Concentration of Solution

SOLUTION

• A homogeneous mixture
of two or more substances
in a single physical state.
COMPONENTS OF SOLUTION

1. SOLUTE
– substance that is dissolved
- smaller amount that solvent
2. SOLVENT
– dissolving medium
- larger amount than solute
Water – “universal solvent”
SOLVATION AND HYDRATION

• SOLVATION – the process in which an

ion or a molecule is surrounded by
solvent molecules arranged in specific
manner
• HYDRATION – the process in which an
ion is surrounded by water molecules
arranged in specific manner
Hydration
AQUEOUS SOLUTION
• A solution in which the
solvent is water
A solute that dissolved in water can be:
(a.) ELECTROLYTE- a substance that
when dissolved in water, results in a
solution that can conduct electricity
(b) NON-ELECTROLYTE- a substance
that does not conduct electricity when
dissolved in water
 Type of Solution

• SATURATED- contains maximum

amount of solute that a solvent can
dissolve at a given temperature
• UNSATURATED- there is less solute
that can be dissolved at a given
temperature
• SUPERSATURATED – unstable
condition in which there is more
Supersaturated solute in solution than can normally
solution exist at a given temperature.
 SOLUBILITY
• A measure of the maximum amount of
solute that can dissolve in a given amount
of solvent to form a stable solution
• Property which allows solute particles to
form uniform mixture with solvent particles
 SOLUTE CAN BE:
• SOLUBLE – A given solute can easily
dissolve in a given amount of solvent
• SLIGHTLY SOLUBLE – the solute is
partially dissolved in a given amount of
solvent
• INSOLUBLE- a given solute does not
dissolve in a given amount of solvent
MISCIBILITY

• Solubility of liquid with another liquid

• MISCIBLE – if 2 liquids dissolve in
each other in any proportion
• PARTIALLY MISCIBLE – when 2 liquid
components form a single phase when
mixed in certain proportions but form 2
phases when mixed in different
proportions
• IMMISCIBLE – 2 components are
insoluble in each other
 FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY

• Nature of solute and solvent

• Temperature
• Pressure
 Nature of Solute and Solvent
• “Like dissolves like”
• When 2 substances are similar, they can dissolve
in each other

Solute Polar solvent Non-polar solvent

Polar soluble insoluble
Non-polar insoluble soluble
Ionic Soluble Insoluble
 Some Polar and Non-polar Substances

Polar Non-polar
Water Hexane
Alcohols Heptane
Acetone Octane
Acetic acid Carbon tetrachloride
Formic acid In general, greases,
petroleum oils, vegetable
oils, waxes, gasolines
 FACTORS THAT SPEED UP
THE RATE OF SOLUBILITY
• Surface Area
• Stirring
• Temperature
CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION

• The amount of a solute in a given amount of

solvent or solution
• Refers to the quantitative relationship between
solute and solvent
• A complete description of a solution
 Percent by mass

Mass of solution = mass of solute + mass of solvent

% SOLUTE =mass of solute x 100

mass of solution
% SOLVENT=mass of solvent x 100
mass of solution
 Percent by mass
• A solution is prepared by mixing 10g NaCl with
250g of H2O. Determine %NaCl and % H2O

%NaCl= _10 g_ x 100 = 3.85% NaCl

260 g

% H2O = 250 g_ x 100 = 96.15 % H2O

260 g
 3.85% NaCl solute
+ 96.15 % H2O + solvent
100 % solution

% H2O = 100 % - 3.85% = 96.15 %H2O

How many grams of glucose and of H2O are in 500g of 5.3%
by mass glucose solution

solute 5.3 % glucose ?g

+ solvent 94.7% H2O ?g
solution 100 % 500 g

% glucose = g glucose x 100

g solution
5.3% = g glucose x 100
500 g
g glucose = (0.053) (500 g) = 26.5 g glucose
 % H2O = g H2O x 100
g solution
94.7% H2O = g H2O x 100
500 g
g H2O = (0.947) (500g) = 473.5 g H2O
or
g H2O = 500 g - 26.5 g = 473.5 g H2O
 Percent by volume

Volume of solution = volume of solute + volume of solvent

% SOLUTE =volume of solute x 100

volume of solution
% SOLVENT=volume of solvent x 100
volume of solution
 Percent by volume
• Rubbing alcohol is an aqueous solution
containing 70% isopropyl alcohol by
volume. How would one prepare 250mL
rubbing alcohol from pure isopropyl
alcohol?
 Mole Fraction (Mf)

Mf of solute = mole of solute

mole of solution

Mf of solvent = mole of solvent

mole of solution
 Mole Fraction
• A solution is prepared by mixing 10g NaCl
with 250g of H2O. Determine the mole
fraction of NaCl and H2O
 MOLARITY or
Molar Concentration(M)
M = mole of solute = mole
Liter of solution L
Mole of solute = mass in gram of solute
Molar mass of solute
 M= (mass in gram of solute)____________
(Molar mass of solute) (Liter of solution)
•
M = ____g______ = g ( mol / g) = mol
(g/mol) ( L) L L
 Molarity
Example Problem 1

NaCl 12.6 g of NaCl are dissolved in water making

344mL of solution. Calculate the molar
concentration.

 1molNaCl 
12.6 g NaCl 
moles solute  58.44 gNaCl 
M= =
L solution  1L 
344 mL   solution
 1000 mL 

= 0.627 M NaCl
 Molarity

Example Problem 2

NaCl
How many moles of NaCl are contained in 250.mL
of solution with a concentration of 1.25 M?

moles solute therefore the

M= solution contains
L solution
 1L  1.25 mol NaCl
250. mL   = 0.250 L solution
 1000mL  1 L solution
Volume x concentration = moles solute
 1.25 mol NaCl 
0.250 L solution   = 0.313 mol NaCl
 1 L solution 
 How many grams of NaCl are contained in
250.mL of solution with a concentration of 1.25
M?

M= (mass in gram of solute)____________

(Molar mass of solute) (Liter of solution)

g NaCl = (M) (Molar mass) (Liter of solution)

g NaCl = (1.25 mol) (58.44 _g ) (0.250 L)

L mol
g NaCl = 18.3 g
 MOLALITY or
Molal Concentration (m)

m = mole of solute___ = mole

kilogram of solvent kg
Mole of solute = mass in gram of solute
Molar mass of solute
m= (mass in gram of solute)____________
(Molar mass of solute) (Kilogram of solvent)
 Molality
• What is the molality of a solution in which
20g of Ca(OH)2 is dissolved in 250g of
water?
m= ______20 g________
(74.10g/mol)(0.250kg)

m = 1.08 mol/kg or 1.08m

• Calculate the molality of 35.4% by mass aqueous
solution of phosphoric acid (H3PO4). The molar
mass of Phosphoric acid is 98.00g/mol.
35.4% H3PO4 = g H3PO4 x 100
100 g
g H3PO4 = (0.354) (100g) = 35.4 g
g H2O = 100 g - 35.4g = 64.6 g

m = ____35.4 g H3PO4______
(98.00 g/mol)(0.0646kg)
m = 5.59 mol/kg or 5.59 m
• The density of 2.45M aqueous solution of methanol
(CH3OH) is 0.976 g/mL. What is the molality of the
solution?
M = 2.45 mol d = m/v
1L
1L x 1000 mL x 0.976 g = 976 g solution
1L mL -
2.45 mol CH3OH x 32.04 g = 78.50 g CH3OH
mol
mass of water = 897.5 g
m = 2.45 mol CH3OH_______ = 2.73 mol/kg or 2.73 m
0.8975 kg
 NORMALITY or
Normal Concentration (N)

N = Equivalent of solute
Liter of solution
Equivalent of solute = formula mass in grams
number of H+ (acid)
or OH- (base)
or +/- ions (salt)
• H3PO4

Equivalent of solute = formula mass in grams

number of H+

Equivalent of H3PO4= 97.994 grams = 32.66 g

3
1 Equivalent = 32.66g
• Mg(OH)2

Equivalent of Mg(OH)2 = 58.321 g = 29.16 g

2
1 Equivalent = 29.16 g
• CaCl2
Ca2+ Cl1-
2+ 2(1-)
2+ 2-

Equivalent of CaCl2 = 110.978 g = 55.489 g

2
1 Equivalent = 55.489 g
 Normality
• Calculate the normality of phosphoric acid
(H3PO4) solution containing 2.5g of H3PO4 in
150 mL solution in reaction that replaces all
three hydrogen ions.
1 Equivalent = 32.66g H3PO4

N = 2.5g x 1 Equivalent
________32.66g___
0.150 L
N = 0.51 equivalent/L or 0.51 N
• Calculate the normality of Mg(OH)2 solution
containing 5.25g Mg(OH)2 in 750mL
solution.

1Equivalent = 29.16 g
N = 5.25 g x 1 Equivalent
___________29.16 g__
0.750L
N = 0.24 equivalent/L or 0.24N
• Calculate the normality of solution containing
3.65g CaCl2 in 250mL solution.
1 Equivalent = 55.489 g

N = 3.65 g x 1 Equivalent
__________55.489 g__
0.250 L
N = 0.263 equivalent/L or 0.263 N
 Normality and Molarity
• What is the normality of 2.5M H2SO4
solution?
1 mole = 2 equivalent

2.5 mol x 2 equivalent = 5.0 N

L 1 mol
What is the molarity of 1.5 N H3PO4
1 mole = 3 equivalent

1.5 equivalent x __1 mol___ = 0.5 M

L 3 equivalent
Parts per million (ppm)

ppm = mass solute 6

× 10
volume solution
Mass and volume units must match.
(g & mL) or (Kg & L)

ppm =
mg
L
 Example Problem
An Olympic sized swimming pool contains
2,500,000 L of water. If 1 tsp of salt (NaCl) is
dissolved in the pool, what is the
concentrationin ppm?
1 teaspoon = 6.75 g NaCl
or
g solute mg solute
ppm = ×106 ppm =
mL solution L solution

6.75 g 6 6.75 g  1000

1 g 
mg

ppm = ×10 ppm =

2.5×106 L  1000
1 L 
mL
2.5×106 L

ppm = 0.0027 ppm = 0.0027

 References:

• Brown,B.S, Holme,T.A,(2012) Chemistry for Engineering

Students, 2ed: Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd
• Chang, R. (2010). Chemistry. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher
Education.
• Masterton,W.L, et al (2018) Principles and Reactions: Chemistry
for Engineering Students, Cengage Learning
THANK YOU!