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(ii) Calculate the average volume of solution M used in the titration.

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(1 mark)

(iii) Calculate the concentration of hydrochloric acid in solution M, in mol dm–3.

(Relative atomic mass: H = 1; Cl = 35.5)

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(2 marks)

(iv) Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid used in the titration.

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(1 mark)

(v) Write a balanced equation for the reaction between the hydrochloric acid and
sodium hydroxide solutions.

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(1 mark)

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(vi) Determine the number of moles of sodium hydroxide in the 25 cm3 of solution
used.

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(2 marks)

(vii) Calculate the concentration of sodium hydroxide, in g dm–3.

(Molar mass of sodium hydroxide = 40 g mol–1)

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(2 marks)

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NOTHING HAS BEEN OMITTED.

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(b) Deneil also conducted an experiment to determine the effect of temperature on stearic
acid. Stearic acid is an organic acid that exists as a ‘molecular solid’ with a melting point
less than 100 °C. Table 2 shows the data she collected.

TABLE 2: RESULTS OF EXPERIMENT

Time (min) 0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 5.0 7.0

Temperature (°C) 19 40 48 53 55 55 55

(i) Identify the forces that exist in a ‘molecular solid’.

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(1 mark)

(ii) Sodium chloride, another solid, has a higher melting and boiling point than stearic
acid. Explain why this is so.

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(2 marks)

(iii) Using the axes provided in Figure 2 on page 9, plot a graph of temperature against
time from the information in Table 2. One point has already been plotted. Draw
the best fit curve through your points. (4 marks)

Total 25 marks

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2. (a) Phosphoric acid, H3PO4, is a common additive in most soft drinks. It can react with sodium
hydroxide, an alkali, to form both normal and acid salts.

(i) Define the terms ‘acid’ and ‘alkali’.

Acid

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(1 mark)

Alkali

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(1 mark)

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(ii) Define the terms ‘acid salts’ and ‘normal salts’.

Acid salts

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(1 mark)

Normal salts

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(1 mark)

(iii) State the molecular formula for the normal salt formed from the reaction between
phosphoric acid and sodium hydroxide.
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(1 mark)

(iv) Write a balanced equation to show the formation of the normal salt stated in (a)
(iii).

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(2 marks)

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(v) State the molecular formula for an acid salt formed from the reaction between
phosphoric acid and sodium hydroxide.

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(1 mark)

(vi) Write a balanced equation to show the formation of the acid salt stated in (a) (v).

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(2 marks)

(b) A solution of 0.05 M phosphoric acid has a pH of 4, and a solution of 0.05 M sulfuric acid
has a pH of 1.

Which of the two acids is stronger?

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(1 mark)

(c) Jeffrey complains of pains due to excess stomach acid after consuming too much orange
juice.

(i) Name TWO acids present in orange juice.

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(2 marks)

(ii) State the type of chemical reaction that takes place in the treatment of excess
stomach acid.

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(1 mark)

(iii) Hence, name ONE substance that can be used to treat excess stomach acid.

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(1 mark)

Total 15 marks

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3. (a) Ethene undergoes a halogenation reaction to form 1,2-dichloroethane.

(i) Draw the FULLY DISPLAYED structure of ethene.

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(2 marks)

(ii) Draw the FULLY DISPLAYED structure of the 1,2-dichloroethane.

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(2 marks)

(iii) Is the halogenation of ethene an addition or substitution reaction?

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(b) Dichloromethane can be obtained from methane. This reaction takes place in two steps.

(i) Write balanced chemical equations to show EACH step in the formation of
dichloromethane.

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(4 marks)

(ii) Is the halogenation of methane an addition or substitution reaction?

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(1 mark)
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(c) Ethene and propene are typical monomers which are used as starting materials for making
polymers. In forming polymers, ethene and propene undergo addition polymerization.

(i) Define the term ‘polymer.’

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(1 mark)

(ii) Define what is meant by ‘addition polymerization.’

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(1 mark)

(iii) State ONE use of EACH of the following polymers:

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Polyvinyl chloride

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(1 mark)

Teflon

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(1 mark)

Poly(ethene)

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(1 mark)

Total 15 marks

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SECTION B

Answer ALL questions in this section.

Write your responses in the spaces provided in this booklet.

4. (a) When a reaction is accompanied by energy changes, it can be categorized as either

endothermic or exothermic.

(i) Distinguish between the terms ‘endothermic’ and ‘exothermic.’

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(2 marks)

(ii) Generally, when chemical reactions take place, existing bonds are broken and new
bonds are formed. Classify bond making AND bond breaking as either endothermic
or exothermic processes.

Bond making

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(1 mark)

Bond breaking

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(1 mark)
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(b) In an experiment, when 12.0 g of potassium nitrate, KNO3, is dissolved in 100 cm3 of
water, the temperature drops by 4.20 °C.

(i) Calculate the number of moles of KNO3 used in the experiment.

(RMM: KNO3 = 101)

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(1 mark)

(ii) Calculate the heat change for the reaction.

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Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J g–1 °C–1;
Heat change = m × c × ΔT; Density of water = 1 g cm–3

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(2 marks)

(iii) Calculate the enthalpy change for 1 mole of potassium nitrate.

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(iv) List TWO pieces of apparatus necessary to conduct the experiment in a school
laboratory. State how EACH piece of apparatus is used.

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(4 marks)

(v) Draw a labelled energy profile diagram to represent the enthalpy change for the
reaction. On your diagram, indicate the sign of ΔH for the reaction.
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(3 marks)

Total 15 marks

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5. (a) The compound responsible for the odour of apples is ethyl pentanoate, C4H9COOC2H5.

(i) State the homologous series to which ethyl pentanoate belongs.

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(1 mark)

(ii) Draw the FULLY DISPLAYED structure of ethyl pentanoate and circle the
functional group.

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(3 marks)
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(iii) Write the molecular formulae for the alcohol and carboxylic acid that will react
to produce ethyl pentanoate.

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(2 marks)

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(iv) Name the catalyst involved in the reaction between the alcohol and carboxylic
acid stated in (c) (iii).

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(1 mark)

(v) Explain why an ester has low solubility in water whereas a simple alcohol is very
soluble in water.

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(2 marks)

(b) State the reaction condition and reagent used for the alkaline hydrolysis of ethyl ethanoate.
Hence, write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction.

Condition and Reagent: ......................................................................................................

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Balanced chemical equation: ...............................................................................................

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(4 marks)

(c) Commercial soaps are usually manufactured using natural esters. Name the process used
to make soap and state ONE source of these natural esters.

Process: ................................................................................................................................

Source: .................................................................................................................................
(2 marks)

Total 15 marks
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6. (a) List FOUR unique properties of water as it relates to the human body.

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(4 marks)

(b) Water exists in liquid, solid and gaseous states. Describe a laboratory test for water vapour.

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(2 marks)

(c) In some Caribbean islands, calcium hydrogen carbonate causes temporary hardness in
water. This can be treated by the use of washing soda (sodium carbonate).

Write a balanced chemical equation, including state symbols, to show the removal of
temporary hardness from water using this treatment.

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(3 marks)

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(d) Pure water does not conduct electricity but can be acidified using dilute sulfuric acid
for this to occur. Predict the ions that will migrate to the anode and cathode during the
electrolysis of dilute sulfuric acid (acidified water). Write a balanced chemical equation,
including state symbols, for the electrolysis of dilute sulfuric acid (acidified water).

Ions to anode: ......................................................................................................................

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Ions to cathode: ...................................................................................................................

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Balanced equation: ..............................................................................................................

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(6 marks)

Total 15 marks
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END OF TEST

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