Maritime Air Rail and intermodal Road freight transport

Team 1/Reyes, Santiago, Martin, Alonso, Team 2/Carrillo, Perez, Moreno, Olan, Team 3/Pacheco, Marin, Custodio, Calderon, Team 4/Mejia, Naranjo, Galicia, Palma
Aparicio Chim Ulloa
Liner conferences The structure of the air transport industry comprises This chapter is primarily concerned with intermodal transport. Three primary aspects need thorough assessment -
Structure various airlines competing for passengers and cargo. It However, as railways play a key role in transporting efficiency, economy, and legality. Efficiency, in this context,
Liner conferences are formal groups of shipping lines that
of the operate on certain shipping routes also includes airports, aeronautical service providers, intermodal containers as well as carrying large volumes of denotes the most effective method of completing the task,
aircraft manufacturers and regulators. Major airlines often bulk freight such as coal, grain, fuel and other bulk considering several significant factors. The truck should be
industry that bring together all lines operating in a specific
dominate the market, with some operating globally. commodities, some wider information on rail transport has fit for purpose.
geographic zone.
Factors such as strategic alliances, security, operational been included.
efficiency and changes in demand influence this structure. Main vehicle types
Shipping lines A trailer is a vehicle for transporting goods that is pulled by
CASS is a web-based system that allows airlines The following section is designed to provide an overview of
They own and operate the various types of ships in their a motor vehicle. There are two primary kinds of trailers: 1)
and freight forwarders to make only one payment to, or the various types of equipment specifically used in intermodal
fleets. Their role is to provide the a draw-bar trailer with a minimum of four wheels that
physical means by which cargo may be safely and receive one payment from, airlines or cargo agents. transport. The list is not exhaustive but the most common independently supports its load; and 2) a semi-trailer,
efficiently transported by sea. equipment will be identified and described briefly. which is a trailer integrated into an articulated vehicle.

Ships’ agents Undoubtedly the introduction of unitized loads in the form of Types of operation
They provide services to the shipping lines in the ports Cargo agents are freight forwarders who are authorized by International Standards Organization (ISO) containers and When it comes to distribution operations, vehicles make
where the ships call. A ship’s agent will IATA to handle cargo on behalf of customers wishing to pallets revolutionized the movement of freight from the 1960s numerous deliveries involving the handling and
deal with many important and diverse matters on behalf ship cargo by air. IATA establishes operating rules, which onwards. Pallets first appeared on the global transport stage transportation of various types and sizes of goods and
ensures the welfare of agents, and allows them to courtesy of the United States military forces in the 1940s. packaging. These operations are occasionally referred to
of the shipping line.
broadcast their known air routes. as composite delivery operations.
Global operations also pose specific challenges that
Freight forwarders
require consideration. It's probable that various types of
Often referred to as freight management companies, terrain—flat, hilly, and mountainous—will be encountered.
these days their role is to oversee and Distances traveled are expected to be extensive.
manage the movement of the freight from the point of Furthermore, it's crucial to reduce the risk of breakdowns
origin to the point of destination. in remote areas where repairing vehicles might incur
Freight management companies provide integrated significant expenses.
door-to-door solutions

This is a common method used by shipping lines to price Basic principles of price calculation: The cost of rail and intermodal transport can vary depending
Cost sea-freight for break-bulk shipments. It is important to on factors such as distance, type of cargo, shipping volume, To understand how transportation costs are calculated, it is
understand that this method considers that 1 metric 1. The dimensions of the cargo must be accurately and specific routes. Generally, rail transport tends to be more important to learn a few keywords. Here are the most
tonne is equal to 1 cubic metre and that the price quoted measured in centimeters to the most extreme points of cost-effective for long-distance hauls and bulk shipments important ones:
applies to the higher of the two numbers the piece to be carried. This calculation establishes the compared to other modes of transportation like trucking.
volume of the cargo and is based on: length × width × Intermodal transport, which combines rail with other modes Unit cost: This is how we measure expenses, for example,
Bunker adjustment factor (BAF) height = cargo volume. It is important to note that any such as trucks or ships, can offer cost savings and efficiencies how much it costs to travel a distance (in miles or
BAF is a common surcharge applied to sea-freight rates cylindrical (or any unusually shaped item) will be for certain types of cargo and routes. For accurate pricing, it's kilometers) or deliver a box.
by shipping lines. It is designed to take calculated in volume terms based not on the actual best to consult with transportation companies or logistics
Cost center: is where you put the expenses. It can be a
account of the variations in the price of marine fuel in volume of the cylinder but on the basis of the volume of experts who can provide quotes based on your specific needs.
car, a group of cars, a driver or a warehouse.
different parts of the world. The BAF is a box that the cylinder would fit inside exactly. Certainly! The costs in rail and intermodal transport are
changed from time to time Therefore, all calculations are cubic and based on influenced by several factors:
Direct cost: are expenses that are directly related to a car,
rectilinear shapes not actual shapes. Additionally, if such as gasoline, insurance or permits.
Currency adjustment factor (CAF) there is a part of the cargo that extends outward from 1. Distance: Generally, longer distances tend to result in lower
CAF is another common surcharge that is applied to take the piece, such as a pipe or aerial, then the entire costs per mile in rail transport due to economies of scale. Rail Indirect costs: These are the overhead costs of running a
account of any differences in cost additional cubic area that this extension consumes will transport is particularly cost-effective for long-haul shipments. business, such as office salaries, telephone or advertising.
incurred by the shipping line due to currency exchange be charged, however small the pipe or aerial may be in They are distributed among cars.
fluctuations for services bought terms of volume itself.
 by them in foreign currencies in the execution of their 2. Type of Cargo: The nature of the cargo being transported Fixed costs: they are expenses that do not change much,
services on the customer’s behalf. 2. As with sea-freight, the pricing of air freight is based can significantly impact costs. Bulk commodities like coal, such as car insurance or depreciation. No matter how
All sea-freight rates are generally priced in US $ or euros on a weight or measure system. This means that the grain, and minerals typically have lower transportation costs much the car travels, these expenses are the same.
but local services purchased by the airline will charge air cargo at the higher of the two per unit compared to higher-value or perishable goods.
shipping company will be in the local currency of the calculations of the weight or the volume. If the weight is Variable costs: these are expenses that change
country in which the goods or services higher than the volume, then this will be the basis of the 3. Volume: Shipping larger volumes of goods can often lead to depending on how much the car travels, such as gasoline
are bought. price; if the volume figure is higher, then this will be lower costs per unit. Rail and intermodal carriers often offer or tires.
used. The airline industry calculates the relationship volume discounts for customers who ship large quantities of
Peak season surcharge (PSS) between weight and volume in the following way: 1 goods. There are also three main types of transportation
expenses: those that are always the same ( insurance),
PSS is a surcharge that is applied to both air freight and metric tonne = 6 cubic meters or 6,000 cubic centimeters
those that change ( gasoline), and business overheads.
sea-freight originating in the Far East. = 1 kilogram, therefore 1 cubic meter = 166.67 kilograms 4. Equipment and Handling
of chargeable rate. The type of equipment required for transportation, such as
Repositioning charge railcars or containers, can influence costs. Additionally,
This is a surcharge that is sometimes applied by the handling fees at terminals or transfer points can add to the
shipping line to cover the cost of returning overall cost.
an empty container to a location where it may be loaded
with revenue-earning cargo. 5. intermodal Handling
In intermodal transport, where cargo moves through multiple
modes (e.g., rail to truck), costs are impacted by factors such
as terminal handling charges, drayage (short-distance
trucking), and transloading fees.

6.Fuel Prices
Fuel costs play a significant role in transportation costs. Rail
transport tends to be more fuel-efficient than trucking, but
fluctuations in fuel prices can still affect overall costs.

7. Infrastructure and Maintenance

Costs also include infrastructure maintenance, track usage
fees, and any required investments in rail networks or
intermodal terminals.

8. Regulatory and Insurance Costs Compliance with

regulations, such as safety standards and environmental
requirements, can add to operational costs. Insurance costs
for cargo and liability coverage are also factors.

Cost Efficiency: Rail and intermodal transport are often praised Light (sometimes referred to as volumetric) loads are
General Speed: Air transport is undoubtedly the for their cost efficiency, particularly for long-distance hauls and those loads that consist of lightweight commodities that are
Characteri General characteristics of maritime transportation fastest mode of transportation available. bulk shipments. They can offer lower transportation costs per extremely bulky. There are a large number of examples
ton-mile compared to other modes of transportation like from the different industries
stic as a mode of transport in logistics include: Airplanes can reach speeds of over 1,000
​ Cost-Effectiveness: Maritime transportation trucking.
km/h (621 mph), allowing them to cover Heavy loads pose problems for vehicle choice because of
is often more cost-effective compared to large distances in a very short time. This the gross vehicle weight restrictions on roads and also
other modes, especially for large volumes of makes it the ideal option for urgent trips or because of axle weight restrictions.
Capacity: Rail transport has high capacity capabilities, allowing
cargo and long distances. transporting perishable goods. it to handle large volumes of freight efficiently. Intermodal
​ Global Reach: It provides access to remote transport further enhances capacity by integrating different The problem of mixed loads – where quite heavy
locations and facilitates trade between Range: Unlike other modes of transport, air modes of transportation, such as rail, truck, and sometimes products are mixed on the same vehicle as quite light ones
countries across continents. transport is not limited by terrestrial maritime shipping. – would not appear to indicate the likelihood of any
​ High Capacity: Ships have large carrying obstacles such as mountains or bodies of constraining factors.
capacities, making them suitable for water. This allows it to reach almost any Reliability: Rail transport is known for its reliability in terms of
adherence to schedules, especially for long-haul routes with
 transporting bulk cargo such as oil, grains, point on the planet, including remote or dedicated freight lines. However, intermodal transport may
and minerals. difficult-to-access locations. introduce complexities that could affect reliability, such as
​ Infrastructure Dependent: It relies on coordination between different modes and terminals.
well-developed port infrastructure including Safety: Air transport is characterized by its
Environmental Impact: Rail transport is generally considered
docks, terminals, and navigational channels. high level of safety. Aircraft are subjected to
more environmentally friendly than road transport due to lower
​ Slow Transit Times: While slower than air rigorous controls and maintenance, and the emissions per ton-mile. Intermodal transport, by combining rail
transport, maritime transportation offers crews are highly trained to ensure the safety with other modes like trucking, can further reduce
reliable schedules and predictable transit of passengers and cargo. environmental impact by optimizing the transportation chain.
times for planning logistics operations.
​ Environmental Impact: It is generally Efficiency: Air transport is a very efficient Infrastructure Dependence: Both rail and intermodal transport
considered more environmentally friendly mode of transport, especially in terms of rely heavily on infrastructure such as rail networks, terminals,
compared to other modes, but concerns time and fuel consumption. Despite being and intermodal facilities. Investments in infrastructure
the most expensive, it can be the most maintenance and development are crucial for ensuring the
exist regarding emissions, oil spills, and
efficiency and effectiveness of these transportation modes.
marine pollution. economical option for transporting
high-value goods or those that require fast
delivery.
Flexibility: While rail transport offers high capacity and cost
Infrastructure: Air transport requires efficiency for certain types of cargo and routes, it may lack the
specialized infrastructure, such as airports flexibility of trucking, especially for last-mile delivery or
and air traffic control systems. This accessing remote locations. Intermodal transport seeks to
infrastructure is expensive to build and mitigate this limitation by combining rail with other modes to
provide more flexible transportation solutions.
maintain, which is reflected in the price of
tickets and transportation rates. Safety: Rail transport is generally considered safe, with lower
accident rates compared to road transport. However, ensuring
Restrictions: Air transport is subject to safety in intermodal transport requires coordination between
various restrictions, such as weight and size different modes and adherence to safety protocols during
limitations on cargo, security regulations, transfer and handling.
and weather conditions.

Types of cargo: Air transport can carry a

wide variety of cargo, including:

● Passengers: Passenger transport is

the most well-known sector of air
transport. Airlines offer scheduled
and charter flights to domestic and
international destinations.
● Cargo: Cargo transportation is a
crucial sector for the global economy.
It is used to transport all kinds of
products, from fresh produce to
electronic components.
● Mail: Airmail is a postal service that
allows letters, packages, and
documents to be sent quickly and
securely to anywhere in the world.
 Advantages:

● Speed
● Global reach
● Safety
● Efficiency
● Versatility

Disadvantages:

● High cost
● Reliance on specialized infrastructure
● Restrictions
● Environmental impact

Document °Bills of lading: Air waybills (AWB): ● Bill of Lading: It is a document issued by
A bill of lading is issued by the shipping line as a receipt An air waybill is a contract to transport goods by air and is General documents: the carrier that details the merchandise
s for the cargo being transported on its ship. It is also a issued by the carrier airline.
transported, the conditions of
contract of carriage to deliver the cargo to a named It limits the liability of the airline and details the goods • Bill of lading or bill of lading: It is the contract of carriage that
destination. being carried. It also includes the charges for this service. establishes the conditions of the same, such as the route, the transportation, and the terms of the
°Letters of credit: Unlike a sea-freight bill of lading, an air waybill is a price, the responsibility of the carrier and the shipper, etc. transportation contract.
They function as a means of protection for both the non-negotiable document. They are sometimes used as • Commercial invoice: Details the goods transported, their ● Transport Document: This may be a
buyer and the seller. through delivery documents by road transport companies value, quantity and other data relevant to customs. freight bill, bill of lading, or other
°Certificate of origin: where the majority of the journey distance has been • Packing list: Describes the contents of each package of document evidencing the contract of
This is a document issued by a certifying body that completed by air. They may be used for both domestic merchandise.
establishes the origin of the goods being transported. and international carriage of goods. • Certificate of origin: Indicates the country of origin of the
transportation between the shipper and
°Commercial invoices: goods. the carrier.
The commercial invoice produced by the seller House air waybills (HAWB): ● Commercial Invoice: It is a document that
establishes amongst other things the weight of the A house air waybill is issued by a freight forwarding Specific documents for rail transport: details the merchandise sold, its value, the
goods, the number of items, a description of the goods, company that is entitled to do so. For example, an IATA conditions of sale and other relevant
and the price of the goods being sold. cargo agent would be entitled to issue a HAWB as they • Wagon sheet: Contains information about the wagon, such as
commercial terms. It is used for customs
°Packing lists: will have the relevant insurances in place and the issuer its number, type, capacity and weight.
A packing list is a detailed list of all the items to be will assume the liability as the carrier in the same way as • Arrival notice: Inform the recipient of the arrival of the goods and billing purposes.
transported. the airline carrier would for an AWB. These are most often at the destination station. ● Cargo Insurance Document: In some
°Other documents: used in the situation where small cargo shipments are • Sealing certificate: Ensures that the goods have not been cases, a document is required proving that
• insurance certificates; consolidated by the freight forwarder for onward handled during transport. the cargo is insured during road
• certificates stating that the goods meet a certain safety shipment to the final destination. These individual HAWBs transportation.
or engineering standard; for all the shipments consolidated will be detailed in a Specific documents for intermodal transport:
• data sheets relating to the management of certain master air waybill (MAWB), which details the contract
● Customs Documents: Depending on the
hazardous chemicals; between the freight forwarding company and the carrier • Multimodal transport document (FBL): It is a unique countries of origin and destination,
• certificates verifying that pallets or packing materials airline. document that covers the entire route of the goods, regardless customs documents such as customs
have been fumigated to avoid the importation of of the different means of transport used. declaration, certificates of origin,
biological pests. Other documentation: • Consolidation manifest: Details the merchandise that is in a inspection documents, among others,
This list is by no means exhaustive and requirements Packing lists, commercial invoices, certificates of origin container or intermodal transport unit (IUU).
may be necessary.
often change very quickly and with little warning. and a variety of other cargo or country specific documents
may be required by the airlines, security services and ● Transport Permits and Licenses: Specific
customs services at both origin and destination airports licenses and permits may be required to
transport certain types of cargo or to
operate on certain routes.
 ● Packaging Documents: These include
packing lists, shipping labels, and other
documents related to packaging and
cargo identification.
● Security Documents: They may include
cargo security declarations, security
inspection records, and other documents
related to security measures during
transportation.
It highlights several important terms related to maritime •EXW – ex works (named place of delivery). The seller makes Refers to all activities related to the:
Handling transportation, such as FCL and LCL for full container Unit Load Devices (ULDs): the goods available at its premises. The buyer is responsible for ● loading
loads and also discusses how shipping terms such as uploading. This term places the maximum obligation on the ● unloading
● transshipment
"hook to hook" and "free in/out", which are responsible ● Essentially shipping containers for buyer and minimum obligation on the seller. The ex works term
for the loading and unloading. Relevant include "break is often used when making an initial quotation for the sale of ● storage
airplanes.
bulk cargo", "Weight or Measure (W/M)", and concepts goods without any costs included. EXW means that a seller has
● Various forms, but all serve the same Method of loading or delivery:
such as "stackable cargo" and "stowage plan" for cargo the goods ready for collection at his or her premises on the
planning. purpose: efficient and safe cargo date agreed upon. The buyer pays all transportation costs and
● by fork-lift truck
stowage. ● by manual handling
Additionally, technical terms such as TEU and FEU are also bears the risks for bringing the goods to their final
● by overhead gantry (height limitations)
mentioned to describe the size of containers. Organizing ● Maximize available space and often destination. The seller does not load the goods on collecting ● by straddle carrier (containers)
and having the clearest concept FCL (Full Container designed for specific aircraft shapes. vehicles and does not clear them for export. If the seller does ● from the side, rear, front, top or bottom (oil
Load): Load that will fill a full container. LCL (Less than ● Examples: load the goods, he does so at the buyer’s risk and cost. tankers).
Container Load): Shipment that will not fill a container ○ Main deck pallets (flat metal,
and will require consolidation with other LCL shipments. specific dimensions) with • FCA – free carrier (named place of delivery). The seller hands This process involves all actions necessary to move goods
Hook to hook: Price that includes loading and unloading over the goods, from their origin to their final destination in a safe and
netting.
of goods at the destination port, as well as cleared for export, into the disposal of the first carrier (named efficient manner.
transportation between ports, but not insurance or ○ Lower deck ULDs (shaped to by the buyer) at
additional handling costs. Break bulk cargo: Loose fuselage, light metal with the named place. The buyer pays for carriage to the named Handling tasks in road transport include loading goods
non-containerized cargo, such as items out of size or door/netting). point of delivery, onto vehicles, ensuring that they are properly packed and
weight for containers. W/M (Weight or Measure): ● Identified using IATA coding system and risk passes when the goods are handed over to the first secured for the journey. During transport, cargo
consolidation activities may be performed, where several
Common method for calculating maritime freight, (letters describe container, carrier.
considering that 1 metric ton is equal to 1 cubic meter. shipments are combined in a single vehicle to optimize
dimensions, details). efficiency and reduce costs.
TEU (Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit) and FEU (Forty-foot •CPT – carriage paid to (named place of destination). The seller
● Airlines for America has another
Equivalent Unit): Units of measurement for containers pays for carriage. Risk transfers to the buyer upon handing over
around 20 and 40 feet
classification system. the goods to the first carrier at the place of import.
In addition, handling involves unloading the goods at the
● More information in IATA ULD destination, which can be a warehouse, a distribution
facility or directly in the hands of the customer. During this
Technical Manual. •CIP – carriage and insurance paid to (named place of process, it is crucial to handle the goods with care to avoid
destination). The containerized transport/multimodal damage and ensure that they arrive in optimal condition.
Air Cargo Handling Equipment: equivalent of CIF. The seller pays for carriage and insurance to
the named destination point, but risk passes when the goods
● Sophisticated systems for quick and are handed over to the first carrier.
safe cargo transfer.
● Fixed conveying systems with rollers • DAT – delivered at terminal (named terminal at port or place
of destination). The seller pays for carriage to the terminal,
(powered for movement and turning
except for costs related to import clearance, and assumes all
ULDs). risks up to the point that the goods are unloaded at the
● Aircraft access through side/front/rear terminal.
doors with size limitations.
● Powered lifting devices (hi-loaders) • DAP – delivered at place (named place of destination). The
position ULDs for aircraft loading. seller pays for carriage to the named place, except for costs
related to import clearance, and assumes all risks prior to the
point that the goods are ready for unloading by the buyer.
 ● Roller floors inside cargo holds for
ULD movement. • DDP – delivered duty paid (named place of destination). The
● Larger aircraft: seller is responsible for delivering the goods to the named place
in the country of the buyer, and pays all costs in bringing the
○ Front/rear doors lowering to goods to the destination, including import duties and taxes. The
ground level for forklift loading. buyer is responsible for unloading. This term is often used in
○ Overhead gantry cranes for place of the non-Incoterm ‘free in store’ (FIS). This term places
loading assistance. the maximum obligations on the seller and minimum
obligations on the buyer
Ships are classified by organizations that survey and ● Air cargo is transported using a wide range of Rail Transport:Dedicated rail freight services: These involve the Main vehicles types:
Classificat classify vessels. They are licensed by aircraft, from small ones like the Piper PA-31 transportation of goods exclusively by rail, utilizing dedicated ● Motor vehicle: Mechanically propelled for road use,
ion governments who issue ship certificates for ships Seneca to large ones like the Antonov An-225. freight trains and infrastructure. including gasoline, diesel, electric or steam.
registered in their country. As a general rule insurance ● Cargo vehicle: Designed to transport cargo.
companies would increase their insurance premium for ● Helicopters are useful for accessing remote Passenger rail services: This includes the transportation of ● Trailer: Cargo vehicle towed by another vehicle.
older vessels. areas and can carry external loads. Both cargo passengers via rail, which may or may not coincide with freight ● Articulated vehicle: Driving unit (tractor) and
planes and helicopters are used for military, operations on the same rail network. semi-articulated trailer.
● Rigid vehicle: Drive unit and load unit constructed
Deadweight tonnage (DWT) civilian, and humanitarian purposes. Some planes
as a single entity.
Aframax can air-drop supplies with parachutes. Intermodal Transport:Containerized freight: Intermodal
● Change of terms: "Heavy Goods Vehicle" (HGV)
Very large crude carrier Additionally, passenger aircraft also carry cargo. transport often involves the movement of goods using replaced by "Large Goods Vehicle" (LGV) since
Ultra large crude carrier While some common air freighters are listed, it's standardized containers that can be easily transferred between 1991 in the UK for legal purposes.
important to note that the list is not exhaustive. different modes of transportation, such as rail, truck, and ship.
Types of operation:
Piggyback services: This refers to the transportation of truck ● Primary transportation: Involves long distance
trailers or semi-trailers on rail flatcars, allowing for seamless travel, delivering full loads from a point of origin
intermodal transport. (such as a factory) to a point of destination (such
as a warehouse or distribution depot).
● Urban delivery: Refers to the distribution of cargo
in urban areas, where multiple deliveries are made
in one day.
● Secondary distribution: Involves the delivery of
freight over shorter distances within urban or rural
areas.
● Combined operations: Refers to operations that
combine long distance transportation and local
delivery characteristics.
● Quarry and construction work: Involves
transporting materials such as sand, gravel or
other products to and from construction sites.
Rugged vehicles, such as eight-wheel rigid trucks,
are used.
● International operations: Involve long distances
and different types of terrain.

Load types:
● Light loads: These refer to light but bulky products.
They require a large cubic capacity in relation to
their weight, known as "high volume factor". They
can often be transported with large rigid vehicles
or double-decker semi-trailers to increase load
capacity.
● Heavy loads: These include very heavy products
that can pose challenges due to road weight
restrictions and axle weight restrictions. Some
heavy loads may require special vehicles designed
 to carry loads above the maximum allowable
weight.

Main types of vehicle body:

● Box vans: Ideal for urban delivery vehicles due to
weather protection and security features.
● Platform or flat beds: Suitable for raw materials
and products unaffected by weather, often
requiring roping and sheeting.
● Road tankers: Used for carrying liquids and
powders, requiring specific loading and
discharging mechanisms.
● Tilt bodies: Feature fabric covers over a
framework, eliminating the need for roping and
sheeting for faster customs clearance.
● Curtain-sided bodies: Offer flexible loading and
unloading without the need for roping and
sheeting.
● Tippers: Used for directly tipping bulk materials like
gravel or cement, with some advancements in
safety features.
● Low loaders: Designed for carrying large or heavy
loads.
● Other specialized bodies: Tailored for specific
products like livestock, furniture, hanging
garments, or refrigerated products.
● Demountable box vans: Offer flexibility by being
detachable and removable using jacks, improving
distribution operations' efficiency.
● Swap-bodies: Detachable like ISO containers,
used by intermodal operators for increased
flexibility and standardization.

Main types of road freight transport:

● Primary transport: focuses on cost reduction by
efficiently moving products from one point to
another at minimum cost, often involving large
vehicles filled to capacity. Key aspects include
maximizing vehicle time utilization, finding return
loads for efficient use of vehicles, and less
emphasis on specialized vehicle specifications.
● Secondary transport: involves direct contact with
customers or end users and emphasizes customer
service over cost reduction. It often includes
multi-drop journeys and requires accurate
scheduling due to restricted delivery time windows.
Safety in maritime transport is vital to protect human life Air cargo transport safety faces several main risks, Infrastructure Security: Ensuring the security of rail tracks,
Security at sea, prevent accidents and minimize environmental including: terminals, and intermodal facilities to prevent unauthorized Physical security: Means the protection of persons,
impacts. access and sabotage. property and facilities from damage or theft:
Unstable political or security situations, and in extreme - Placing explosive or incendiary devices inside the cargo
cases of open war, are capable of causing a huge before loading onto the aircraft. Cargo Security: Implementing measures to safeguard cargo * Control of access to restricted areas
disruption of international shipping. - Undeclared or undetected carriage of hazardous during transit, such as tamper-evident seals, GPS tracking, and * Surveillance by security cameras
This phenomenon is nothing new in the history of material on board the aircraft. surveillance systems * Security guards
* Alarm systems
maritime transport, but the consequences are that this - Possibility of smuggling prohibited goods within air
cargo.
 increases insurance premiums and encourages - Theft of air cargo. Cybersecurity: Protecting digital systems and networks involved Computer security: Refers to the protection of data and
shipowners to take longer detours. - Hijacking of aircraft or sabotage by persons with access in rail and intermodal operations from cyber threats, such as information against unauthorized access, misuse or
In turn, this has the effect of increasing costs, which are to the aircraft. hacking and malware attacks. destruction:
transmitted to the customer. * Strong passwords
These risks can be mitigated by: Personnel Security: Screening and training employees to * Firewalls
At the time of writing, the issue of piracy has once again recognize security threats and adhere to safety protocols. * Antivirus software
become front-page news as pirates operating from the - Inspection and inspection of cargo. * Data encryption
Horn of Africa have been seizing ships in the waters - Improving the physical security of air cargo installations. Regulatory Compliance: Adhering to relevant security
Cargo Safety: Refers to measures taken to insure cargo
approaching the entrance to the Red Sea and the coast of - "Known sender" programs. regulations and standards set by governmental authorities and
during transport and prevent damage or loss:
East Africa. Another hot spot is the Strait of Malacca - Improvement in staff safety training. industry organizations. * Proper packaging
between Indonesia and Malaysia. - Restriction of access to aircraft and air cargo facilities. * Correct labelling
•The pirates' aim is to demand ransoms from owners, - Use of air cargo safety technology such as tamper-proof Emergency Response Planning: Developing contingency plans to * Safe loading and securing
who are invariably paid in order to avoid loss of life, ship seals, explosion-resistant containers, biometric data and address security incidents, including procedures for
or cargo. improved load review systems. communication, evacuation, and coordination with law Safety procedures shall be:
enforcement agencies. * Training: Staff must be trained in safety to understand
risks and how to respond to them.
Collaboration: Collaborating with partners, including other * Planning: A safety plan is needed to identify risks and
transport companies, government agencies, and law put in place measures to mitigate them.
enforcement, to enhance security across the supply chain. * Implementation: Security measures must be effectively
implemented and kept up to date.
* Monitoring: The effectiveness of security measures
should be continuously monitored.
Responsibilities in the field of safety:
* The company: Is responsible for providing a safe
working environment and implementing the necessary
safety measures.
* Employees: They are responsible for complying with
safety regulations and reporting any risk situation.

Stowage plan In the context of air transport, "cargo" refers to goods or The cargo area on a train. When discussing rail transportation Types of load:
Cargo This is a plan prepared by a representative of the products that are transported by air. Basically, it’s and intermodalism, the cargo area is where goods are loaded
shipping line, which will clearly show where anything sent by air transport. This can include a wide onto the train for transport. Intermodalism involves the use of * General Load: Any type of load that is not classified as
each item to be loaded will be placed in the ship’s holds variety of items, from everyday consumer goods and multiple modes of transportation, such as trains and trucks, to dangerous or perishable.
or on the open deck. The plan will be mail to perishable goods, machinery and even live efficiently move cargo between different points. * Hazardous load: Means any type of load which may
based on a detailed packing list (see below) provided by animals (with specific regulations). pose a risk to health, safety or the environment.
the consignor. Bulk loading: This method involves pouring or dumping bulk * Perishable cargo: Refers to any cargo that may
deteriorate or rot if not transported under appropriate
Cargo agents: cargo, such as coal, grain, or minerals, directly into specially
conditions.
Lost slots They are intermediaries authorized by IATA to handle air designed railcars capable of holding large quantities of bulk
A slot is a term used to describe the space taken up by an cargo shipments on behalf of customers. They handle material. Requirements for the carriage of cargo:
ISO shipping container on a cellular documentation, insurance, and issuance of House Air
container vessel. If certain types of specialist container Waybills (HAWBs). Containerized loading: Many goods are loaded into standard * Packaging: The cargo must be properly packed to
are used to transport the goods, such containers that can be easily transferred between different protect it from damage during transport.
as flat-racks or open-top containers, then there is the Unit load devices (ULDs): Containers used to transport modes of transportation, such as trucks, trains, and ships. These * Labeling: The load must be correctly labeled to identify
possibility that the cargo will protrude cargo safely and efficiently, maximizing available space in containers are loaded and unloaded using specialized cranes at its content and associated risks.
outside the normal cubic dimensions of a standard the aircraft. Different ULD types exist depending on the intermodal facilities. * Documentation: You must have the necessary
shipping container. aircraft (main or lower deck). documentation for the transport of the cargo, such as the
Some cargoes, such as vehicles, heavy machinery, or even other consignment note.
Port rotation ULD identification and classification: trains, are loaded directly onto special rail platforms and
This refers to the order and names of the ports at which IATA: System with three-letter codes describing the secured for transport. Responsibilities in freight transport:
the ship is planning to call. container, dimensions, and physical characteristics.
Airlines for America: Has its own classification system. Palletized or boxed cargo: Cargo that is palletized or boxed may * The charger: It is responsible for ensuring that the load
TEU be loaded manually or with loading equipment into the freight is properly packed, labeled and documented.
Air cargo handling equipment: cars of the train.
This stands for 20-foot equivalent unit and is equal to Motorized conveyor systems: Move ULDs on roller tracks, * The carrier is responsible for transporting the cargo
one 20-foot ISO shipping container. allowing for turns to position them correctly. safely and in accordance with applicable rules and
Cellular container ships are usually described by the Hi-loaders: Lifting equipment that brings ULDs to the regulations.
amount of TEUs they can carry. aircraft door. * The recipient: Is responsible for receiving the cargo and
Gantry cranes: Used in heavy-lift aircraft to assist loading. verifying that it is in good condition.
FEU Access doors: Side, front or rear, with size restrictions.
This stands for a 40-foot equivalent unit and is equal to
one 40-foot ISO shipping container. Cargo aircraft examples:
Antonov An-225: Frontal access, 1100 m³ hold volume,
and 250-ton capacity.
Antonov An-124: Front and rear ramp access for direct
loading.