x OX + = wuel > @ cEntemal worKdone = moment * Rotation . = Mpx8 —7 @ &y principle of vietuol — woah , Wael = Mpe- was Me Cone A Acc! tone => 4A- > OF A L AS XL l External workdone = " v E = ° x - v 9 Trfunal workidone = Moment x Rotation = VWOMpxe —7 8y principle og viatual work , p a awuet = Ishpe Collopes Lok we = OVS AP Minim um of cose DGD is raltanae. load | @ A Fixed end beam Subjected to a load Ww at vd of a éhown in diag Zam . Estimate ‘collapse load case Z) plastic hinge “at Section changes « A External woatdone = load x deg lection = wuxd. Feom A Acc!, tones A. > 6 AL Ue Yo. A= exk 2 | External woxkdone = wuxerk 7 @ 2 Moment x Rotation a oth . = oMpx C4 >-B Mp (o¥ 6) By painciple of victuol work , @- +ipe . ate web = 2 Mp 8 + Hpi) + Hp ® ar wubb = § Mpe 2 " Entenal woahdone L Case W ) oo : A A A Avo! tongs = a Ts, 3 a B= ox ton6; = A A ae 5 1g a ab/3 ob 0 2. x | ate ip (e+ 8) +Hpe ate Ape A= xk = ei 2k 3 6 = 28) 9 Oi= 056, Load x Agglection wax A = wax oxk » @ 3 woakdone = moment * Rotation E t aMp & +E p(eit96) + Mpet » Aa Mp 1 + FMP > AaNp © + BMP (050 i 4a Mp Oy t+ 13 Hp 61 xDwd = BSA Mp Oy vistual work, External workdone 0 Tnternoal W " By painciple of Wu Orb L554 Hp 81 3 wu = JesHp Lb Minion’ og ome 9 AD fe collapse load @ Find out “He collapse lead for the Peopped subjected to o ude C “5 8 blast length B pt cantileve. a 1 Ace! : Feom A . tane= 4 3» OF AL ST L-% L-« A= &x¢L-®) Faom 5 Bec! tone) > A ® > = w~ a= OF. “b= @(i*) = eo External woakdone = (Goa ubt Hern 1 fatan @ erange difleclion) = cTnternal woakdone By 81% eK 5 or 8 C-*) L-% ae we load » Deglection Wubx A/e wale etb-*) > © 2 moment x Rotation. Two = Mpet Mp (e+ 01) = Mp t+ Hp (e+ eu) we = OMpe + pe (*) = Mpe xn [** =) IWp = Mpe /%tb (*)7e FE By Pain: ple of Viatwak WORK, CL-®) war eCe7*) 2 pe (225) 2 wm we oy _ ‘on wp > fowl y we Hw ° . \ v CD) . MP, 70 For manimwn value o8 eee Hon, ran nO TT wtb dx. : a a gi aw ry = ?@ (*w) 7 a 5 _x®) Ct iggy (eed beet = Gee OF ox 2 (mtE)™ * Le Lan7- 2b - 1% +x™ = 0 exw + L*—-2L% = 0 wrote be 7 8, een eae asl, beat, ¢ mee oper ane 2% = -2b t far -4e¥) x) 2 = -2L + SL cee = Ve 2 = -2e + (vz) 2b 2 we oe -bL# f2b eos -bt yee, ~eovek % = ahr Mp = Wal (L-)* 2 (wae) | = wuts (L- O-m14L) gla 2 (oqiae +L) = Wal 0-24.26 L> 2 BAIAL wu (0-085 L™) bs MP toad "jon a Propped rte (%- 0-414) Mp Wu = @ Find out collapse gubjected to eccentaie a ad. 1 w From SACO — A B oe L = A > 6-4. tone = al a \e b A a ae 8 81° —— b A= oxb « A= pax ib 2B ei = 2% External worKkdone = toad x dep lection . = wax wax a7 oO Momack x Rotabion = Mpo + Hp Ce+el) =oMpet Mp oe >8 4 b Intemal wockdone By Fi if 0 By: faimefple of Virtual work, Wu Ga = 2Mpe + Hpeo Data S ane Mp@ ot _@& b 2] wasn = MPe ayee Grp (229 Wuda = Mpe furb | b wu = MP (ire) te Cantilever ab Find ont the collapse load for Sir dingtam Bhown - w /unit leng te ne From A ACC! A ra 8 —- tones “ 2 o= 4 st Ly. Uy hey aS > = JE . KJete, External woskdone = Load x dg lection a 5 /Mastmn + Dwar Plo oa in Bhebad) aLswe x A/a) Ewp = “ou xaxt —7 O Trenal worKdone = Mpo t+ Mp (9+8) +Hpe . - 4mpe 7 @ - | sion | By peiner ple og victual work , ) wuel = AMPS . 4+ > 8 Pa tome ® A propped Cantilera. ABcD is deaded as -shown’ in dtagam - Find the collapse load i Beam is Unifosm C4046 Section. w Wf , 4 8 Apan CD i A BO Te p from A 608! ey te teonp'= A 5 Oe A Ws \"® Lig Ug © ° A a = oexk 1 5 0! Extemal workdone = load x def lecbton = Way A 8 = Wey OL = wel 56 g 3 24 stnternal woakdone = moment x Rotatfon ple of viedual work , mpe = © Wet 2 pe 24 tone = 4 Llo By painet Span Ac: from & ABB’, B= xk 2 load ¥ deg eehon wax d+ (= wux el 76 a fou cy - Wu, 8k ~~ External woakdone = l " ~shown In eral woxKdone = moment x Rotation | . ts = Mpo+ Hp (ore) |" = 8Hp6 > @ > 8y paine’ple of virtual work 4. ~ wok + We BE = 23Mp® are : \"* er . fs o | wer 2 a Me 24 Ai bean “70 A Find out the Collapse load fox a Continuous shown in atogran . athe beam is of Uniform ~] ob 1° " an E ' Caoas — Bectfon cope . . ronnidur o> P ~ A ren ron Zp Z oh Yh 2s" b/s . ‘ QL From oo > fe s . A tonb= aa > aa +O ome + oo TO ‘External worKdone = Jood x d2§ n = Wuxd | mon EwDdD = Wur a . | Internal worK done = Moment X Ro tas ‘on *€) = Mp (e+e) + Mpe? = 3Mpe. sees By principle of virtual woak Exional workdone = look x degleetin © = —S— Mf ~ war A A . ORTAL = @x2b — = Wu 2b 3 © Ve ow 6 3 Ttornal workdont = Moment X Rotatron . ae = Hpe + He Cop) = 4Mpo 4:8 As ox2a _ OL 3) 3 $ro1 6 =298 > (e128) 2 By principle of vietual, work . : x We o 2h = 4£Hpe Wu = 6MP _ wy Bou? | Lit Yen c pe pe ty —t 2p 2MP 3am ul pantie dependent ae wenn 88 @ irs w Jey 1+ Beam mechanism ae (2+ Sway mechanism ey 3+ Combined mechanisw PORTAL FRAMES: collapae load fox the porto frome - ® Determine the Os shown mm a 4 Col “ auune beams possible plaste hinges of Same — Kos section. pos will oom, at point A, B, © qe. ow ? “ B itor, £T]J> For poset ble for fo" aly : 5 No aeathor — eqpitbaruna eqpohion Me A 2 Ox e 3 ) tane= A» oe A lo He Az ext a External workdone = Qoade deg lection = wax | EwD = wue&k crnternal woakdent = res & Rofation = Mpo+ Hp (ors) + Hpe = AMpe = 3MP By . panstple of Vietual Weak. Wa ! a | 26 sway mechanism > CA pow. 48, #08) ‘ A yp! 2D from DASE, +on® = AU L A pe“ 2» 4 L ext External woakdone = dood x deglection = wWuxd pWwdp = wux OL Mo ment x Rotation | crpkenol worRdent = ae = Mpe + “pe +Upe = BMpe. By principle of vigduol work, Wu = 3MP Loe 3. combined Mechantam + wi from pape, “rang = > Wy - From acer ane ~~ External woekdone 2 Load x deglection (wux A) + (waxd) = wa (9ge), * wo (ext) Ewd = gwu - wel? O ato ake Tn teanal woxkdone = Mpat Hp Core = Btpet oMpe, ) +Wpo+Hpo (pest Fee = ek | 2 ahpat 2MPe | 2 | (bee = Supe = 4upe 2 O 2 / Lo By permet of, vickuol work, wu el = a Hp & ate wu = AMP 20 ~T (am the mechanism which 16 Lexset will be on the collapse load’) ® ae the Collapse load for. his frame : No of possible plast'e hinges 8 Beam mechouriam : Neo ea ZA 2 e- A a2 A= 26 External workdone = Load ® duflectfon Ewd = 3wuxd = gwux26 = bud Internal workdone = moment x Rotation | | = 2Mpe + amp (ot) +4aMpe - gre GNP Wu = MP Be By Paindpke of Viztuol work, 2: Bway Mechaitsm + w v > 2 a & Bo A A + from A ABB, gone= Bg pe & | 5 5 A- 50. External woaKdone = foad © deg lection. ~ jeux A = bower? a - = THU ® cnternal -woxKdone = Moment % Rofotton. _ pe + Mpo + Upo+Hpo = AMpe By — painetple of vretual woak , Wu - o5339Mp - AMP Te External worKdone = load x deflection = (Bwux 3) + (rswur A) = bWue + T5WU8 ° = 13-5 Wud rtvnal workdout = Moment & Rotation . A ce P = Mpp+ 2Mp Cote)+ MPe +Mpet Mpe, | = eMpe,. r By painciple °F Vietwal work , 35 wue - &Mpe + 2 Wu = BMP 0-542 Mp, 5B (uae ge te cllape ine) ocael 4oKN pew ® a Yo sm a @® > D No of Reactfon = 6 Ipo ey vee 6-3 = 3 sm 1. Beam Mechantsm + w=! c Mt D NS y=6-3 = 3 A Ep Mp Possible Mechanism = N-¥ 25-3 = 2 A E 1+ Beam Mechantsm , Lx SEWD = load x awerag dep lection , = Wak x AL | ¢ 2 Wut xX 8% as. ai Oo 2p + 2 Hp (o+o,) + Hp = AMpe + 3Mp6) | Mp (40+ 301) — ae cen 6 By painciple og Work , | ZEwp - " ware « (40 +361) MP. 2 Wal, OX = (7? ee) Mp. 2 bee Wat X8% 2/46 CL) +3%8)\ Mp 2 AO (L-*) FORO (be) Wa = (goto +3xe \2Ne (L-») OxL = (Ate 740% 43%0) ate re 0) 6xL iranian Me => (te) > @ 4.-%\ 2MP me” (ste) = 5 " i yaw 0 = = fut ye ve L L-2% diab SLMp - 2% MP 2° ax Pe = PL 5 b = - - =. (8LMPp-2% Hp 8 Cee Gen EN] (vx - eb) = x Hp) L?~ ort) (BLNR 2H) Chand) = (LP =x) (2H) 3 a BLMp + AW LMP = an Mp ~ aie Mp ene = PS 7 aL Mp sore tp —beLMp/= 0 SLINp 4 BL Mp = ENP = 4 gi + Bix IbL* = 9 OC Flext BL" = 0 er EGLKT4EL™ § OL mw = ~bNt Jb 406 see te 20 ¥ ~ -gtt [Gate ibe TBE Ud batt Ibe 2 2 -git bv we = 0-6 36L mei Oy yy s anne nr 2: bua Mechanism bd Acc’ tane = A— wr = Load x Avaag dlection = wu_x_A 2 2 Wurx os, > @ WD = 2Mpe+ Hp e+ Mpe + Hpe = supe = @ By Paine ple of Vietugl work, wurx ot = SHpe® © 2 Wu = loHP 3 Combined Mechanisin : BABB’, bane — + p- 4 7% db Epp, tano,=_4 L e)-_A is Ox = OL 6, = 9% iS . EWD = Load x Avangt duplection = warrh y wa (tO) A 2 2 wud (2+) Zz Ewp = wap (ar-%\ > © bub (eo 2 IWD = = 2Mpo+ 2Hpe + MPO! + per AMpe + 2Up es Mp (48+ 22x) ) | = MP at (Gare + 20%) = 0 L By Painciple of yieual work , og the load Wa» (aL) = MP cat 2 L ox. not being Wu = (2b0 + tr pucture ohex L (et-*) ex +o og We = gane (ar+*) e ee 2 wert) For Wu 40) wintnum A =o a) = 0 ae DLE-K™ AMP QLx-%« . : wot Few - 4b AMP (2L38- «) () = i (t-2x) = 0 L (2tx- er) * = O tH ALt + ALx - 2% 2%" : 220, we = 4b 7 1OL™ + [6L> at BP leva a ; = -4L + Lf ~ a = -ol ¢ 2°823L eo 0-828L Pe Bab im y= ame Lt an Gre a) = ANP yeaa -) L 0-104 b> Wa = 165 MP | Tear \ poabter of | Collapse load Jone | a ap ae | _———— - _ a o Smpute- the collapse load fox the followena ooh postal frame shown in whid be exe Y= 4-3 = 1 Possible Mechanism = AO! ahe "He: Fac Fos fon ferson mambo 7 Beam = 1667 ae | long Colum - 92 Bhoxt Column ~ 67 Connection - 2405 styeng th seviceability . n Equilibatum and stability! OF Dpeglectton | Pegosinetn we wink ptauctuar on part ! ove tuning 5 hw T Pow Compassion, lensvon, Flex vse, Torsion, | Coaroafon hear Pou C. . Buckling strength ancks b Fodique fractuar Fiae Resistance Low Bariile goslase [ peach? Durability . plastic arrongithe vibzation « CRrassetewatic Regshamee of & motaial [Such Conaske OR tel) is degined ox thot Value of resist -c@ below which not moxe than & prac bed percent og test xtsults may be expected fo fall . Ws ually strength ts expectd to be 957 of the Cx ving WG rT ehosactensHe toad ta that Value op the load , which has an accepted probabil ty ox. not being - exyeded dusing tre Nife span og the Atauddute Pret em zt ip theegore will not exceed 95) OF ane time « . to unertainitres : Factors ton tarbu ting Strength of material Fabsication and eusctton Manupa-ctuntng proce » Greomentay of configuration . (aos gectton dimensfon« Urctertarnty in- actions (loads) Departure of actual food efgects egormectin Untetainty in Analysts Prose , Th ateount of these unpacdtcted deviations , posttal safety goctors Ye 4 Yin. Posttal safely Factor : Bagety feamat wed in Code * Load [ acon = § Probable minimum design strength, Qa 3* Qe factored load effect ; peobabl ¢ wax? mun desig, —— S > factored resistant — 6 element being ae checked « esis tan’ centage Q4 z Sd aust the Cases d| CONNECTION —— onade + B a i) Fe lt = dom 4x6 4 2% denote ultimate oteergth og stech ah 6 = denote oa og yield ahangt og Ateek High strength of sa To dacilty ay Bolt -» “Tension hear Bearing Beart =| — of "bolt shank - og plate, Faictfon , Combination of all. Fors taansfer in The \§ 8 ol ae on bot Pe - Beorr late me qr 3A (El sr TE hw) °O 3 preel, (Pitch) y— ane |e Minfum spacing >? 25D Ht () pitch dierance Maxivnumn spacing 2 TN teshene) enston 200 mm. Ccompaens ion) et "| hod > minimwy cdg distance , edge & End distance . ee EN tv j2et > maximum y Bhank outa trD™ = As bhant(0) 4 tT collate the strength of @ 2omm Q bolt of de 4:6 for the flew cases. the main plates te f Y a 2mm ieKk . i +o be joined on E ; 1) lop joint ii) single tover butt joint the Cover plate being tomer i) Double Cover butt joint the over plate thi being. gmm thick - q i) Fe4to qpode of steel fu > 10 Mpa. For bot of quade #6 fub= ZooMpa, ‘ Yond = partial safely fact fox mahetol og bolt a = 125 hb = 20mm . Anb= 0-18 * Gross atea oF bet = 018 x TAY , + 24504 vam The bolt will be aing te phear § bearing 1§ 800 pgit® ol 33 Shea capacity of bolt , Vaew = fub_ x (Max Anb tnsxAsy bomb Je - The bolt is single glean foarnula. ae fub_x (ria x An’) J Yo N Nasb = yy 3 lemm +h Vdph = 2:5 0-5 x 20 XIRX 400 bre ~ Tas =1b& KN ‘The strength og bolt fs Gqsicn @A single bolted double Cover butt joint fs used + connect , two plates which az Bem thick, assuming lemm 4 of bolts of grade 4°6 and Cover plate to be 6mm z wrickrass , colcrlate the 4 tn egg fatency og Fotot te a bolts provided in the bolt line at pitch of 45mm Shown in Faye ee Aso detecmine he eG torency of nt—T To if two lings of bolts with tuo bots tn” § tach Wine have beor ananged b asc te in double cover butt joint ax shown ‘ mfg: SoRVE Bion a Fy = 410 Npo Cqtadeog, ated)” Feub = Ao Mp -cgtadeog belt) | Yb = 125 (BROS of bolt) Lo \ \| Yl = 125 Chav Fos for ents \ 0 | ») i qoened by altimad: stres) fe oe ce | Anb = 0: 78% Grom oa og bolt 2 osx Te L6G 2 mM che bolt *ie TR double hear alata prea capactty of bolt . vaeb= fh Cm abcess) Yo Ady = 3444 EN - pgs ts 1 10.3°3 tS 4 Tos3-4 Bearing capacity Vadpb = 25 Kb Ate / Yb Ti 4 we ds 1Be lym d+) - Dep mm Ath axbove ray mamn dats P9:tq 9 End disbance @= \5xdo = 21 < 30 oder vale, @ = BO ‘ +h P4xTe Monde spacing og bott x kb Pe 2-od = omy & 4smm : 7 y e/ (3 xdo) = 0556 fT Pe asm ) ("/ ox) ups = 0° 488 of bolt. do= dt2 = 1g mm oe bolt Ce) ad Arnall Kp ~ 0-666 ee a6 0556X IbX B Ki00 [vas ) J Cover = 646 = [Lm eo \en s 56-53 kN . givength of, belt is mintmum of Bheor 4 beauing 6-43 kN crenston capacthy of bolt , ate per pitch length . The net strength of: pl Tab = 0-9 fub An] Yet 20d x 410 (Pe dy) / Ym = 63-16 KN S/ polid plate )xpx + Atength of por pltda length 2 09 x(fub/ime = 1h 2t KN. “ cos Hen , the atveng ot Joint al 5643 rn wag Efgrcency of Toint = (strength of oink per pot = atrouth of soled plat per pitch x loog = 9643 x00 106-27 = 5351 7: When belts at arranged in two Tomt per pitch Leng on the Rows the aereng th 0g ports 0k | a) shear will be = 2X 97:95 = ls .4-kN . b) bea 2 ax 5b93 = (13 8b KN | 63-16 KN c) Net tensile shengin of plate = bate | 59-40e boy: pfprodeney © @ Design ao lap Jomnt between Huo plates og Thickness Iemm and 20mm fo a to transmit a factored toad of TM ee Mig bolts of qpode 4b and gods glo plates - fuz yo Mpm fab = 400 Mpa « Nab = 125 Yd = 629 cthe bolt -will single shear 4 beaxting Diamentor = lomm - Anb=- 0: 18% Bizons area Of bolt = ote x T1b™ pu a Pat Anb= 15632 mm*— 15 gheow capaciy pg bolt - / vasb = \fub_ Cnn Anb a lng Ast) Yon, \ / . 3 - 400 (4 1196-82) [pos va Vash = 2g-at KN Pg:15 Beoning capa uty op bolt « vape = as kb at fa [Yu do= 1@mm- pata 2 fe F pexdo = 27mm pets OP asd = 40mm Kb rye i) ef Cando) < oe mm oS, _ pos = oF it) “fab / Fa 2 OFT mm.

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