PH Geometry Name: ____________________________

Chapter Two Daily Learning Tools

Reasoning and Proof

2.1 Conditional Statements

If you do not do your homework, then you will not be prepared for the test.

Conditional

True Conditional
Counterexample

Converse

1. Identify the hypothesis and conclusion: If two lines are parallel, then the lines are coplanar.

Hypothesis:

Conclusion:

2. Find a counterexample to show that this conditional is false: If

3. Write the converse of the following conditional: If x = 9, then x + 3 = 12.

4. Identify the hypothesis and conclusion of this conditional statement: If y – 3 = 5, then y = 8.

5. Show that this conditional is false by finding a counterexample:

If the name of a state includes the word “New,” then the state borders an ocean.

6. Write the converse of the conditional. Then determine the truth value of each.
If

Is this conditional true, or false? __________

Converse:

Is the converse true, or false? ___________

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2.2 Biconditionals and Definitions

When you combine the two phrases, you can do so concisely if you use “if and only if” in between
the hypothesis and the conclusion.

Good definitions:
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-
-
1. Consider the true conditional statement. Write its converse. If the converse is also true, combine
the statements as a biconditional.

Conditional: If x = 5, then x + 15 = 20.

Converse:

Biconditional

2. Write the two statements that form this biconditional.

Biconditional Lines are skew if and only if they are noncoplanar.

3. Show that this definition of triangle is reversible. Then write it as a true biconditional.

Definition: A triangle is a polygon with exactly three sides.

Conditional: If a polygon is a triangle, then it ahs exactly three sides.

Converse:

Biconditional:

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4. Is this a good definition? Explain:
An apple is a fruit that contains seeds.

5. Write two statements that form this biconditional about integers greater than 1:
A number is prime if and only if it has two distinct factors, 1 and itself.

6. Show that this definition of right angle is reversible. Then write it as a true biconditional.
Definition: A right angle is an angle whose measure is 90º.

Biconditional:

7. Is this a good definition? Explain.

A square is a figure with four right angles.

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2.3 Deductive Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning Law of Detachment

We will not have school if it snows. We will not have school if it snows.
It snows. We don’t have school.

Law of Syllogism allows you to state a conclusion from two true conditional statements
when the______________________ of one statement is the _______________________ of the other.

1. A gardener knows that if it rains, the garden will be watered. It is raining. What conclusion can he
make?

The hypothesis ( ) is ____________, so…

For the given statements, what can you conclude, if anything?

2. If

3. If a quadrilateral is a square, then it contains four right angles.

If a quadrilateral contains four right angles, then it is a rectangle.

4. If the circus is in town, then there are tents at the fairground. If there are tents at the fairground, then
Paul is working as a night watchman. The circus is in town.

5. If Harper pulls Logan’s hair, then Logan will cry.

Logan is crying.

6. If a number ends in 0, then it is divisible by 10.

If a number is divisible by 10, then it is divisible by 5.

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7. If a number ends in 6, then it is divisible by 2.
If a number ends in 4, then it is divisible by 2.

8. If a baseball player is a pitcher, then that player should not pitch a complete game two days in a row.
Justin Verlander is a pitcher. On Monday, he pitches a complete game. What can you conclude?

9. Suppose a mechanic begins to work on a car and finds that the car will not start. Can the mechanic
conclude that the car has a dead battery? Explain.

10. The Volga River is in Europe.

Is a river is less than 2300 miles long, it is not one of the world’s ten longest rivers.
If a river it in Europe, then it is less than 2300 miles long.

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2.4 Reasoning in Algebra
Properties of Equality
Addition Property
Subtraction Property
Multiplication Property
Division Property
--- Basically, if you do something to one side of an equals sign, you must do the
same thing to the other side!!

Reflexive Property
Symmetric Property
Transitive Property

Substitution Property

The Distributive Property

Segment Addition Property

Angle Addition Property

1. Give a reason for each step.

2. Name the properties that justify the steps taken.

___________________________

___________________________

___________________________

3. Justify each step used to solve this equation.

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2.5 Proving Angles Congruent
Vertical Angles Theorem Adjacent Angles

Complementary Angles Supplementary Angles

Linear Pair

Find the values of the variables.

1. 2. 3.

Congruent Supplements Theorem:

If two angles are supplements of the same angle (or of congruent angles), then the two angels are
congruent

Proof of this Theorem:

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Congruent Complements Theorem:
If two angles are complements of the same angle (or of congruent angles), then the two angles are
congruent

Find the measure of each angle.

4. 5.

6. Suppose that two complementary angles are congruent. Prove that the measure of each angle is 45.

Given:

Prove:

7.

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