A Period of Transition

Tell the name of: Two humanist thinkers/Two Renaissance painters/Two

sculptures of Renaissance period/Two scientists of the Renaissance age/Two
inventions made during the Industrial Revolution.

Fill in the blanks

1. _____________________________________ provided an impetus to

trade and commerce between eastern and western countries.
2. The revival of old learning led to the development of new thought,
learning and culture known
as _________________________________________
3. ______________________shifted the focus of thinkers from spiritual
matters to human beings.
4. _________________________proved that the Earth and other planets
move round the Sun.
5. ________________________________made the first voyage round the
world.

Q1 Mention three important developments that paved the way for the
emergence of the modern world in Europe in the 14th century.

Three important developments that paved the way for the emergence of the
modern world in Europe in the 14th century were:

1. Decline of Feudalism — This changed the social, economic and political

life of the Europeans. The peace and freedom that prevailed after the
decline of feudalism favoured the growth of new learning.
2. The Crusades — This provided an impetus to trade and commerce and
increased the trade between eastern and western countries that further
contributed to the wealth and prosperity.
3. The discovery of new sea routes — Many voyages were undertaken to
discover new sea routes to fulfill the consumers' demand for Oriental
goods thereby increasing the commercial contacts with Eastern
countries for maximizing profits. The invention of mariner's compass,
the astrolabe and the quadrant also helped in undertaking voyages to
discover new sea routes.

Q2 State three developments that led to the emergence of the Modern Age
in India.

Three developments that led to the emergence of the Modern Age in India are:

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1. The decline of the Mughal Empire and the emergence of a number of

regional kingdoms.
2. The defeat of the Marathas in the Third Battle of Panipat by the Afghans
and the inability of Marathas to replace the Mughals and establish an all-
India empire.
3. The conquest of India by the British and turning India into a colony of
the British.

Question 3 What does the term 'Renaissance' mean?

The term 'Renaissance' means rebirth or revival. It is used for the movement
that began in Italy in the 14th century and later on spread to other countries of
Europe. This movement aimed at reviving the classical heritage of Europe from
which it had been separated for almost eight centuries.

Question 4 What was the impact of Renaissance on painting and sculpture?

The impact of Renaissance on painting — The artists of the Renaissance period

freed themselves from medieval rules and traditions regarding religious
themes and colours. They made realistic paintings and glorified human form in
their paintings. They painted directly on plastered walls, called the fescoes.
They also developed the technique of oil painting. The most famous of the
Renaissance artists were Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo.

The impact of Renaissance on sculpture — The sculptors of the Renaissance

age were greatly influenced by humanism. That is why they made a detailed
study of human anatomy and carved the grace and beauty of the human body
in their sculptures. The important sculptors of the period were Donatello, who
made the bronze statue of 'David' and Michelangelo, who made a statue called
'Pieta' showing Mother Mary in a seated posture carrying the body of Jesus.

Question 5 How did the spirit of enquiry lead to the development of science
and technology?

The spirit of enquiry lead to the development of science and technology. The
Renaissance spirit encouraged scientific observation and experimentation. The
scientific experiments led to many new inventions and discoveries. Some of
these discoveries challenged the existing Church beliefs. For example,
Copernicus proved that the earth revolves around the Sun challenging the old
Christian belief that the Earth was the centre of the universe. Some important
scientists of that period were John Kepler, Galileo, Isaac Newton, John
Guttenberg and William Harvey.

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Question 6 Why did the Europeans undertake sea voyages?

The important reasons for undertaking sea voyages by Europeans were:

1. The Renaissance spirit led to the revival of the interest in geography and
explorations. Many explorers set out to find new sea routes.
2. Increased demand for asian goods in European countries like spices,
textiles, indigo etc.
3. The interest shown by Europeans to learn from the advanced Asian
civilisations.
4. The closure of traditional route to the East by the capture of
Constantinople by the Turks.
5. The invention of mariner's compass, the astrolabe and the quadrant.

Question 7 What is known as the Reformation? State any three Church

practices that caused dissatisfaction among the people?

The Reformation is the name given to a group of religious movements of the

sixteenth century launched by the Christians against the various drawbacks of
the Church and the objectionable practices of the clergymen. The main target
of these movements was the Pope, the highest authority in the Church
hierarchy.

Three Church practices that caused dissatisfaction among the people were:

1. Giving tithe, i.e., one-tenth of their income to the Church.

2. Peter's Pence, a tax to build St. Peter's Church.
3. Buying pardon certificates called Indulgences, for the sins committed in
this life and after their death.

Question 8 What is meant by the term 'Industrial Revolution'? Mention any

three reasons that led to the beginning of Industrial Revolution in England.

Industrial Revolution refers to all the changes that took place in the field of
industry during the second half of the 18 th century and the first half of the
19th century bringing about a transition from hand work to machine work and
from domestic system to factory system of production.

Three reasons that led to the beginning of Industrial Revolution in England are:

1. After the Renaissance and the Reformation, the Englishmen began to

enjoy the freedom of thought and expression. British scientists made a

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large number of inventions that helped in finding new methods of

production in different fields.
2. England got raw materials for her factories cheaply from her large
number of colonies. These colonies also served as a market for their
products.
3. England had plentiful deposits of iron and coal. The iron was used in
making machines and coal provided cheap fuel.

Question 9 State two positive and two negative effects of the Industrial
Revolution.

Two positive effects of the Industrial Revolution are:

1. The domestic system of production was replaced by the factory system

which enabled production in huge quantity for increasing population.
2. It led to the establishment of many towns and cities. People migrated
from rural areas to urban areas for employment, education, cultural
benefits and enjoyment.

Two negative effects of the Industrial Revolution are:

1. It led to ruthless exploitation of workers in factories. They were forced

to work 12-15 hours. Women and children in large numbers were
employed in factories as their labour was cheaper than men. Sometimes,
all the workers were dismissed unjustly and arbitrarily.
2. It gave rise to capitalism. A few individuals in society became capitalists,
accumulated huge wealth, power and prestige. On the other hand, it
created a class of workers living in poverty depending entirely on their
capitalist employers for bread.

Question 10 What do you understand by the term Imperialism? State two

positive and two negative effects of Imperialism on the colonies of the
imperialist nations.

Imperialism refers to the system by which a powerful nation established its

control over another country, either by political pressure, infiltration and
annexation or by outright wars.

Two positive effects of Imperialism on the colonies of the imperialist nations

were:

1. The imperialistic nations built roads, canals and railways in the colonies
of Asia and Africa.

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2. They introduced improved medical care and better methods of

sanitation in the colonies.

Two negative effects of Imperialism on the colonies of the imperialist nations

were:

1. By breaking up the age-old patterns of agrarian economy in the colonies

and by forcing them to grow commercial crops, they destroyed the self-
sufficiency of their rural society.
2. They ruined the traditional handicrafts and cottage industry of the
colonies and rendered many people jobless.

Picture Study

(a) State with what is this picture associated.

(b) State any three reasons that led to the establishment of the system given
in picture.

(c) How did this system lead to the emergence of Modern Europe?

(a) The given picture is associated with Factory System that emerged with the
Industrial Revolution.

(b) Three reasons that led to the establishment of the Factory system of
Industrial Revolution were:

1. After the Renaissance and the Reformation, the Englishmen began to

enjoy the freedom of thought and expression. British scientists made a
large number of inventions that helped in finding new methods of
production in different fields.

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2. England got raw materials for her factories cheaply from her large
number of colonies. These colonies also served as a market for their
products.
3. England had plentiful deposits of iron and coal. The iron was used in
making machines and coal provided cheap fuel.

(c) The Factory System increased the national wealth and made the western
nations rich and powerful. This system also led to establishment of many
towns and cities. The Factory System or Industrial Revolution led to invention
of Railway locomotives, steamships, telegraph, telephone, motor cars and
many things that made life more comfortable. All this led to the emergence of
Modern Europe

Q1Two humanist thinkers.

A (a) Francesco Petrarch (b) Giovanni Boccaccio

Q2 Two Renaissance painters.

A(a) Leonardo da Vinci (b) Michelangelo

Q3 Two sculptures of Renaissance period.

A (a) Donatello (b) Michelangelo

Q4 Two scientists of the Renaissance age.

A (a) Copernicus (b) William Harvey

Q5 Two inventions made during the Industrial Revolution.

A (a) Telescope (b) Printing Press

Fill in the blanks answers 1. Crusades, 2 Renaissance, 3. Humanism, 4. John

Kepler 5. Ferdinand Magellan

Section (A)

A. Fill in the blanks (5 marks)

1. 'Poverty and Un-British rule in India' is work of _____________.

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2. Vasco-da-Gama discovered a new sea route to India in the year _______.

3. The opening of the __________ canal increased trade with the east.

4. Industrial revolution started in England in the year around ________.

5. Spinning jenny was invented by ________________ in 1764.

B. Write T for true and F for False (5 marks)

1. The new spirit of enquiry was supported by Roman Catholic Churches.

2. Workers lived a prosperous and luxurious life.

3. Spinning mule was invented by John Kay.

4. 1st world war and 2nd world war were the effects of imperialism.

5. The invention of steam engine played a major role in the industrial

revolution.

C. Tick the correct option (5 marks)

1. When did Renaissance start in Italy.

(a) 14th century

(b) 13th century
(c) 16th century
(d) 17th century

2. Who invented Spinning Mule?

(a) James Hargreaves

(b) Samuel Crompton
(c) Edmund Cartwright
(d) James Watt

3. Which of the following is not the effect of Industrial revolution?

(a) Rise of Industrial Centers

(b) Increase in Capitalism
(c) Growth of transportation system
(d) 1st and 2nd World war

4. When did the factory system replace the domestic system?

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(a) 1750 (b) 1850 (c) 1775 (d) 1875

5. As a result of the Industrial Revolution, the new system which emerged in

Europe was called - (a) communism(b) secularism(c) capitalism(d) none of
these

D. Answer in Brief (5 marks)

1. List the secondary sources which gives us information about the modern
period.

2. Which invention was a powerful factor in bringing reformation in Europe?

3. What was impact of Industrial Revolution in India?

4. Mention any two reasons behind the industrial revolution in England.

5. How growth of advance means of transport and communication became the

cause for rise of Imperialism?

E. Answer in detail (4 marks each)

1. Write a note on the impact of Industrial Revolution.

2. What is the Industrial Revolution? Why did it began in England?

3. List four impact of imperialism.

4. Write a short note on causes for rise of Imperialism.

5. What were the major inventions during the Industrial Revolution?

Difference between Colonialism and Imperialism

Both Colonialism and Imperialism mean economic and political domination of
the other. As a result, both are hard to differentiate at times.

Yet they are two words with totally different meanings. Colonialism is where
one country physically exerts complete control over another country and
Imperialism is formal or informal economic and political domination of one
country over the other.

In a nutshell, colonialism can be thought of as the practice of domination and

imperialism as an idea behind the practice.

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Differences between Colonialism and Imperialism

Colonialism Imperialism

Colonialism is when one country physically Imperialism is when one country is involved
exerts its domination, either through a in creating an empire and expanding the
combination of war and diplomacy, over borders in order to project its power.
another country with a view to exploiting
its resources

In colonialism, there will be a movement of Imperialism is just about exerting control

people to the new territory, becoming over the conquered regions either through
permanent settlers in the process direct governance or through indirect
control mechanisms

Colonialism in the modern sense dates Imperialism is far older than colonialism
back to the 15th century when Europeans dating back to ancient empires in history
began to colonize large swathes of Asia but is more commonly associated with the
and Africa Roman Empire

Colony comes from the Latin Imperialism comes from the Latin word
word colonus which means ‘to farm’ ‘imperium’ which means to ‘command’

Examples of colonialism are to be found in The Scramble for Africa in the 19th Century
the takeover of India, Australia, Southern, and the Chinese domination of Vietnam
and Central Africa by the British and from 111 BC to 983 AD are examples of
Western and North Africa by the French Imperialism

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