EE 134 The primary winding is purely inductive (R = 0)

IDEAL TRANSFORMER Phase angle (Φ0) between Iµ and V1 is 90o

lagging; Iµ is very small, lags behind V1 by 90o.
An ideal transformer is imaginary or operates
in perfect condition – unachievable Poutput = 0 ; Losses = 0
properties.
Pinput = Losses + Poutput
However, to understand the theory of
Pinput = V1Iµcos (Φ0) = 0 (cos (Φ0) = 0, (Φ0= 90o)
practical or real transformers, it is better to
study transformers under ideal conditions. Iµ = magnetizing current
After which we can introduce imperfections or The function of Iµ is to magnetize the core only
practical conditions to the ideal transformer, (to produce/sustain the flux Φ in the core).
one by one, to realize and understand the
concept of a real or practical transformer. Iµ, produces the flux Φ, which is proportional to
current and hence it is in phase with it.
Properties of an ideal transformer:
The flux Φ cuts the turns in the primary winding
• Winding resistances are zero and produces an self-induced emf E1 which is
(negligible); there are no copper losses lagging behind flux Φ by 90o.
• Core losses are Zero (there is no
E1 is equal and opposite to the supply voltage
hysteresis and eddy current losses)
V1 (E1 lags behind V1 by 180o).
• Efficiency is 100% ( Poutput = Pinput )
• No voltage drops in the windings Similarly, the mutually induced emf E2 is
(regulation is 0%; V1 = E1 ; E2 = V2) induced in the secondary winding N2 which
• All the flux lines are confined to the core also lags behind the flux Φ by 90o (E2 is also
and link with both the windings (no antiphase with V1).
leakage flux)
Ideal transformers are not possible in real life.
However, actual transformers should be close
to it as possible.
IDEAL TRANSFORMERS AT NO LOAD

PHASOR DIAGRAM:

Primary winding with N1 turns is connected to

the sinusoidal alternating voltage V1.
Secondary winding with N2 turns is kept open,
i.e. the transformer is at no load.
(I2 = 0; Poutput = 0)
Such an ideal transformer when connected to
the sinusoidal alternating volage V1,
alternating current will flow in the primary
winding.
ACTUAL TRANSFORMER AT NO LOAD Iµ is in quadrature with V1. This is known as the
magnetizing component. Its function is to
In actual transformer, there is iron loss in the
produce or sustain the alternating magnetic
core and copper losses in the windings.
flux in the core. It is wattless (reactive
These losses are very small but not entirely component).
negligible.
Iµ = Iosin(Φ0)
Io = Primary input current of transformer at no
Io is the vector sum of Iw and Iµ.
load.
Io2 = Iw 2 + Iµ 2
Io supplies iron losses in the core and a very
small amount of copper losses in the primary Io =√( Iw 2 + Iµ 2)
winding.
No load power input Pinput = W0, Φ0 < 90o
Thus, in an actual transformer, the primary no
W0 = V1I0cos (Φ0)
load current Io is not completely reactive.
NOTE:
Pinput = Losses + Poutput
1. No load current is very small compared
Pinput = Losses; ( Poutput = 0 )
to the full-load primary current. It is
Pinput = V1I0cos (Φ0), cos (Φ0) ≠ 0, Φ0 < 90o about 1% of the full-load current.
2. No load copper loss is negligibly small
Io is not lagging behind the supply voltage V1
which means that no-load primary input
by 90o but lags at angle Φ0 which is less than
is practically equal to the iron loss in the
90o (Φ0 < 90o).
transformer.
PHASOR DIAGRAM 3. As it is principally the core-loss which is
responsible for shift in the current
vector, angle Φ0 is known as hysteresis
angle of advance.
4. The permeability of the core varies with
the instantaneous value of the exciting
current.
5. Thus, the wave of the exciting or
magnetizing current is not truly
sinusoidal and should not be
represented by a vector (only
sinusoidally varying quantities are
represented by rotating vectors –
phasors). But, in practice, it makes no
appreciable difference.

EXAMPLES:

Primary current Io has two components Iw and

1. A 2,200/200-V transformer draws a no-
Iµ.
load primary current of 0.6 A and absorbs
Iw is in phase with V1. This is known as active 400 watts. Find the magnetizing and iron
or working or iron loss component. It mainly loss currents.
supplies the iron loss plus a small quantity of
Answer:
primary copper losses.
Iw = 0.182 A
Iw = Iocos(Φ0)
Iµ = 0.572 A
2. A 2,200/250-V transformer takes 0.5 A at a
p.f. of 0.3 on open circuit. Find magnetizing
and working components of no-load
primary current.
Answer:
Iw = 0.15 A
Iµ = 0.476 A
Flux Φ2 opposes the main flux Φ1 in the core
and demagnetizes the original flux in the core.
3. A single-phase 1100/100 V transformer
draws no-load current of 1.2 A, its input Momentarily, the original flux in the core is
power at no-load is 500 W. Determine the reduced and results to the primary induced
magnetizing and iron loss components of e.m.f. E1 being reduced.
no-load current. Thus, additional current I’2 flows in the primary
Answer: winding and produces its own flux Φ2’.

Iw = 0.45 A I’2 is known as load component of primary

current and is antiphase with I2.
Iµ = 1.11 A

IDEAL TRANSFORMER ON LOAD

NOTE: Assuming the transformer has (iron

and copper) losses but resistance of winding
is zero (R = 0) with no magnetic leakage.
When an alternating voltage is applied to the Φ2 and Φ2’ are equal and are opposing.
primary winding and if the secondary winding
is kept open, current I0 flows in the primary Φ2’ opposes the flux produced by the load
winding (no load). current and it is in phase with the original flux
Φ in the core.
Io is lagging behind the supply voltage V1 by an
angle Φ0 which is less than 90o (Φ0 < 90o). Hence, the demagnetizing effect of secondary
load current is neutralized by the additional
Io produces an alternating flux Φ in the core primary current I’2.
(main flux Φ).
Therefore, the flux Φ in the core of transformer
This alternating flux is linked with both the is almost constant under all load conditions.
windings and self induces an emf E1 in the
primary winding and mutually induces emf E2
in the secondary winding.
If the secondary winding will now be
connected to a load, current I2 will flow in the
secondary winding.
The secondary current sets up its own m.m.f.
(N2I2) known as demagnetizing amp-turns,
and produces its own flux Φ2 in the core.
Hence, whatever load conditions, the net flux Under full-load conditions, the ratio of primary
passing through the core is approximately the and secondary currents is constant.
as at no-load.
EXAMPLES
Core Loss is also practically the same under
1. The primary of a certain transformer takes
all load conditions.
1A at a power factor of 0.4 when connected
When transformers is on load, the primary across a 200V, 50 Hz supply and the
winding has two currents in it, I0 and I’2. secondary is kept open. The number of
turns on primary is twice that of secondary.
The total primary current is the vector sum of
Determine the value of primary current if a
I0 and I’2. load taking 50 A at a lagging power factor
I1 = I0 + I’2 of 0.8 is connected across the secondary.

As Φ2 = Φ2’, N2I2 = N1I’2 Answer:

Therefore, I’2 = (N2/N1)I2 or KI2, I1 = 25.87 A

K = transformation or turns ratio (K = a) ASSIGNMENT

Where I’2 is in antiphase with I2 and is in KI2 Solve the following problems. Show your
magnitude. complete solution and box your final answer.

PHASOR DIAGRAM 1. A single-phase transformer with a ratio of

440/110-V takes a no-load current of 5A at
0.2 power factor lagging. If the secondary
supplies a current of 120 A at p.f. of 0.8
lagging. Estimate the current take by the
primary. Use the parallelogram law of
vectors.

2. A transformer has a primary winding of 800

turns and a secondary winding of 200
turns. When the load current on the
secondary is 80 A at 0.8 power factor
lagging, the primary current is 25 A at
0.707 power factor lagging. Determine the
no load current of the transformer and its
phase with respect to the voltage. Draw the
phasor diagram.

3. A single-phase transformer takes 10 A on

Considering an inductive load, current I2 lags no load at p.f. 0.2 lagging. The turns ratio
behind E2 and Φ2. is 4:1 (step down). If the load on the
secondary is 200 A at a p.f. of 0.85 lagging.
If the transformation ratio is assumed as unity Find the primary current and power factor.
(K=1), the magnitude of I’2 is equal to I2. Neglect the voltage-drop in the winding.
The total primary current I1 is the vector sum
of I0 and I’2. (I1 lags behind V1 by Φ1.)
If I0 is neglected then Φ2 = Φ1.
N2I2 = N1I’2 ; I’2/I2 = N2/N1 = I1/I2