414 FLUID DYNAMICS In both cases, (7) gives d(Q+P+q7/2)=0 (8) at all times throughout the entire flow field Integrating (8), Q+ P44? /2= constant o throughout the entire field of flow. The constatnt in (9) will remain unchanged throughout the entire field because the differential dr in (7) is an arbitrary small variation of position vector r in the field. Case II. When qw #0, Since q * w is perpendicular to the vectors q and w, it follows that if dr #0, then dr-(qxw)=0 whenever dr lies in the plane of g and w. Therefore, if we take the variation dr in the surface containing both the streamlines and vortex lines, then (7) shows that d[Q+P+q?/2]=0 over such a surface and hence Q+P+q?/2 = constant (10) over a surfve containing the streamlines and vortex lines. It may be observed that the constant in (10) is the same everywhere on any one such surface, but that its value varies from one surface to another. It may be noted that (10) holds for steady rotational as well as irrotational motious. Ex. 14. Prove that in a steady motion of a liquid, H = pip+q?/2+V =constant along a streamline. If this constant has the same value everywhere in the liquid, then prove that the ‘motion must be either irrotational or the vertex lines must coincide with the streamlines. In to dimensional motion of a liquid with constant vorticity &, prove that V(H -26y) =0. Show that if the motion be steady, the pressure is given by p/p+q? +V -2Cy =const., where V is the Laplace’ operator. [Agra 2000; LA.S. 1992; Rohilkhand 1999] Sol. For the first part, refer Art. 4.2 Thus, we have fe year const. along a streamline w ° If the fluid be homogeneous so that p= const, then (1) becomes H=plp+q?/2+I' =constant along a streamline Q) Second part. We know that for steady motion, Euler’s equations of motion for homogeneous liquid moving under conservative forces (so that X= -01'/de, y= -O1'/ay, Z=-AV /dz, where Vis force potential and F=Xi+Y j+Zk and q=uit+vj+wh) (refer Art. of 3.1 chapter’). ( 2.42 2) wr 4v awe) aa Ny GA) (GB) BC) Let & 1, be the vorticity components, then 2E=dwldy-dvlaz, — Im=Eulez—Awldx, 2 = Av/dx-duldy, (a)ONE-DIMENSIONAL INVISCID INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW (Bernoul's Equation & Its Applications) 4.15 Rewriting (24), we have au, 20, ow, (du _av (@ 2s) Lop av 12 gy My of 420), yf Qu Or), 1a, OF ae oar ay ae)" ae ae) poe OF 18 a2 get aw? Lap , ar" or 12 at ge? aw) 40-20 +we Foo, using (4 Tage 18 HHP) +002 4 wn) ZS =O, wing or far) -200¢—wm, where Gretvew or aH ox = 205 -wn), using @) (A) Similarly @B) and (3C) reduce to aH Lay = 208 ut) (6B) aH 122 = Aun-28) (sc) Multiplying (5A), (SB), (SC) by 1, 2, w respectively and then adding, we get u@H /2x)-+0(QH lay) + w(QH 1a) =0 6 Multiplying (SA), (SB), (SC) by & n, & and the adding, we get (OH 2x)-+ (OH 109) (OH 122) =0 o From (6) and (7), it follows that the surface HT = const. contains the streamlines (whose direction cosines are proportional to u,v, w) and vertex lines (whose direction cosines are proportional to & 1S). If H has the same value everywhere in the liquid, we have aH lax =0, aH ley =0 and aH lez = vo-wn= we -ut =0, un-vé=0, by (7A) (7B) and (7C) = either 0 or ul&=vin= wilt Now, = the motion is irrotational and ul&=v/n=w/C = streamlines given by (dedlu = (dy) = (dey coincide with vortex lines (asl = (n= (2/6 ‘Third part, Consider two dimensional motion such that &=constnat Then, w= 0 and 26 =0/@r—du/ay. Also, if v be stream funetion, then we have (refer Art. 5.4, chapter 5) Py lax? +a % ® 18x* +0? /2y*) is Laplace's operater ey As before, Euler’s equations motion (refer Art. 3.1, chapter 3), for two dimensional notion (so that w= 0), we have where vo a le ep ox (9A) ar la ay and (9B)4.16 FLUID DYNAMICS ou , 00, (@u_ov)___1ap Re-writing (9A), Bae ae lay ae) ae pee ou 12 aye or _1ep or Le? e?)eoxagy=-L 1B BR teed = ou me aye or eos where or Gu /at ~206 = - GH /éx). (0A) Similarly, (9B) gives @0/0t+ 2u¢ = -(@H ley) (10B) Differentiating (10A) and (10B) w.rt*x" and ‘y’ respectively and then adding, we get (du , 0 -2¢ OH OH alae" ay roars an For incompressible fluid in two dimensions, equations of continuity is du lax+a0/dy=0 (2) Also, for a two dimensinonal, if YW be velocity potential, then we have u=-dylay, v=dwlex — sothat du/dy=-A* wildy, — dv/ax =d*y/ ax? G0 16x — Gu |dy = Oy /ax? +0 y/a?y? = Vy, (13) where V is given by (8). Using (12), (13) and (8), (11) reduces to -26Vy=-VH or YEH -26y) =0 (sy Fourth Part. Let the motion be steady so that Gu /@¢ = Gv /@t= 0 and so again (11) reduces to (15), Integrating (14), H-2y sonst. or Pip+q?/2+V -2Cy =const., using (2) Ex. 15. A long pipe is of length and has slowly tapering cross-section. It is inclined at angle 0 to the horizontal and water flows steadily through it from the upper to the lower end. The section at the upper end has twice the radius of the lower end. At the lower end, the water is delivered at atmospheric pressure. If the pressure at the upper end is twice atmospheric, find the velocity of delivery. Sol. Let ABCD be the given pipe of length 1 =00). Let OX be horizontal line which is taken as the zero level of potential energy. Let radii of the ends AD and BC of the given pipe be 2a and a respecively Let TI be the atmopsherie pressure. Then, the pressures at upper and lower ends are 211 and TI respectively. Let g, and g, be velocities at the entry end AD and exist end BC respectively Now, Bernoulli's equation for steady motion is plp+@l24V =C, (ly where Tis the force potential and C is a absolute constantONE-DIMENSIONAL INVISCID INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW (Bernoul's Equation & Its Applications) 4.17 Atend AD, I’=0 and at end BC, "=~ gl sin cc, where — gi sinc is the potential emergy per Unit mass of the gravitational force at the end BC. Hence, using (1) at the ends AD and BC, Al eso=c and FA gisina=C @ po2! p 2 Since the fluid is incompressible, equation of continuity of water flowing through the given pipe is (refer Art. 2.14) given by gy «(4na*) = qa x (ma) or Haast 3) p which yields the desired velocity of delivery at exist BC. Ex. 16. AB is a tube of small uniform, bore forming a quadrant arc of a circle of radius a and centre O, OA being horizontal and OB vertical with B below O. The tube is full of liquid of density p, the end B being closed. If B is suddenly opened, show that intially du/dt = 2g/x, where u = u(t) is the velocity and that the pressure at a point whose angular distance from A is © immediately drops to p g.a(sin®-20/x) above atmospheric pressure. Prove further that when the liquid contained in the tube subtends an angle i at the centre, @B/dt? = = (2g / ap) xsin® (B/2). Sol. As shown in the figure, AB is a tube of small uniform bore (= Ad" = BBY = PP’ =0Q'). Let ZAOB = 90°. Let P be any point of the tube such that ZAOP =8. Let Q be another point on the tube such that Z4OQ = 0+80. Also, let arc AP = s and are AQ =s+8s, where s is measured from A. Let u(t) be. the velocity of the liquid along are 0. Then equation of motion of ‘Q is given by (refer equation (1) of Art. 4.2) du 1a a 7 8088 pos (ly Bu, HH, He 24) and ae at as Gt as\2 where y is the depth of P blow O4. Therefore, (1) reduces to eu, A {u? dy_lép a ae) ds pas ® Integrating (2) w.r ‘s° while treating ¢ as constant, we get 8 (Qu/dt) +u?/2= gy-(p/p)+ SO, 3) where f (d is the arbitary function of ¢, Note that while integrating w.rt ‘s’ we have assumed that at any time t, 0u/2r is the same at all points of the liquid418 FLUID DYNAMICS Let TT be the atmospheric pressure. Now, initially at 4, when ¢= 0, 3) reduces to , s=0, u=0, p=Tl and y=0. /p) +S or f@)=T1/p @) Again at B,when 10, s=areAB=(za)/2, w=0, p=Tl, y=a xa, (du 0 2. G) reduces to .(%) (Te IO 6) Subtracting (4) from (5), we have gu) 28 sa (#)_,-2 © ‘We now apply (3) at P.Initialy at P,¢ P= Pq. Then (3) reduces |, v= 0, y= OM = asing ,s= are AP= a8. Also, let ax (@u/0 1a sin - (po /p)+ S(O) or a8x(2g/x) = gasinO-(pp/p)+Tl/p, by (4) and (6) or (po-TD/p=gasin8-(2ga6)/x or py -T1 = pgasin®—-20/n), showing that if B is suddenly opened, the pressure at P immediately drops to p ga(sin® - 26/n). Let us now consider the situation when the liquid contained in the tube AB subtends an angle Bat the centre. In this case liquid is shown in part RBB'R' of the tube such that ZROB =. Then ZNOR = x/2~B. Let RN be perpendicular to OA. Thus RN = OR sin(x/2-B) =acosP. Also, are AR =a(n/2-B). For this situation, P =I] at the surface RR’. So (3) gives o($-p) i B a on 0 2H ogg 8) aay 8 tO ty Subtracting (7) fiom (8), we have a ap St = gatl—eosp) a o Since are AR = a(n/2-B), we have aB or a so that 19) - it (10) 2 From 9) and(1), =a B= 28 sin? or ae Bp 2‘Miscellaneous Topies and Problems on the Entire Book mat _ & x4 44 @rHO + Var” EOD Yaar Gtk” Bah using (6) using (4) @ But, we have @-BVI@ +i) =e 24 Hence, from (4), ar > 1 aise showing that the velocity is inversely proportional to the square root of the rectangle under the focal radii of the point. Ex. 8. Prove that if the velocity potential at any instant to be Axy2, the velocity at any point (e+ &y + nz +0 relative to the fluid at the point (x,y,z), where & n, Care small, is normal to the quadratic xn + ySE + 2m =constant, with centre at (xy, 2). Sol. Let u, v, w, be the components of velocity of the fluid particle at the point (x, y, 2). Since, $= hagz, we have ua~ C12) (@b/0)) = 2, -@b/22)= tay.) Letu’,v',w’ be the velocity componentsat any point (x+é,y+n,2+1)relative to the fluid at the point (sy, 2). Then, wehave dy? neglecting squares and products of &, n, & . Using (1), we obtain wl =—nhz-T y=-h(nz+Cy), Va-h rte), w=-h@y tm), @ ‘We know that the direction cosines of the normal to the quadratic xn + y& + z8n = constant at (+E y+n,2+0) are proportional to y+ zn, x0+ 26,2 +36. Hence from (2), it follows that the velocity at the point (x+y +n. the point (x, y, 2) is normal to the given quadratic Ex. 9. (Spiral vortex). Define spiral vortex and determine pressure due to spiral vortex. Sol. Spiral vortex. Definition. The combination of avortex and source is called a spiral vortex Let there be a source of strength m and vortex of strength k both at the origin. Then, complex potential w due to them is given by relative to the fluid at we-mlogz+(ik/2n)logz or w=(ik/2n-m)logz (1) Determination of pressure due to spiral vertex. From (1), dt dz = (ik 2m) = (1/2) and hence, we have 12m)? m+ 0P an’ = 7‘Miscellaneous Topies and Problems on the Entire Book mas Since Z =e*, (iv) yields w= iA log e® or o+iy=id +m) ) From (»), we have =-An ‘Making use of result (4) of first part, the kinetic energy of the liquid bounded by the two co-oxial circular eylinders of radii a, + by and a, + bin the Z-plane is given by T' = pl’ log {(b) + a3) /(b + 4))}, wi) here / is the length of the cylinders. Since the kinetic energy is unchanged by conformal transformation, it follows that the kinetic energy T'' of the fluid bounded by the given elliptic eylinders is given by (v7). Ex.12. In the case of steady motion about a solid of an elastic fluid under no forces it is observed that velocities at the point (x, y, 2) parallel to the axes are proportional to y + zz +x, x+y: Prove that surfaces of equal pressure are oblate spheriods, the eccentricity of the generating ellipse being J3/ 2 Sol. If, , w denote the components of velocity q at (x, y, 2) then given that u=kQ+2), v=ke+H, w=k(e+y), kbeinga constant Hence, grad (42+ (24x) + (c4y)) = GOH +2 tay tye tae) © By Bemouille’s theorem, the pressure p at any point (x, y, 2) is given by ple=C-@/2 on plp=C-W(e+y? +2? tay +ye+2n), using (1) Hence the equipressure surfaces are given by 2x + 252 + 222 + Day + Iyz + ox 20 @ From solid geometry, the length of semi-axis of the quadric (2) are given by ah 1 od or -6024+91-4=0 or = 17-4) =0 giving = 2=1,1,4. ‘Thus, the squares of semi-oxes are 1, 1, 4. Hence, the equation of the quadric, with its principal axes, as axes of coordinates, is given by (24)3)/14274 =constant ‘Therefore, The equation of the generating ellipse may be written as A+ 2/4 =constant Ife be the eccentricity of (3), then 1=4(1-e) giving =e = V3/2. Ex, 13. A sphere of radius a is made fo move in incompressible perfect fluid with non-uniform velocity U along the x-axis. Ifthe pressure at infinity is zero, prove that at a point x in advance of the centre, p=(1/2)* p a@ {U ie? + W268 — aix)} — (Garhwal 2001, 02; Kanpur 2010) Sol. Let O” be the centre of the given sphere at any time #. Then the coordinates of O' are (%o, 0, 0), where 07 = x. Since the given sphere of radius a is moving along x-axis with velocity U, hence velocity potential at any point P of the fluid is given by (refer result (8) of At. 10.2) = Ua’ /2r*) x cos 8, aKINEMATICS OF FLUIDS IN MOTION 2.39 Again, the rate of the excess of flow-in over the flow-out along PR @ r® Also, the rate of increase in mass of the element =-r86. 52. (vbr sin O34) = —r8r8084 = (pvsin®) = 2 6p 6r-180-r =r?sin08r80892 = $00 &r -r80-rsin084) =1° sin08r 80852 Hence the equation of continuity is given by 2 ap @ a 1 sin@8r30892° =~ sin 880892 (pur?) —r 838392 (p vsin®) we 5 0 SP vsin®) a1 Leour?y+ 2S (psig) =0 rsin Ex. 20. In the motion of a homogeneous liquid in two dimensions the velocity at any point is given by v,v along the directions which pass through the fixed points distant ‘a' from one another. Show that the equation of continuity is a av rae ~) viv ar or Orr or” or rr where r and r' are distances of any point of the liquid from the fixed points. {Osmania 2005] [In this example (rr) are known as the di:polar co-ordinates of any point of the liquid] Sol. Let A and B be two given fixed points such that AB & =a. Let rand r be the distances of any point P of the liquid fiom A and B respectively. With A as centre draw two circular ares PQ and RS with rand r4+8r as radi Similarly, with B as centre draw two circular ares PR and QS with r’ and r'+8r as radii, Then, we have AR =r+8r and BQ =r’ +6r! Since ares PQ and PR are very small hence we can assume that ares PO and PR are approximately equal to straight lines PQ and PR respectively. Let ZAPB =0, Draw PN and PM perpendicular to AR and BQ. Then, AN=r, BM =r’ NR=5r, MQ=8r', — ZNPR=6— and PQ From rightangled APRN, sin@ = NR/PR => PR=@r)/sin@ Similarly, from APMOQ, sin® = QM /PQ > PQ = &r')/sin® Since v and v’ are velocities along AP and BP respectively so velocity along normal to PR is v'+ve0s0 and velocity along normal to PQ is v+v’cos0. Since the liquid is homogeneous, so P = constant ‘The rate of mass of the liquid flowing through PO. =pxPOx(velocity perpendicular to PO) = p(Sr'/sin8)(v + v'cos8) the rate of the excess of the flow-in over the flow-out along PQ240 FLUID DYNAMICS v+v'cos® ar VP sin (sine Similarly, the rate of the excess of the flow-in over the flow-out along PR 2 [5° wa vieosey} = -pbr br'2- =-9 2 fp waveno)}= Par br’ ( of er, ~-8 2 {pS «veoh ‘area POSR = PQ-PRsinQPR = = xsin(a 0) Now, the rate of increase of mass of the liquid in POSR 30% = -sind) p82 _ 9, as p = constant at? sin8 ” sind Hence the equation of continuity is given by 2 (vite) porae 2(¥ sent) sind or sin8 +2 (Let) 20 or sind e058) _v+v'eos® 4 08 2038 + OSE | co sin Or sin? ® coat +28) ¥'+¥0080 4 00 =0 Acos8 _v'+veos0 ( Geos! ) v: a cos6| ~ sin? er on ov 720080, 2050 ar or ar (+0 c080) 28 4 r+ ve o) @ a(eos8) 1 or Similarly, from (2), we have oor Substituting the above values of (¢os®)/Gr and A(cos8)/Gr’ in (1), we have (2%. )onoay(1S00) (Ls) or er a yor ro?KINEMATICS OF FLUIDS IN MOTION 241 cose or + s080 {aso o+Za-cos'o}=0 oly r or (L+a}cosoe(4 +o <0 rr rr - ov ov cee =) using (2) ér ér’ 2n’ er er’ ° EXERCISE 2(C) 1. Determine the equation of continuity by vector apprach for incompressible fluid. Interpret it physically. [Meerut 2003] 2. A mass of fluid is in motion so that the lines of motion lie on the surface of co-axial cylinders. Show that the equation of continuity is, 2 £3 (o4,)+Z004,)=0, where q, and q, are velocities perpendicular and parallel to z-axis oe 2 (Hint, Do as in Ex. 5 of Art 2.16 by taking w= q,, ¥=qo] [Meerut 1999, 2001, 02] 3. Water is flowing through a pipe 10 cm diameter with an average velocity of 10 msec. What is the rate of discharge of the water? Also determine the velocity at the other end of the pipe, if the diameter of the pipe is gradually changes to 20 em. [Ans, Discharge = 0.7854 m°/sec; velocity = 2.5 nsec.) 4, Homogeneous liquid moves so that the path the any particle P lies in the plane POX, Where OX is fixed axis. Prove that if OP = r and the ZYOP=6, the equation of continuity may 9 (ur?) 2 (ur sind) = be written as Fey FOr sin) =O, where u, v are the component velocities along and perpendicular to OP in the plane POX and $= e030. [Hint: 11 = cos so that di =sin@d®. Also p = constant. Proceed as Ex. 19 of Art. 2.16 by taking OY in place of OZ] 5. Does the three-dimensional incompressible flow given by ky ux, y,2)= v(e.y.z)= sae WO yz) @ ay eey ay ery? @ yee) satisfy the equation of continuity? K is an arbitrary constant. Thus show the above motion is kinematically possible for an incompressible fluid. [Purvanchal 2005] 6. Does the two-dimensional incompressible flow given by raroea(et}ere, —witea(ei}ae oo 3 r where ¢, is an arbitrary non-zero constant, satisfy the equation of continuity?