Experiment: 4

Study of Boolean Logic Operations using Digital Integrated Circuits

Jiten Mahalik ∥ 2211051

February 14,2024

This experiment focuses on studying Boolean logic operations using digital integrated circuits (ICs). Boolean
logic serves as the foundation for digital electronics, facilitatin the manipulation and processing of binary
data . The study involves designing and implementing various logic gates such as AND, OR, NOT, NAND,
NOR and other combination using digital ICs. The experiment demonstrate the principles of Boolean
algebra and logic gates in a practical setting. Through hands-on experimentation and analysis, students
can gain a better understanding of how digital ICs perform logical operations and how they can be used in
electronic circuits. The findings from this experiment can help students enhance their knowledge and skills
in digital electronics and logic design.

1 Objectives 3 Apparatus required

1. Digital ICs(IC 7404LS, IC 7408LS, IC 7432LS,
1. To study and verify various Boolean logic op- IC 7486LS, IC 7400LS, IC 7402LS)
erations using digital ICs .
2. Resistors

3. DIP switch
2. To study and verify the De Morgan’s laws us-
4. D.C. Power supply (5V)
ing digital ICs
5. LEDs

6. Breadboard

7. Connecting wires.
2 Introduction

Boolean logic, developed by mathematician 4 Theory

George Boole, is a fundamental concept in com-
puter science and digital electronics.In the mid-
20th century, researchers and engineers began ap-
4.1 Integrated circuit
plying Boolean algebra to design and analyze elec-
tronic circuits. Claude Shannon’s work in the late An integrated circuit (IC), also known as a mi-
1930s demonstrated how Boolean logic could opti- crochip, is a small electronic device made up of
mize the design of electromechanical relay systems multiple interconnected electronic components
used in telephone routing switches. Integrated cir- such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors.
cuits (ICs) revolutionized electronics by combining These components are etched onto a small piece
multiple electronic components onto a single chip. of semiconductor material, usually silicon. The
The development of digital ICs allowed for com- fabrication process involves photolithography,
pact, reliable, and efficient digital systems. The where all components are printed as a unit on
1960s and 1970s saw significant advancements in a semiconductor wafer, rather than being con-
IC technology, leading to the widespread use of structed individually. ICs are categorized based
digital ICs in various applications. on their complexity, such as analog ICs, digital

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ICs, and mixed-signal ICs. called the Indeterminate Region. CMOS logic uses
a different level of voltages with a logic ”1” level
operating between 3 and 15 volts.
1. Digital Integrated Circuits: A digital integrated
circuit (IC) is an electronic device that combines
multiple digital electronic components onto a
small semiconductor chip. These components 4.2.1 NOT Gate
are interconnected to perform specific functions
related to digital logic and signal processing.
A NOT gate is a logic gate that inverts the dig-
ital input signal. For this reason, a NOT gate is
2. Analog Integrated Circuits: An analog circuit sometimes is referred to as an inverter . The logi-
processes continuous signals, representing data as cal symbol for a NOT gate is shown below: If the
varying voltage or current levels. Unlike digital
circuits that use discrete signals (0s and 1s), analog
circuits work with continuous wave forms.

3.Mixed Integrated Circuits: A combination of an

analog integrated circuit and a digital integrated
circuit is known as a mixed circuit. The mixed Figure 1: NOT Gate
type of integrated circuit either performs analog
to digital conversions or digital to analog conver-
sions. input binary variable of a NOT gate is considered
as A, then the output binary variable of the gate
will be A. As the symbol of not operation is ( – )
bar. The truth table of a NOT gate can be repre-
4.2 Logic Gates sented as: The IC available at the market for NOT

Standard commercially available Digital Logic

Gates are available in two basic forms, TTL which
stands for Transistor-Transistor Logic such as the
7400 series, and CMOS which stands for Comple-
mentary Metal-Oxide-Silicon which is the 4000 se-
ries of Integrated Circuits, (IC) or ”chips” as it is
commonly called. Generally speaking, TTL IC’s
use NPN type Bipolar Junction Transistors while
CMOS IC’s use Field Effect Transistors or FET’s for
both their input and output circuitry. There are a Figure 2: Truth Table for NOt Gate
large variety of logic gate types in both the Bipo-
lar and CMOS families of digital logic gates such
as 74L, 74LS, 74ALS, 74HC, 74HCT, 74ACT etc, gate is IC 7404. One 7404 IC contains a total of six
with each one having its own distinct advantages transistors inverter or simply six NOT gate.
and disadvantages and the exact voltages required
to produce a logic ”0” or logic ”1” depends upon
the specific logic group or family. However, when
using a standard +5 volt supply any TTL voltage
input between 2.0V and 5V is considered to be a
logic ”1” or ”HIGH” while any voltage input be-
low 0.8v is recognized as a logic ”0” or ”LOW”.
TTL outputs are typically restricted to narrower
limits of between 0 V and 0.4 V for a ”low” and be-
tween 2.7 V and 5 V. The voltage region between Figure 3: IC 7404LS for NOT gate
the maximum voltage of logic “0” and minimum
voltage of logic “1” of either input or output is

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4.2.2 AND Gate

AND gate is the fundamental logic gate that ex-

ecutes the logical multiplication of binary input.
An AND gate is a logic circuit that performs AND Figure 7: OR Gate
operations on the input of the circuit. A dot (.) de-
notes the AND operation.The logical symbol for
a AND gate is shown below ; The truth table for

Figure 4: AND Gate

Figure 8: Truth table for OR Gate
AND gate will be: The IC available at the market

Figure 9: IC 7432LS for OR Gate

Figure 5: Truth table for AND Gate 4.2.4 XOR Gate

for AND gate is IC 7408. One 7408 IC contains a The XOR (exclusive-OR) gate acts in the same way
total of four AND gates. as the logical ”either/or.” The output is true if ei-
ther, but not both, of the inputs are true. The out-
put is false if both inputs are ”false” or if both
inputs are true. The logic symbol for the gate is
shown below: The truth table of the gate is given

Figure 6: IC 7408LS for AND gate Figure 10: XOR Gate

below: The IC available at the market for XOR gate

4.2.3 OR Gate

An OR gate has two or more than two inputs and

one output signal. It is called an OR gate because
the output signal will be high only if any or all
input signals are high. The logic symbol for the
gate is shown below: The truth table of the gate
is given below: The IC available at the market for
OR gate is IC 7432LS. One 7432 IC contains a total
of four OR gates. Figure 11: Truth table for XOR Gate

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is IC 7486LS. One 7486 IC contains a total of four
XOR gates.

Figure 15: IC 7400LS for NAND Gate

Figure 12: IC 7486LS for XOR Gate as an inverter, an OR gate or an AND gate. The
symbol for a NOR gate is shown below: The truth

4.2.5 NAND Gate

NAND is an abbreviation for “NOT AND.” A two Figure 16: NOR Gate
input NAND gate is a digital combination logic cir-
cuit that performs the logical inverse of an AND table of the gate is given below: The IC available
gate. The symbol for a NAND gate is shown be-
low: The truth table of the gate is given below:

Figure 13: NAND Gate

The IC available at the market for NAND gate is Figure 17: Truth table for NOR Gate

at the market for NOR gate is IC 7402LS. One 7402

IC contains a total of four NOR gates.

Figure 14: Truth table for NAND Gate

IC 7400LS. One 7400 IC contains a total of four Figure 18: IC 7402LS for NOR Gate
NAND gates.

4.2.6 NOR Gate 4.2.7 De Morgan’s law

The NOR gate is a combination of the OR gate and A mathematician named De-Morgan developed a
NOT gate. In other words, it is the inverse version pair of important rules regarding group comple-
of the OR gate. The NOR gate and the NAND gate mentation in Boolean algebra. By group comple-
are considered universal gates since any basic op- mentation, I’m referring to the complement of a
erations can be achieved with combinations, such group of terms, represented by a long bar over

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more than one variable. DeMorgan’s Theorem is 6 Data Table
a fundamental concept in digital logic that relates
the behavior of NAND and NOR gates to their in-
verted counterparts.So, an OR gate with all inputs
inverted (a Negative-OR gate) behaves the same
as a NAND gate, and an AND gate with all inputs
inverted (a Negative-AND gate) behaves the same
as a NOR gate.
(A) Circuit diagram for the De Morgan’s law:
(A + B = A.B)

Figure 22: NOT Gate

Figure 19: Circuit diagram for the De Morgan’s

law (A + B = A.B)

(B) Circuit diagram for the De Morgan’s law:

(A.B = A + B)

Figure 23: AND Gate

Figure 20: Circuit diagram for the De Morgan’s

law (A.B = A + B)

5 Circuit diagram
Figure 24: OR Gate

Figure 21: Circuit for Logic Gates analysis

Figure 25: XOR Gate

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 put when both the input are high . A NOT gate
basically invert the input (single input logic gate).
A NAND gate invert the AND output . A NOR
gate invert the OR output .A XOR gate give high
output if one of the input is high not both . OR ,
AND and NOT gate are called fundamental logic
gate . NAND and NOR gate are called universal
logic gate as any logic gate can be made of these
two . BY using NAND gate AND NOR gate we
also verify the De Morgan’s Law
Figure 26: NAND Gate

8 Application of Logic gate

1.Digital circuits: Logic gates are used to design

and implement digital circuits such as adders, mul-
tiplexers, flip-flops, and registers.

2. Arithmetic operations: Logic gates are used

to perform arithmetic operations such as addition,
Figure 27: NOR Gate
subtraction, multiplication, and division in digital
systems.

3. Control systems: Logic gates are used to con-

trol the operation of various systems by processing
and manipulating input signals to produce desired
output signals.

4. Memory units: Logic gates are used to de-

sign memory units such as RAM (Random Access
Memory) and ROM (Read-Only Memory) in digi-
tal systems.
Figure 28: De Morgan’s law (A + B = A.B)
5. Communication systems: Logic gates are used
in communication systems to encode and decode
data, perform error detection and correction, and
control the flow of information.

9 Precaution
1. We should ensure that the power supply volt-
age matches the specifications of the digital
ICs being used. We should avoid applying
Figure 29: De Morgan’s law(A.B = A + B) excessive voltage or current, as it can damage
the ICs.

7 Conclusion 2. All the ground should be connected with each

other which ensures common ground condi-
tion.
Here , we see different logic Gate behave Differ-
ently . An OR gate give high output when one of 3. Some digital ICs may generate heat during
the input is high . An AND gate give high out- operation. We should ensure that the ICs are

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 not overheating, as excessive heat can affect
their performance and lifespan.

10 Reference
1. Fiore, James. Operational Amplifiers and Lin-
ear Integrated Circuits: Theory and Applica-
tion(3rd ed.). Operational amplifier internals.

2. Verma, H. Concepts of physics(3rd ed.). Semi-

conductors.