REPUBLIC OF KENYA

LEARNING GUIDE

FOR
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION LEVEL 5

TVET CDACC
P.O. BOX 15745-00100
NAIROBI
First published 2020
©2020, TVET CDACC

All rights reserved. No part of this learning guide may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any
form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods
without the prior written permission of the TVET CDACC, except in the case of brief quotations
embodied in critical reviews and certain other non-commercial uses permitted by copyright law. For
permission requests, write to the Council Secretary/CEO, at the address below:

Council Secretary/CEO
TVET Curriculum Development, Assessment and Certification Council
P.O. Box 15745–00100
Nairobi, Kenya
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.tvetcdacc.go.ke
 2
FOREWORD

The provision of quality education and training is fundamental to the Government’s overall strategy for
social economic development. Quality education and training will contribute to achievement of Kenya’s
development blue print and sustainable development goals. Reforms in education are necessary to align
the sector to the provisions of the Constitution of Kenya 2010. This triggered the formulation of the
Policy Framework on “Reforming Education and Training in Kenya” (Sessional Paper No. 1 of 2019). A
key provision of this policy is the radical change in the design, development and delivery of Technical
and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) which is the key to unlocking the country’s potential for
industrialization. This policy requires that training in TVET be Competency Based, Curriculum
development be industry led, certification be based on demonstration of competence and that mode of
delivery allows for multiple entry and exit in TVET programs.

The State Department for Vocational and Technical Training (VTT) has a responsibility of facilitating the
process of inculcating knowledge, skills and attitudes necessary for catapulting the nation to a globally
competitive country, hence the paradigm shift to embrace Competency Based Education and Training
(CBET) to address the mismatch between skills acquired through training and skills needed by industry
as well as increase the global competitiveness of Kenyan labor force. The Technical and Vocational
Education and Training Act No. 29 of 2013 and the Sessional Paper No. 1 of 2019 on Reforming
Education and Training in Kenya, emphasizes the need to reform curriculum development, assessment
and certification to respond to the unique needs of the industry.

This learning guide has been developed to support the implementation of CBET curriculum in Electrical
Installation Level 5 and is intended to guide the trainee through the learning process. It is my conviction
that this learning guide will play a critical role towards supporting the development of competent human
resource for Engineering sector’s growth and sustainable development.

PRINCIPAL SECRETARY, VOCATIONAL AND TECHNICAL TRAINING

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

3
PREFACE
Kenya Vision 2030 is anticipated to transform the country into a newly industrializing, “middle-income country
providing a high-quality life to all its citizens by the year 2030”. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
number four that focuses on inclusive and equitable quality education and promotion of lifelong learning for all,
further affirm that education and training is an important driver to economic development for any country.
Kenya intends to create a globally competitive and adaptive human resource base to meet the requirements of a
rapidly industrializing economy.

TVET CDACC has a responsibility of facilitating the process of inculcating knowledge, skills and attitudes
necessary for catapulting the nation to a globally competitive country, hence the paradigm shift to embrace
Competency Based Education and Training (CBET) to address the mismatch between skills acquired through
training and skills needed by industry as well as increase the global competitiveness of Kenyan labor force. The
Technical and Vocational Education and Training Act No. 29 of 2013 and the Sessional Paper No. 1 of 2019 on
Reforming Education and Training in Kenya, emphasizes the need to reform curriculum development,
assessment and certification to respond to the unique needs of the industry.

To effectively implement CBET curriculum in Electrical Installation Level 5 this learning guide has been
designed and organized with clear interactive learning activities for each learning outcome of every unit of
learning. The guide further provides information sheet, self-assessment items, tools, equipment, supplies, and
materials necessary for the particular learning outcome. This is aimed at imparting the relevant knowledge,
requisite skills and the right attitude for work.

I am grateful to the trainers involved in the development of this learning guide.

Prof. CHARLES M. M. ONDIEKI, PhD, FIET (K), Con. Eng Tech.

CHAIRMAN, TVET CDACC

4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This learning guide has been designed and developed to support the implementation of Competency
Based Education and Training (CBET) curricula in Kenya. The learning guide is intended to support
learning by providing practical and theoretical learning activities, simplified content and self-assessment
items to guide the trainee in the learning process.

I recognize with appreciation the critical role of trainers in developing this learning guide and ensuring its
alignment with National Occupational Standards (OS) and CBET curriculum. I am convinced that this
learning guide will support trainees’ acquisition of knowledge, skills and right attitude needed for work in
the Engineering sector.

DR. LAWRENCE GUANTAI M’ITONGA, PhD

COUNCIL SECRETARY/CEO
TVET CDACC

5
ACRONYMNS AND ABBREVIATIONS
BS British standards
CAD Computer Aided Design
CBET Competency Based Education and Training CCTV Closed
Circuit Tele Vision
CDACC Curriculum Development, Assessment and Certification Council CEC
County environmental committee
CPC Circuit protective conductors
EHS Environment Health and Safety
EIA Environmental impact assessment
EMCA Environment management and coordination Act ERC Energy
regulatory commission
FEMA Forest conservation and management act
HVAC Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
IBMS Integrated Building Management System
IEE Institute of electrical engineers
IR Insulation resistance
K.C.S.E Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education
KEBS Kenya Bureau of Standards
KNQA Kenya National Qualification Authority
NCA National Construction Authority
NEMA National Environment Management Authority OSHA
Occupational safety and health act
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
PV Photo Voltaic
SELV Separated extra low voltage
TVET Technical and Vocational Education and Training VT Visual
Testing
VTT Vocational and Technical Training
WIBA Work Injury Benefits Act
WIBA Work injury benefits act

6
Table of Contents

LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................................18

LIST OF TABLES.....................................................................................................................................20
CHAPPTER 1: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS.................................................................................23
1.1 Introduction to the unit of learning ..................................................................................................23
1.2 Summary of Learning Outcomes .....................................................................................................23
 1.2.1.4 Learning Activities.............................................................................................................28
1.2.1.5 Self-Assessment ..................................................................................................................28
1.2.1.6 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials......................................................................29
1.2.1.7 References...........................................................................................................................29
1.2.1.8 Answers to Self-Assessment ..............................................................................................29
1.2.2 Learning Outcome 2: Use formulae and algebraic expressions for work ...................................30
1.2.2.1 Introduction to the learning outcome ..............................................................................30
1.2.2.2 Performance Standard...................................................................................................30
1.2.2.3 Algebraic linear equation.....................................................................................................30
1.2.2.4 Simultaneous........................................................................................................................30
1.2.2.5 Quadratic..............................................................................................................................30
1.2.2.6 Linear graphs .......................................................................................................................30
1.2.3 Information Sheet ....................................................................................................................31
1.2.4 Learning Activities..................................................................................................................38
1.2.5 Self-Assessment.......................................................................................................................39
1.2.6 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials..............................................................................39
1.2.7 References ...............................................................................................................................39
1.2.8 Answers to the Self-Assessment..............................................................................................40 2
Learning Outcome 3: Use trigonometry to solve practical work problems....................................42
2.2.2 Introduction to the learning outcome.......................................................................................42
2.2.3 Performance Standard..............................................................................................................42
2.2.4 Information Sheet ....................................................................................................................42
2.2.5 Learning Activities..................................................................................................................47
2.2.6 Self-Assessment.......................................................................................................................47
2.2.7 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials..............................................................................47
2.2.8 References ...............................................................................................................................48
2.2.9 Answers to Self-Assessment ...................................................................................................48 3
Learning Outcome 4: Perform estimations, measurements and calculations of quantities ............49
3.2.2 Introduction to the learning outcome.......................................................................................49
7
3.2.3 Performance Standard..............................................................................................................49
3.2.4 Information Sheet ....................................................................................................................50
3.2.5 Learning Activities..................................................................................................................55
3.2.6 Self-Assessment.......................................................................................................................55
3.2.7 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials..............................................................................56
3.2.8 References ...............................................................................................................................56
3.2.9 Answers to Self-Assessment ...................................................................................................56
4 Learning Outcome 5: Apply Matrices in work ...............................................................................57
4.2.2 Introduction to the learning outcome.......................................................................................57
4.2.3 Performance Standard..............................................................................................................57
 4.2.4 Information Sheet ....................................................................................................................57
4.2.5 Learning Activities..................................................................................................................62
4.2.6 Self-Assessment.......................................................................................................................62
4.2.7 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials..............................................................................63
4.2.8 References ...............................................................................................................................63
4.2.9 Answers to Self-Assessment ...................................................................................................63
5 Learning Outcome 6: Apply Vectors in work.................................................................................64
5.2.2 Introduction to the learning outcome.......................................................................................64
5.2.3 Performance Standard..............................................................................................................64
5.2.4 Information Sheet ....................................................................................................................64
5.2.5 Learning Activities..................................................................................................................71
5.2.6 Self-Assessment.......................................................................................................................72
5.2.7 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials..............................................................................73
5.2.8 References ...............................................................................................................................73
5.2.9 Answers to Self-Assessment ...................................................................................................74
6 Learning Outcome 7: Collect, Organize and Interpret Statistical Data ..........................................75
6.2.2 Introduction to the learning outcome.......................................................................................75
6.2.3 Performance Standard..............................................................................................................75
6.2.4 Information Sheet ....................................................................................................................76
6.2.5 Learning Activities..................................................................................................................81
6.2.6 Self-Assessment.......................................................................................................................82
6.2.7 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials..............................................................................82
6.2.8 References ...............................................................................................................................82
6.2.9 Answers to Self-Assessment ...................................................................................................82
7 Learning Outcome 8: Apply Concepts of probability for Work.....................................................85
7.2.2 Introduction to the learning outcome.......................................................................................85

8
7.2.3 Performance Standard..............................................................................................................85
7.2.4 Information Sheet ....................................................................................................................85
7.2.5 Learning Activities..................................................................................................................88
7.2.6 Self-Assessment.......................................................................................................................88
7.2.7 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials..............................................................................89
7.2.8 References ...............................................................................................................................89
7.2.9 Answers to Self-Assessment ...................................................................................................89
8 Learning Outcome 9: Perform Commercial Calculation................................................................91
8.2.2 Introduction to the learning outcome.......................................................................................91
8.2.3 Performance Standard..............................................................................................................91
8.2.4 Information Sheet ....................................................................................................................91
8.2.5 Learning Activities..................................................................................................................95
8.2.6 Self-Assessment.......................................................................................................................96
 8.2.7 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials..............................................................................96
8.2.8 References ...............................................................................................................................96
8.2.9 Answers to Self-Assessment ...................................................................................................96
CHAPTER 2: ELECTRICAL PRINCIPLES ..........................................................................................100
2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................100
2.2 Summary of Learning Outcomes.......................................................................................................100
2.2.1 Learning outcome 1: use the concept of basic electrical quantities................................................100
2.2.1.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................100
2.2.1.2 Performance Standard............................................................................................................100
2.2.1.2.1 Identify basic SI units in electrical systems...........................................................................100
2.2.1.2.2 Identify quantities of charge, force, work and power........................................................100
2.2.1.2.3 Perform calculations involving Ohm’s law i.e. current, resistance and voltage................100
2.2.1.2.4 Perform calculations involving various electrical quantities.............................................100
2.2.1.2.5 Identify electrical quantities measuring instruments .........................................................100
2.2.1.3 Information Sheet.....................................................................................................................101
3.1.1.3. Learning Activities..................................................................................................................107
3.1.1.4. Self-Assessment Questions.....................................................................................................107
3.1.1.5. Tools, Equipment and Materials............................................................................................108
3.1.1.6. References .............................................................................................................................108
3.1.2. Use the concepts of D.C and A.C circuits in electrical installation...............................................111
3.1. Introduction ...............................................................................................................................111
3.1.2.1. Performance Standard .............................................................................................................111
3.1.2.2. Information Sheet....................................................................................................................111

9
3.1.2.2. Self-Assessment Questions....................................................................................................125
3.1.2.3. Tools, Equipment and Materials............................................................................................126
3.1.2. References.................................................................................................................................126
Use of basic electrical machine................................................................................................................129
References............................................................................................................................................142
Demonstrate understanding of three phase power supply....................................................................145
3.1.2.0. Introduction ...............................................................................................................................145
3.1.2.1. Performance Standards..............................................................................................................145
Information Sheet.................................................................................................................................145
3.1.2.2. Learning Activities................................................................................................................150
3.1.3.0. Tools, Equipment and Materials............................................................................................150
3.1.5..........................................................................................................................................................154
Introduction..............................................................................................................................................154
Performance Standard..............................................................................................................................154
Information Sheet.....................................................................................................................................154
3.1.5.3. Learning Activities..................................................................................................................159
 3.1.6.0. Introduction .............................................................................................................................163
3.1.6.1. Performance Standard............................................................................................................163
Information Sheet.................................................................................................................................164
3.1.6.5. References.................................................................................................................................172
3.1.7. Apply lightning protection measures.................................................................................................i
3.1.7.0. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................i
Information Sheet......................................................................................................................................i
3.1.7.4. Self-Assessment Questions.................................................................................................... viii
3.1.7.6. References.....................................................................................................................................x
3.1.8. Apply electromagnetic field theory ................................................................................................xii
3.1.8.0. Introduction ...............................................................................................................................xii
3.1.1.1. Performance Standard..............................................................................................................xii
3.1.1.2. Information Sheet .................................................................................................................. xiii
Amplitude .................................................................................................................................................xix
3.1.1.4. Self-Assessment Questions...................................................................................................xxiv
3.1.1.6. References...............................................................................................................................xxvi
1.1 Introduction to the unit of learning ............................................................................................ xxviii
1.2 Summary of Learning Outcomes ............................................................................................... xxviii
1.2.1 Learning Outcome 1: Use Concepts of Arithmetic in Solving Work Problems........xxix 1.
Learning Activities...............................................................................................................xxxiv

10
1. Self-Assessment.....................................................................................................................xxxiv
1.2.1.6 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials..................................................................xxxv
1.2.1.7 References.......................................................................................................................xxxv
6.2.1.8 Answers to Self-Assessment ......................................................................................xxxv
1.2.2 Learning Outcome 2: Use formulae and algebraic expressions for work .............................xxxvii
1.2.2.1 Introduction to the learning outcome
...........................................................................xxxvii 2.2.1.3 Performance
Standard.............................................................................................xxxvii 2.2.2 Information
Sheet ..............................................................................................................xxxvii 2.2.3 Learning
Activities................................................................................................................xlvi 2.2.4 Self-
Assessment................................................................................................................... xlvii 2.2.5
Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials.......................................................................... xlvii 2.2.6
References .......................................................................................................................... xlviii 2.2.7
Answers to the Self-Assessment......................................................................................... xlviii
Learning Outcome 3: Use trigonometry to solve practical work problems..............................................l
2.2.8 Introduction to the learning outcome..........................................................................................l
2.2.9 Performance Standard.................................................................................................................l
2.2.10 Information Sheet....................................................................................................................l
2.2.11 Learning Activities..................................................................................................................lvi
 2.2.12 Self-Assessment...................................................................................................................lvi
2.2.13 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials........................................................................ lvii
2.2.14 References.......................................................................................................................... lvii
2.2.15 Answers to Self-Assessment.............................................................................................. lvii
Learning Outcome 4: Perform estimations, measurements and calculations of quantities....................lix
2.2.16 Introduction to the learning outcome...................................................................................lix
2.2.17 Performance Standard..........................................................................................................lix
2.2.18 Information Sheet.................................................................................................................lix
2.2.19 Learning Activities..............................................................................................................lxv
2.2.20 Self-Assessment.................................................................................................................lxvi
2.2.21 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials........................................................................lxvi
2.2.22 References........................................................................................................................ lxvii
2.2.23 Answers to Self-Assessment............................................................................................ lxvii
Learning Outcome 5: Apply Matrices in work .................................................................................
lxviii 2.2.24 Introduction to the learning outcome..............................................................................
lxviii 2.2.25 Performance Standard.....................................................................................................
lxviii 2.2.26 Information
Sheet...............................................................................................................lxix 2.2.27 Learning
Activities...........................................................................................................lxxiv

11
2.2.28 Self-Assessment...............................................................................................................lxxiv
2.2.29 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials.......................................................................lxxv
2.2.30 References.........................................................................................................................lxxv
2.2.31 Answers to Self-Assessment.............................................................................................lxxv
Learning Outcome 6: Apply Vectors in work....................................................................................lxxvi
2.2.32 Introduction to the learning outcome...............................................................................lxxvi
2.2.33 Performance Standard......................................................................................................lxxvi
2.2.34 Information Sheet.............................................................................................................lxxvi
2.2.35 Learning Activities..........................................................................................................lxxxv
2.2.36 Self-Assessment.............................................................................................................lxxxvi
2.2.37 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials.................................................................. lxxxvii
2.2.38 References.................................................................................................................... lxxxvii
2.2.39 Answers to Self-Assessment........................................................................................ lxxxvii
Learning Outcome 7: Collect, Organize and Interpret Statistical Data............................................lxxxix
2.2.40 Introduction to the learning outcome.............................................................................lxxxix
2.2.41 Performance Standard....................................................................................................lxxxix
2.2.42 Information Sheet................................................................................................................. xc
2.2.43 Learning Activities............................................................................................................xcvi
2.2.44 Self-Assessment................................................................................................................xcvi
2.2.45 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials......................................................................xcvii
 2.2.46 References........................................................................................................................xcvii
2.2.47 Answers to Self-Assessment............................................................................................xcvii
Learning Outcome 8: Apply Concepts of probability for Work ..............................................................
c 2.2.48 Introduction to the learning outcome..................................................................................... c
2.2.49 Performance Standard............................................................................................................ c
2.2.50 Information Sheet..................................................................................................................ci
2.2.51 Learning Activities..............................................................................................................civ
2.2.52 Self-Assessment................................................................................................................... cv
2.2.53 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials.......................................................................... cv
2.2.54 References............................................................................................................................ cv
2.2.55 Answers to Self-Assessment................................................................................................ cv
Learning Outcome 9: Perform Commercial Calculation .....................................................................cvii
2.2.56 Introduction to the learning outcome.................................................................................cvii
2.2.57 Performance Standard........................................................................................................cvii
2.2.58 Information Sheet..............................................................................................................cviii
2.2.59 Learning Activities.............................................................................................................cxii

12
2.2.60 Self-Assessment................................................................................................................cxiii
2.2.61 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials.......................................................................cxiii
2.2.62 References.........................................................................................................................cxiv
2.2.63 Answers to Self-Assessment.............................................................................................cxiv
CHAPTER 3 WORKSHOP TECHNOLOGY.......................................................................................cxvii
Introduction to the unit of learning ....................................................................................................cxvii
Summary of Learning Outcomes .......................................................................................................cxvii
3.0 Learning Outcome 1: Apply workshop safety .............................................................................cxvii
3.1.1 Introduction to the learning outcome ........................................................................................cxvii
3.1.2 Performance
Standard ..............................................................................................................cxviii 3.1.3 Information
Sheet.....................................................................................................................cxviii 3.1.4 Learning
Activities...................................................................................................................cxxxi 3.1.5 Self-
Assessment ......................................................................................................................cxxxii 3.1.6
Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials .............................................................................cxxxii 3.1.7
References...............................................................................................................................cxxxii 3.1.8
Answers to self-assessment....................................................................................................cxxxiii
Learning Outcome 2: Use of workshop tools, Instruments and equipments....................................... cxxxv
3.2.1 Introduction to the learning outcome ......................................................................................
cxxxv 3.2.1 Performance
Standard ............................................................................................................. cxxxv 3.2.3 Information
Sheet.................................................................................................................... cxxxv 3.2.4 Learning
Activities...................................................................................................................cxlvii 3.2.5 Self-
 Assessment .......................................................................................................................cxlvii 3.2.6
Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials ..............................................................................cxlvii 3.2.7
References...............................................................................................................................cxlvii 3.2.8
Answers to self-assessment....................................................................................................cxlviii
3.3 Learning Outcome 3: Prepare workshop tools and instruments for an Electrical installation
practical .........................................................................................................................................................
...........cli
3.3.1 Introduction to the learning
outcome ............................................................................................cli 3.3.2 Performance
Standard ...................................................................................................................cli 3.3.3 Information
Sheet..........................................................................................................................cli 3.3.4 Learning
Activities......................................................................................................................cliii 3.3.5 Self-
Assessment .........................................................................................................................cliii 3.3.6
Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials .................................................................................cliv 3.3.7
References...................................................................................................................................cliv 3.3.8
Answers to self-assessment test ..................................................................................................cliv 3.3
Learning Outcome 4: Prepare the workshop for an Electrical practical .................................clviii

13
3.4.1 Introduction to the learning
outcome ........................................................................................clviii 3.4.2 Performance
Standard ...............................................................................................................clviii 3.4.3 Information
Sheet......................................................................................................................clviii 3.4.4 Learning
Activities.......................................................................................................................clx 3.4.5 Self-
Assessment ...........................................................................................................................clx 3.4.6
Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials .................................................................................clxi 3.4.7
References...................................................................................................................................clxi 3.4.8
Answers to Self-Assessment .......................................................................................................clxi
3.5 Learning Outcome 5: Store Electrical tools and materials after practicals......................................clxiv
3.5.1 Introduction to the learning
outcome ........................................................................................clxiv 3.5.2 Performance
Standard ...............................................................................................................clxiv 3.5.3 Information
Sheet......................................................................................................................clxiv 3.5.4 Learning
Activities....................................................................................................................clxxi 3.5.5 Self-
Assessment .......................................................................................................................clxxi 3.5.6
Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials ..............................................................................clxxii 3.5.7
References...............................................................................................................................clxxii 3.5.8
Answers to self-assessment......................................................................................................clxxii
3.6 Learning Outcome 6: Troubleshoot and repair of workshop tools and equipment .......................clxxiv
3.6.1 Introduction to the learning
outcome ......................................................................................clxxiv 3.6.2 Performance
 Standard .............................................................................................................clxxiv 3.6.3 Information
Sheet....................................................................................................................clxxiv 3.6.4 Learning
Activities...................................................................................................................clxxx 3.6.5 Self-
Assessment .......................................................................................................................clxxx 3.6.6
Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials ..............................................................................clxxx 3.6.7
References................................................................................................................................clxxx 3.6.8
Answers to self-assessment......................................................................................................clxxx
CHAPTER FOUR: TECHNICAL DRAWING.......................................................................................182
4.1 Apply and Maintain Drawing Equipment and Materials...............................................................182
4.2. Produce Plane Geometry Drawings ..........................................................................................194
4.4 Produce Orthographic and Pictorial Drawings...............................................................................250
4.6 Apply Cad Packages.......................................................................................................................668
4.7 MODEL ANSWERS......................................................................................................................100
CHAPTER FOUR: TECHNICAL DRAWING.......................................................................................122
4.1 Apply and Maintain Drawing Equipment and Materials...............................................................123
5.2. Produce Plane Geometry Drawings ..........................................................................................135
4.4 Produce Orthographic and Pictorial Drawings...............................................................................191

14
4.6 Apply Cad Packages.......................................................................................................................668
4.7 MODEL ANSWERS......................................................................................................................100
CHAPTER 5: ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION WORK PLANNING.................................................123
CHAPTER 6: PERFORMING ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION.............................................................9
6.1 Introduction to Electrical installation.................................................................................................9
6.2 Summary of Learning Outcomes...........................................................................................................9
6.2.1 Learning Outcome 1: Apply Health, Safety and Environmental standards........................................9
6.2.1.1 Introduction to the learning outcome ...........................................................................................9
6.2.1.2 Performance Standard................................................................................................................9
6.2.1.3 Information Sheet.......................................................................................................................10
Protection against shock from both types of contact .................................................................................16
6.2.1.4 Learning Activities.....................................................................................................................32
6.2.1.5 Self-Assessment.......................................................................................................................32
6.2.1.6 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials..............................................................................33
6.2.1.7 References ...............................................................................................................................34
6.2.2. Learning Outcome 2: Prepare working drawings .......................................................................37
6.2.2.1 Introduction to the learning outcome.......................................................................................37
6.2.2.2 Performance Standard..............................................................................................................37
6.2.2.3 Information Sheet ....................................................................................................................37
6.2.2.4 Learning Activities..................................................................................................................61
6.2.2.5 Self-Assessment.......................................................................................................................62
6.2.2.6 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials ................................................................................63
 6.2.2.7 References..................................................................................................................................64
6.2.3 Learning Outcome 3: Assemble tools, equipment and materials ...................................................67
6.2.3.7 References.................................................................................................................................97
6.2.4 Learning Outcome 4 Install electrical system.............................................................................99
6.2.4.1 Introduction to the learning outcome.............................................................................................99
6.2.4.2 Performance Standards................................................................................................................99
6.2.4.4 Learning Activities...................................................................................................................145
6.2.4.6 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials ..............................................................................147
6.2.4.7 References...............................................................................................................................147
6.2.5 Learning Outcome 5 .....................................................................................................................151
6.2.5.1 Introduction to the learning outcome...........................................................................................151
6.2.5.2 Performance Standard............................................................................................................151
6.2.5.3 Information Sheet........................................................................................................................151
6.2.5.4 Learning Activities...................................................................................................................154

15
6.2.5.5 Self-
Assessment .......................................................................................................................154 6.2.5.6
Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials ..............................................................................155 6.2.5.7
References...............................................................................................................................156
6.2.6 Learning Outcome 6 .......................................................................................................................159
6.2.6.1 Introduction to the learning
outcome .......................................................................................159 6.2.6.2 Performance
Standard............................................................................................................159 6.2.6.3 Information
Sheet.....................................................................................................................159 6.2.6.4 Learning
Activities...................................................................................................................163
6.2.6.7 References....................................................................................................................................165
2. What are some benefits of good housekeeping practices?............................................................167
CHAPTER 7: TESTING OF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION..............................................................62
7.1 Introduction to the unit of learning ..................................................................................................62
7.2 Summary of Learning Outcomes .....................................................................................................62
7.2.1 Learning Outcome 1: Conduct physical inspection ........................................................................62
7.2.1.1 Introduction to the learning outcome ..........................................................................................62
7.2.1.2 Performance Standard .................................................................................................................62
7.2.1.3 Information Sheet........................................................................................................................62
7.2.1.4 Learning activities ...................................................................................................................70
7.2.1.6 Tools, Equipment used in installation testing ............................................................................71
7.2.1.7 References ...............................................................................................................................71
7.2.1.8 Model Answers to self-assessment..........................................................................................71
7.2.2 Learning Outcome 2: Identify the test to be carried out and test equipment..................................73
7.2.2.1 Introduction to the learning outcome .........................................................................................73
 7.2.2.2 Performance standards.............................................................................................................73
7.2.2.3 Information sheet.....................................................................................................................73
7.2.2.4 Learning activities ...................................................................................................................76
7.2.2.5 Self-assessment........................................................................................................................77
7.2.2.6 Tools, Equipment, used in installation testing.........................................................................77
7.2.2.7 References ...............................................................................................................................78
7.2.2.8 Model Answers to self-assessment ............................................................................................78
7.2.3 Learning Outcome 3: Prepare test equipment.................................................................................78
7.2.3.1 Introduction to the learning outcome .........................................................................................78
7.2.3.2 Performance Standard..............................................................................................................79
7.2.3.3 Information Sheet ....................................................................................................................79
7.2.3.4 Learning activities ...................................................................................................................81
7.2.3.7 References ...............................................................................................................................82

16
7.2.3.8 Model Answer to self-assessment ..........................................................................................82
7.2.4 Learning Outcome 4: Perform the test............................................................................................83
7.2.4.1 Introduction to the learning outcome .........................................................................................83
7.2.4.2 Performance Standard..............................................................................................................83
7.2.4.3 Information Sheet ....................................................................................................................83
7.2.4.4 Learning Activities..................................................................................................................99
7.2.4.5 Self-assessment........................................................................................................................99
7.2.4.6 Tools, Equipment, used in installation testing.......................................................................100
7.2.4.7 References .............................................................................................................................100
7.2.4.8 Answers to the self-assessment .............................................................................................100
7.2.5 Learning Outcome 5: Issue installation test results and wiring completion certificates.................102
7.2.5.1 Introduction to the learning outcome .......................................................................................102
7.2.5.2 Performance Standard............................................................................................................102
7.2.5.3 Information sheet...................................................................................................................102
7.2.5.4 Learning Activities................................................................................................................107
7.2.5.5 Self-Assessment.....................................................................................................................107
7.2.5.6 Tools and equipment .............................................................................................................107
7.2.5.7 References .............................................................................................................................107
7.2.5.8 Model Answers to self-assessment........................................................................................108
CHAPTER 8: ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION MAINTENANCE .....................................................109
Maintain electrical installation systems...................................................................................................169
9.1 Introduction to the unit of learning ................................................................................................228
9.2 Summary of Learning Outcomes ...................................................................................................228
9.2.1 Learning Outcome 1: Identify System Failure ...................................................................228
9.2.2 Learning Outcome 2: Troubleshoot cause of failure..........................................................235
9.2.3 Learning Outcome 3: Repair the installation .....................................................................251
 9.2.4 Learning Outcome 4: Test the repaired system..................................................................257

17
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1 SHOCK LEVELS....................................................................................................................16
FIGURE 2 CURRENT FLOW WHEN NOT EARTH..............................................................................18
FIGURE 3 VARIOUS SAFETY/ PROTECTIVE WEARS......................................................................23
FIGURE 4 FIRE EXTINGUISHERS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS (COLOUR CODES TO
BSEN3:1996)......................................................................................................................................28
FIGURE 5 KISS OF LIFE METHOD.......................................................................................................29
FIGURE 6 HOLGER- NIELSEN METHOD............................................................................................30
FIGURE 7 REVISED SYLVESTER METHOD ......................................................................................31
FIGURE 8 SCHAFER'S METHOD OF ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION..................................................31
FIGURE 9 SOME BS EN 60617 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION SYMBOLS ...................................38
FIGURE 10 LAYOUT DRAWING OR SITE PLAN OF A SMALL ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION
............................................................................................................................................................39
FIGURE 11 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PACE HEATING CONTROL SYSTEM.....................................40
FIGURE 12 WIRING DIAGRAM-SPACE HEATING CONTROL SYSTEM (HONEYWELL Y
PLAN) ................................................................................................................................................41
FIGURE 13 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM- SPACE HEATING CONTROL SYSTEM (HONEYWELL Y
PLAN) ................................................................................................................................................42
FIGURE 14 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF A MOTOR STARTER........................................................43
FIGURE 15 DRAWING INSTRUMENTS...............................................................................................44
FIGURE 16 TECHNICAL DRAWING PAPER SIZES...........................................................................46
FIGURE 17 TITLE BLOCK .....................................................................................................................48
FIGURE 18 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS ....................................................................................52
FIGURE 19 ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS..................................................................................................52
FIGURE 20 VIEWS TO PRESENT..........................................................................................................53
FIGURE 21 FIRST AND THIRD ANGLE PROJECTIONS....................................................................57
FIGURE 22 CONVENTIONAL ORTHOGONAL VIEWS .....................................................................57
FIGURE 23 SOME OF THE ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT....................................................................73
FIGURE 24 INSULATED CORD-GRIP ..................................................................................................74
FIGURE 25 INSULATED HOLDER SUITABLE FOR DIRECT MOUNTING ....................................74
FIGURE 26 CORD GRIP AND FLEXIBLE WIRED TO A BRASS LAMPHOLDER TERMINAL ....74
FIGURE 27 INTERNALLY THREADED LAMPHOLDER...................................................................74
FIGURE 28 BATTEN HOLDER..............................................................................................................75
FIGURE 29 PUSH BAR SWITCH LAMP HOLDER..............................................................................75
FIGURE 30 EXPLODED VIEW OF GOLIATH SCREW LAMPHOLDER...........................................75
FIGURE 31 CEILING ROSE....................................................................................................................76
FIGURE 32 MODERN FORM OF MOULDED CEILING ROSE..........................................................76
FIGURE 33 SWITCHES SHOWING VARIOUS PLUGS.......................................................................76
FIGURE 34 SWITCHES SHOWING VARIOUS PLUGS.......................................................................77
FIGURE 35 HRC FUSES..........................................................................................................................79
FIGURE 36 CONSTRUCTION OF HRC FUSE......................................................................................79
FIGURE 37 DISTRIBUTION BOARD ....................................................................................................79
FIGURE 38 CONSUMER CONTROL UNIT ..........................................................................................81
FIGURE 39 STRANDED CONDUCTOR................................................................................................83
FIGURE 40 TWISTED TWIN FLEX .......................................................................................................85
FIGURE 41 CIRCULAR FLEX, RUBBER SHEATHED........................................................................85
FIGURE 42 WORKSHOP (OR INDUSTRIAL) FLEX ...........................................................................85
18
FIGURE 43 SOME DECORATIVE GLS LAMP SHAPES.....................................................................88
FIGURE 44 TUNGSTEN HALOGEN DICHRONIC LAMP ..................................................................89
FIGURE 45 FLUORESCENT LAMP CONSTRUCTION.......................................................................90
FIGURE 46 FLUORESCENT LAMP CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENT......................................................90
FIGURE 47 ENERGY EFFICIENT LAMPS............................................................................................91
FIGURE 48 STRIPPING CABLE...........................................................................................................101
FIGURE 49 SECTION THROUGH SOLDERED SOCKET .................................................................103
FIGURE 50 STRAIGHT-THROUGH JOINT USING WEAK-BACKED FERRULE..........................103
FIGURE 51 TEE (BREECHES) JOINT..................................................................................................104
FIGURE 52 P.V.C ARMOURED CABLE .............................................................................................105
FIGURE 53 CONDUIT FITTINGS AND SADDLES............................................................................117
FIGURE 54 CABLE DRUM...................................................................................................................119
FIGURE 55 ALTERNATIVE TRUNKING BENDS .............................................................................121
FIGURE 56 TYPICAL INSTALLATION OF SKIRTING TRUNKING AND MINI-TRUNKING ....122
FIGURE 57 INSTALLATION OF TRUNKING (A) FIRE BARRIERS IN TRUNKING (B) CABLE
SUPPORT IN VERTICAL TRUNKING.........................................................................................123
FIGURE 58 CABLE TRAY INSTALLATIONS....................................................................................125
FIGURE 59 CABLE DUCTS..................................................................................................................126
FIGURE 60 ONE-WAY SWITCH..........................................................................................................128
FIGURE 61 TWO-WAY SWITCHES ....................................................................................................129
FIGURE 62 INTERMEDIATE SWITCH CONTROL...........................................................................129
FIGURE 63 SERIES CONNECTION.....................................................................................................130
FIGURE 64 PARALLEL CONNECTION..............................................................................................131
FIGURE 65 LIGHTING FINAL CIRCUIT ............................................................................................132
FIGURE 66 LOOPING-IN METHOD OF WIRING..............................................................................132
FIGURE 67 LOOPING-IN FROM A SWITCH .....................................................................................133
FIGURE 68 LOOPING -IN FROM A THREE PLATE CEILING ROSE .............................................133
FIGURE 69 PLUG...................................................................................................................................136
FIGURE 70 LAYOUT DIAGRAM OF A RADIAL CIRCUIT .............................................................136
FIGURE 71 WIRING DIAGRAM FOR RADIAL CIRCUIT ................................................................137
FIGURE 72 WIRING DIAGRAM FOR A RING CIRCUIT..................................................................137
FIGURE 73 IMMERSION WATER WIRING .......................................................................................139
FIGURE 74 A SIMPLE NORMALLY OPEN FIRE ALARM...............................................................141
FIGURE 75 A SIMPLE NORMALLY CLOSED FIRE ALARM CIRCUIT.........................................142
FIGURE 76 BREAKGLASS MANUAL CALL POINT ........................................................................142
FIGURE 77 TYPICAL FIRE ALARM SOUNDERS.............................................................................143
FIGURE 78 SINGLE STROKE BELL/TREMBLER BELL..................................................................143
FIGURE 79 DIRECT ON LINE STARTER...........................................................................................144
FIGURE 80 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM FOR STAR DELTA STARTER.............................................145
 19
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1: COMMON UNITS OF LEARNING....................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
TABLE 2 CORE UNITS OF LEARNING.............................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
TABLE 3 DIMENSIONS FOR A PAPER SERIES..................................................................................45
TABLE 4 SUMMARY OF CHARACTERISTICS OF ALUMINUM AND COPPER...........................82
TABLE 5 COMPARISON BETWEEN T.R.S AND P.V.C CABLE .......................................................84
TABLE 6 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF M.I.M.S ....................................................106
TABLE 7 CONDUIT FACTORS ADAPTED FROM IEE REGULATIONS .......................................120
TABLE 8 TRUNKING CABLE FACTORS ADAPTER FROM THE IEE ON SITE GUIDE BY KIND
PERMISSION OF THE INSTITUTION OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS...................................124
TABLE 9 TRUNKING CABLE FACTOR. ADAPTED FROM THE IEE ON SITE GUIDE BY KIND
PERMISSION OF INSTITUTION OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS ...........................................124
TABLE 10 IEE REGULATIONS SHOWING THE PROTECTIVE RATINGS FOR DIFFERENT
TYPES OF LAMPS..........................................................................................................................134

20
Background Information
This learning guide will enable the trainee to acquire competencies to undertake various processes in
Electrical Installation. It provides practical and theoretical learning activities, simplified content,
illustrations and self-assessment items to guide the trainee in the learning process. It also provides links
and references for further reading.
Layout of the Trainee Guide

Performance standards: These are obtained from the performance criteria statements in the related unit
of competency of the Occupational Standards (OS).

Information Sheet: This section covers information relating to the specific learning outcome. This
information should include but not limited to meaning of terms, methods, processes/ procedures/
guidelines, Illustrations (photographs, pictures, videos, charts, plans, digital content links, simulations
links) and case studies. This section also provides additional information sources relevant to the learning
outcome e.g., books, web links.

Learning activities: This section covers practical activities related to the Performance Criteria
statements, Knowledge in relation to Performance Criteria as given under content in the curriculum
Special instructions related to learning activities.

Self-Assessment: This section must be related to the Performance Criteria, Required Knowledge and
Skills in the Occupational Standards. This section requires the trainee to evaluate their acquisition of
skills, knowledge and attitude in relation to the learning outcome. A variety of assessment items such as
written and practical tests which emphasizes on the application of knowledge, skills and attitude is
recommended.
The self-assessment items should be valid, relevant and comprehensive to the level of qualification in
the learning outcome.

Tools, equipment, materials and supplies: This section should provide for the requirements of the
learning outcome in terms of tools, equipment, supplies and materials. The section should be adequate,
relevant and comprehensive for the learning outcome.

References: Information sources should be quoted and presented as required in the APA format
The units of learning covered in this learning guide are as presented in the table below:

Table 1: Common Units of Learning

Unit Code Unit Title

ENG/CU/EI/CC/01/5/A Engineering Mathematics

Electrical Principles

ENG/CU/EI/CC/02/5/A Workshop Technology

21
ENG/CU/EI/CC/03/5/A
 ENG/CU/EI/CC/04/5/A Technical Drawing

Table 2: Core Units of Learning

Unit Code Unit Title

ENG/CU/EI/CR/01/5/A Electrical Installation Work Planning

ENG/CU/EI/CR/02/5/A Perform Electrical Installation

ENG/CU/EI/CR/03/5/A Testing of Electrical Installation

ENG/CU/EI/CR/04/5/A Electrical Installation Maintenance

ENG/CU/EI/CR/05/5/A Electrical Installation Breakdown Maintenance

22
CHAPPTER 1: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
Unit of learning code: ENG/CU/EI/CC/1/5

Related Unit of Competency in Occupational Standard: Apply Engineering Mathematics

1.1 Introduction to the unit of learning

This unit describes the competencies required by an automotive technician in order to apply engineering
mathematics. It involves use concepts of arithmetic in solving work problems, applying algebra, applying
trigonometry and hyperbolic functions, applying complex numbers, applying coordinate geometry,
carrying out binomial expansion, applying calculus, solving ordinary differential equations, carrying out
mensuration, applying power series, applying statistics, applying numerical methods, applying vector
theory, applying matrix, solving partial differential equations, applying Laplace transforms and applying
Fourier series.

1.2 Summary of Learning Outcomes

1. Use concepts of arithmetic in solving work problems
2. Use common formula and algebraic expressions for work
3. Use trigonometry to solve practical engineering problems
4. Perform estimations, measurements and calculations
5. Apply matrices in work
6. Apply vectors in work
7. Collect, organize and interpret statistical data
8. Apply concepts of probability for work
9. Perform commercial calculation

Learning Outcome 1: Use Concepts of Arithmetic in Solving Work Problems

1.2.1.1 Introduction to the Learning Outcome

This learning outcome covers algebra and the learner should be able to: carry out fundamental operations,
addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of positive and negative numbers, fractions and
decimals operations and conversions, indices, ratios and proportions,

1.2.1.2 Performance Standard

1.2.1.2.1 Fundamental operations
1.2.1.2.2 Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of positive and negative numbers
1.2.1.2.3 Fractions and decimals operations and conversions
1.2.1.2.4 Indices
1.2.1.2.5 Ratios and proportions
1.2.1.2.6 Meaning
1.2.1.2.7 Conversions into percentages
1.2.1.2.8 Direct and inverse proportions determination
23
1.2.1.2.9 Use of scientific calculator

1.2.1.3 Information Sheet

Fundamental operations
Brackets and the precedence rules are used to remove ambiguity in a calculation. In any calculation
involving all four arithmetic operations as we proceed follows:

a. Working from the left evaluate divisions and multiplications as they are encountered

This leaves a calculation involving just addition and subtraction.

b. Working from the left evaluate additions and subtraction as they are

The four basic arithmetic operations are: addition and subtraction, multiplication and division

The order of precedence of operations for problems containing fractions is the same as that for integers,
i.e. remembered by BODMAS (Brackets, Of, Division, Multiplication, Addition and Subtraction).
Rules that govern basic laws of arithmetic:

1. Commutativity

Two integers can be added or multiplied in either order without affecting the result. For example:

5 + 8 = 8 + 5 = 13 5 × 8 = 8 × 5 = 40

Addition and multiplication are commutative operations, whereas subtraction and division are not
commutative operations.
4 − 2 ≠ 2 − 4 4 − 2 = 2 2 − 4 = −2

4 ÷ 2 ≠ 2 ÷ 4 4 ÷ 2 = 2 2 ÷ 4 = 0.5

2. Associativity

The way in which three or more integers are associated under addition or multiplication does not affect
the result.
 3. Distributivity

Multiplication is distributed over addition and subtraction from both the right and left.

Division is distributed over addition and subtraction from the right but not from the left.

Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of positive and negative numbers

Adding two numbers gives their sum and subtracting two numbers gives their difference. For example:

7 + 3 = 10

7−3=4
24
3 − 7 = −4

Adding a negative number is the same as subtracting its positive counterpart. For

example: 7 + (−2) = 5

Subtracting a negative number is the same as adding its positive counterpart. For

example: 7 − (−2) = 9

Multiplication and division

Multiplying two numbers gives their product while dividing two positive and negative numbers gives
their quotient.

Multiplying and dividing two positive or two negative numbers gives a positive number.

12 × 2 = 24 (−12) × (−2) = 24

12 ÷ 2 = 6 (−12) ÷ (−2) = 6

Multiplying or dividing a positive number by a negative number gives a negative number.

12 × (−2) = −24; 12 ÷ (−2) = −6

Fractions and decimals operations and conversions

Fractions
When 2 is divided by 3, it may be written as 23is called a fraction. The number above the line, i.e. 2, is
called the numerator and the number below the line, i.e. 3, is called the denominator. When the value of
the numerator is less than the value of the denominator, the fraction is called a proper fraction; thus 23is a
proper fraction. When the value of the numerator is greater than the denominator, the fraction is called
an improper fraction. Thus 73is an improper fraction and can also be expressed as a mixed number, that
is, an integer and a proper fraction. Thus the improper fraction 73is equal to the mixed number 213 When
a fraction is simplified by dividing the numerator and denominator by the same number, the process is
called cancelling. Cancelling by 0 is not permissible.
Simplify: 13+27
 The lowest common multiple (i.e. LCM) of the two denominators is 3 d 7, i.e. 21
Expressing each fraction so that their denominators are 21, gives:
2 1 7 2 3 7 6 13
3+ 7= 3× 7+ 7× 3= 21 + 21 = 21
1

Simplify: 13− (25+14) ÷ (38×13)

25
1 2 1 3 1 1 4×2+1×5
Solution 3− ( 5+ 4) ÷ ( 8× 3) = 3− (
÷ (324)
20 )
13 1 1 13 8
3− 20÷ 8= 3− 20× 1
1

26 (1×5)−(26×3)
3− 5=
1 Decimals
−73
15=
13
15= −4 15

The decimal system of numbers is based on the digits 0 to 9. A number such as 53.17 is called a decimal
fraction, a decimal point separating the integer part, i.e. 53, from the fractional part, i.e. 0.17 A number
which can be expressed exactly as a decimal fraction is called a terminating decimal and those which
cannot be expressed exactly as a decimal fraction are called non-terminating decimals. Thus, 32= 1.5 is a
terminating decimal, but 43= 1.3333 is a non-terminating decimal. 1.33333…can be written as 1.P3,
called ‘one point three recurring’.
The answer to a non-terminating decimal may be expressed in two ways, depending on the accuracy
required:
(i) Correct to a number of significant figures, that is, figures which signify something, and (ii) Correct
to a number of decimal places, that is, the number of figures after the decimal point. The last digit in the
answer is unaltered if the next digit on the right is in the group of numbers 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, but is
increased by 1 if the next digit on the right is in the group of numbers 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9. Evaluate
42.7 + 3.04 + 8.7 + 0.06 = 54.50
Indices
The lowest factors of 2000 are2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 × 5. These factors are written as24 × 53, where 2
and 5 are called bases and the numbers 4 and 3 are called indices.
When an index is an integer it is called a power. Thus, 24 is called ‘two to the power of four’, and has a
base of 2 and an index of 4.
Special names may be used when the indices are2 and 3, these being called ‘squared’ and ‘cubed’,
respectively. Thus 72is called ‘seven squared’ and 93is called ‘nine cubed’. When no index is shown,
the power is 1, i.e. 2 means21.
Reciprocal
The reciprocal of a number is when the index is-1 and its value is given by 1, divided by the base.
Thus the reciprocal of 2 is 2−1and its value is 12or 0.5.
Square root
The square root of a number is when the index is 12, and the square root of 2 is written as 21221/2
or√2. There are always two answers when finding the square root of a number and this is shown by
putting both a + and a - sign in front of the answer to a square root problem.
26
Ratios and proportions
The ratio of one quantity to another is a fraction, and is the number of times one quantity is contained in
another quantity of the same kind. If one quantity is directly proportional to another, then as one quantity
doubles, the other quantity also doubles. When a quantity is inversely proportional to another, then as
one quantity doubles, the other quantity is halved.
An alloy is made up of metals A and B in the ratio 2.5: 1 by mass. How much of A has to be added to 6
kg of B to make the alloy?
Ratio A: B: 2.5: 1 (i.e. A is to B as 2.5 is to 1) or =2.51= 2.5
When B = 6 kg, 6= 2.5 from which,
= 6 × 2.5 = 15
Conversions into percentages
Percentages are used to give a common standard and are fractions having the number 100 as their
denominators. For example, 25 per cent means 25
1
100i.e. 4and
is written 25%.
A decimal fraction is converted to a percentage by multiplying by 100. Thus,
1.875 corresponds to 1.875 × 100% = 187.5%
Direct and inverse proportions determination
Directly proportional: as one amount increases, another amount increases at the same rate. The symbol
for “directly proportional” is ∝

Inversely proportional: when one value decreases at the same rate the other increases.

Use of scientific calculator

A scientific calculator is a special electronic calculator that aids the calculation involving problems in
mathematics, engineering and science. It can be used in the following ways;

• Basic operations i.e. addition subtraction, multiplication and division.

• Calculation of exponents.

• Solving problems with an order of operations.

• Working out squares and square roots of numbers.

• Solving logarithmic problems.

• Solving of problems in statistics e.g. find the mean, variance, standard deviation etc. Example: The
“log” function in the calculator is the key that allows you to work with the logarithm.
The steps in using the log functions are;

i. Type the number you are to work with in your scientific calculator.
ii. Press the “log” button on the calculator.
27
iii. From your screen, obtain the exponent from the original number you entered.
iv. Check your results.
1.2.1.4 Learning Activities
1. Create an instruction sheet with the following five fractions: 13,18,23,14 15 Create a pizza (circular
cut outs), using construction paper and decorate the toppings to represent each fraction.
For example, if they had a quarter (fourth), they should cover one-quarter of the pizza with a
specific pattern.

2. Using your calculator check that you agree with the answers to the following problems:
Evaluate the following, correct to 4 significant figures:
a. 4.7826 + 0.02713 = 4.80973 = 4.810
b. 21.93 × 0.012981 = 0.2846733 = 0.2847
Evaluate the following, correct to 3 decimal places:
a. √0.007328
b. √52.91 − √31.76
1.2.1.5 Self-Assessment
1. Place the appropriate symbol < > between each of the following pairs of numbers: a.
3_2
b. 8 _ -13
c. -25 _ 0
2. Find the value of each of the following:
a. + ÷ − ×
b. ( + ) ÷ ( − ) ×
3. Complete the following:
a.=
b. % =
4. Write the following proportions as ratios:
a.,,
5. Reduce each of the following to their lowest form:
a.

b.

6. Round each of the following decimal numbers, first to 3 significant figures and to 2
decimal places:
a. 21.355

28
 b. 0.02456
1.2.1.6 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials
• Calculator

• Paper and pencil

• Computer

• Ruler and graph paper

• Marker pen

1.2.1.7 References
Stroud K. A. (2001). Engineering Mathematics. Fifth Edition. North America: Industrial Press,
Inc.
John Bird. (2003). Engineering Mathematics. Fourth Edition. London, UK: Newnes Elsevier
Science
1.2.1.8 Answers to Self-Assessment
1. Place the appropriate symbol < > between each of the following pairs of numbers: a.
3>2
b. 8>-13
c. -25 < 0
2. Find the value of each of the following:
a. + ÷ − ×
13 + (9 ÷ 3) − (2 × 5)
13 + 3 − 10 = (13 + 3) − 10 = 6
b. ( + ) ÷ ( − ) ×
(13 + 9) ÷ (3 − 2) × 5 = 22 ÷ 1 × 5 = (22 ÷ 1) × 5 = 110
3. Complete the following:
a. % =
4
5× 100 = 80%
b. % =
48
100× 50 = 24
4. Write the following proportions as ratios:
a.,,
The LCM of the denominators 2, 5 and 10 is 10 then;

21 × 5
1 5 1
2 × 5= 10 , 51 × 2
2 3
Hence: A: B: C = 5:2:3 5 × 2= 10 10
 29
5. Reduce each of the following to their lowest form:
a.

12
18 =12 ÷ 6
2
18 ÷ 6= 3
b.

144
21 =144 ÷ 3
48 6
21 ÷ 3= 7= 4 7
6. Round each of the following decimal numbers, first to 3 significant figures and to 2 decimal
places:
a. 21.355
21.4 3sf
21.36 2dp
b. 0.02456
0.025 2sf
0.03 2dp

1.2.2 Learning Outcome 2: Use formulae and algebraic expressions for work
1.2.2.1 Introduction to the learning outcome
This learning outcome covers algebra and the learner should be able to: perform calculations
involving Indices as per the concept; perform calculations involving Logarithms as per the concept;
use scientific calculator is used mathematical problems in line with manufacturer’s manual; perform
simultaneous equations as per the rules. Algebra is used throughout engineering, but it is most
commonly used in mechanical, electrical, and civil branches due to the variety of obstacles they face.
Engineers need to find dimensions, slopes, and ways to efficiently create any structure or object.
1.2.2.2 Performance Standard
1.2.2.3 Algebraic linear equation
1.2.2.4 Simultaneous
1.2.2.5 Quadratic
1.2.2.6 Linear graphs
1. Plotting
2. Interpretation
 3. Applications of linear graphs

30
4. Curves of first and second degree
5. Plotting
6. Interpretation
7. Applications
1.2.3 Information Sheet
1.2.3.1 Definitions of terms
Algebra is the study of mathematical symbols and the rules for manipulating these symbols; it is a
unifying thread of almost all of mathematics. It includes everything from elementary equation solving to
the study of abstractions such as groups, rings, and fields.
Logarithms: This is the power to which a number must be raised in order to get some other number which
means that logarithms is the inverse of the exponential.

Linear equations: A linear equation is any equation of the form +=0 where a and b are real numbers and
is a variable.

Quadratic equation: It is any equation of the form a + + .It is any equation of the second degree
meaning that one of its terms is a squared.

Performance of calculations involving indices

The lowest factors of 2000 are 2×2×2×2×5×5×5. These factors are written as 24 × 53, where 2 and 5
are called bases and the numbers 4 and 3 are called indices. When an index is an integer it is called a
power. Thus, 24is called ‘two to the power of four’, and has a base of 2 and an index of 4. Given, b is
known as the base and x is known as the power or index to which b is raised. It can be interpreted as:

= × × ………………()

Can be real number.

The reciprocal of a number is when the index is _1 and its value is given by 1, divided by the base.
The square root of a number is when the index is, and the square root of 2 is written as or√. The
value of a square root is the value of the base which when multiplied by itself gives the number.
Laws of indices

When simplifying calculations involving indices, certain basic rules or laws can be applied, called the
laws of indices.
For any number and the following basic laws hold;

31
+
=
 = − () =

=√

−
=

=1

Note: The above law only applies if bases are similar e.g. .= =

=−

Example:

=− = =. If and equals one, = , = then

=− ==1

() = = ()]jh

Example:

() = = ()

() =

Example:

() =

NB: The expression −is equivalent to

=
=−= −

Calculating the indicial equations

Given () +12() − = , Steps

Let =

Substitute p in the equation

32
. + − =, simplifying the equation, it becomes + − =. Factorize + − =

+ − − =

(+)−(+)=

(−)(+)=

= =−
 Since = = then the other solution has no real roots

Performance of calculations involving logarithms

Laws of logarithms

+ =
Example

Solve +

+ = ()= 20

− = Log
Example:

Use the second law to simplify:

− ==

Log =
Example:

Use the third law to write the alternative form of

3 ==

1.2.3.1.1 1.2.2.3.5 Solving logarithmic equations

Given( + ) +() =, Find x,

Steps

From laws of logarithms

33
Law 1, ( + ) +() =

(( + ) × ()) =

Distribute ( + )() = +
(+)=

Drop the logs

+ =

Solve the linear equation

=

Use of scientific calculator in solving mathematical problems

A scientific calculator is a special electronic calculator that aids the calculation involving problems in
mathematics, engineering and science. It can be used in the following ways;

• Basic operations i.e. addition subtraction, multiplication and division.

• Calculation of exponents.

• Solving problems with an order of operations.

• Working out squares and square roots of numbers.

• Solving logarithmic problems.

• Solving of problems in statistics e.g. find the mean, variance, standard deviation etc. Example: The
“log” function in the calculator is the key that allows you to work with the logarithm.

The steps in using the log functions are;

v. Type the number you are to work with in your scientific calculator.
vi. Press the “log” button on the calculator.
vii. From your screen, obtain the exponent from the original number you entered.
viii. Check your results.
Obtainment of solution to system of linear equations involving three

unknowns This is how one should solve a system with three unknowns.

Steps

i. Take a pair of the equation from the system.

ii. Using addition/subtraction, eliminate the same variables from each pair.
iii. Using additional/subtraction, solve the system of two new equations.

34
iv. Substitute the solution back into one of the equations and solve for the third variable. v.
Confirm your solution by the use of one of the equations.
Example:

Solve the following system of equations.

− + =−

+ + =

−+ − =

Pick two pairs

− + =−
 + + =

+ + =

−+ − =

Eliminate the same variables from each system

− + =−

+ + =

Simplify

− + =−

+ + =

− + =−

−− − =

−− =−

+ + =

−+ − =

Simplify

35
+ + =

−+ − =

+ + =

−+ − =

− =

Solve the system of the equations.

−− =−

− =

−=
Thus z = − , solving for , =

Substitute in the original to obtain x

−+ − =

− + () − (−) =

−=− =

Performance of calculations involving Quadratic Equations

It is an equation of the dorm + + =

Solving the quadratic equation
Quadratic equations can be solved by factorization.
Quadratic equation can be solved by the use of the quadratic formula.

− ±√
= −

Also, quadratic equations can be solved through the completing squares method.
By the use of the graphical method.
Example:
Solve using the quadratic formula;
+ + =
Solution:

36
=

− ±√
= −

− ±√
= −××
×

The discriminant is;

− =− × × =

=− ±√
×

=−
 ×=

Calculations involving sequence and series are performed as per the concept

A sequence are numbers or functions arranged in a special order while series is the sum of sequence of
terms.

Types of sequence in mathematics

• Arithmetic sequence: is a set of the numbers that follows a pattern formed by adding a common
difference to the proceeding number.

• Geometric sequence: is a set of numbers that are multiplied (or divided) by a constant called the
common ratio.
Types of series

Arithmetic series is the sum of the terms of arithmetic sequence while geometric series is the sum of the
terms of the geometric sequence. The term of the arithmetic sequence is given by + ( − ) while the sum
of terms in the series is given by[ + ( − ) ]. The term of a G.P is given by−. The sum of the infinite
terms of the series =
−

Where 0< r<1

Is the first term.

Is the number of terms?

Is the common difference

Is the common ratio

37
Example

Determine the type of the sequence

, , , , … It is an arithmetic sequence with a common difference of 3.

, , , , … Is a geometric sequence with a common ratio of
In the arithmetic sequence , , , , , … find the sum of the first 10 terms.
=, = =

Use the formula [ + ( − ) ]

[() + ( − ) ]

=(+)=

In the geometric sequence, , , ,. Find the sum of the first 10 terms.

 1.2.4 Learning Activities
1. In groups of two solve this hexagon puzzle as an algebra challenge. It involves rolling a dice to work
out the value of an algebraic expression. Students to take turns rolling the dice and the number rolled
becomes the value of ’n’. The player then gets one chance to choose a hexagon and solve the equation
using the assigned value of ’n’. At the end of the game, the student with the most number of solved
hexagons wins.

Figure 1: Hexagon Puzzle 1

38
Figure 2: Hexagonal Puzzle 2

2. Perform a survey in your locality (in around 50 homesteads) and find out the total number of
rabbits’ population. It is believed that the population will increase by 2% every year. Predict the
rabbit population after 3 years.
1.2.5 Self-Assessment
1. Find the value of, given that = , ==
2. Find the sum of: − , + , − − + −
3. Subtract + − − +
4. Multiply − + by −
5. Simplify: ÷
6. Simplify:
−

7. Simplify:
) And evaluate when =, = =
(√√)(√√
8. Factorize: − + −
 1.2.6 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials
• Calculator

• Paper and pencil

• Computer

• Ruler and graph paper

• Dice

1.2.7 References
Anto H & Lolles, C (2013). Elementary Linear Algebra: Applications version

Greub Werner H. (2012). Linear Algebra Vol 23 springer Science

39
John Bird, (2003). Engineering Mathematics, Fourth Edition

Wilkinson, J.H Beur F.l& Reisch, (2013) Linear Algebra (Vol 12) Springer.

1.2.8 Answers to the Self-Assessment

1. Find the value of, given that = , ==
Solution:
Replacing p, q and r with their numerical values gives:
= () × () ×× (()) =
2. Find the sum of: − , + , − − + −
Solution:
The algebraic expressions may be tabulated as shown below, forming columns for a’s, b’s, c’s and d’s.
Thus:
+ (−) + + + + (−) + + (−) + + (−)
= + − −
3. Subtract + − − +
(− +)−(+ −)
=−− +
4. Multiply − + by −
( −+ ) =−+
−( − + ) = − + −
( − + ) + (− + −)
−+− +
5. Simplify: ÷
=

6. Simplify:
 −

The highest common factor (HCF) of each of the three terms comprising the numerator and denominator
is xy. Dividing each term by xy gives:

−= − =−
7. Simplify:
) And evaluate when =, = =
(√√)(√√
Using the fourth law of indices, the expression can be written as:
() ()

40
Using the first law of indices gives:
+ +
+ =

It is usual to express the answer in the same form as the question. Hence:

√
√ = ()(√

= √√ )(√)=1

8. Factorize: − + −
a is a common factor of the first two terms and b a common factor of the last two terms
Thus: − + − = ( − ) + ( − )
( − )( + )
 41
2 Learning Outcome 3: Use trigonometry to solve practical work problems
2.2.2 Introduction to the learning outcome
This learning outcome covers applications of trigonometric rules, identities the calculation of area,
perimeter of shapes and solids .it also covers one to one relationships and calculation involving
hyperbolic functions and identities.

2.2.3 Performance Standard

1. Meaning of trigonometry
2. Pythagoras theorem
3. Trigonometry ratios of angles
4. Trigonometric identities
5. Conversion of angles

2.2.4 Information Sheet

2.2.4.1 Definition of Terms
Trigonometry rule: This is a rule aimed at expressing the relationship between the angles of a triangle and
the side lengths.

Hyperbolic function: This is a function of an angle that is defined for the hyperbola, not on the circle.

One to one function: A function said to be one to one if different elements in map different element in .

Performance of calculations are performed using trigonometric rules

Consider a unit circle of radius 1

Figure 3: Circle

+=

+
=
42
Some of the trigonometric rules are;

(Cos θ2) + (sinθ2) =

+ = … . ()
()

+ =

=−

Note:

Dividing () by

+= −

=−

The double angle formula can then be given as = + = −

Note: If values are different, it becomes a factor theorem with 2A=A+B.

From the above relationship, we derive the half angle formula; that is =

==A-1

=() −

= −(⁄ )

43
Therefore, (⁄ ) = −

+
(⁄ ) = ±√
−
and (⁄ ) = ±√

Example

Without using calculator, find °

 Solution

° = (° − °)

= +

= √. √+ √. √

= √(√ + )

Figure 4: Triangle PQV

From triangle PQV

=
= =

Therefore from () ()

( + ) = + Replacing B by (-B) in equation (i),

we get: ( − ) = (−) + (−) ( − ) = −

Similarly;

44
(+)= −

(−)= +

Performance of calculations are performed using hyperbolic functions

These functions are expressed as exponential functions and are generally expressed as hyperbolic sine or
hyperbolic cosine, where other relationships can be derived.

The hyperbolic identities

Hyperbolic identities are obtained from the hyperbolic trigonometric functions. i.e

=−−

= −
+

=+−
= +
−
 −
+

=
−
−

The derived hyperbole identities then become:

−=

−=

− =

(±)= ± (±)= ± (−) = −

= (−)

Examples

Solve the following equation in terms of a natural

logarithm. + =

Solution

=+−

45
=− −

Therefore +− + −− =

−− =

−− =

( − )( + ) =

== −

=>

=+−

=−−
Most of the properties are similar tom properties of trigonometric functions. For example; cosh function
is even while function is odd. The only difference in properties is,

() − ()

Examples

Calculate using exponential functions.

Solution

=−−

=.. .

Calculate cosh 7 using the factor theorem.

=(+)= −

= (. . )(. ) − (. )(. )

=.

Given the value of x, one is able to calculate inverse of the hyperbolic functions

46
2.2.5 Learning Activities
1. Prove the following hyperbolic identities, use the definition of ℎ ℎ in terms of exponential
functions
a) cos ℎ2− sin ℎ2 = 1
b) 1 − ℎ2= ℎ2
c) ℎ2− 1 = ℎ2

2. On graph papers:

a) Plot the graphs of ℎ ℎ

b) Superimpose the graphs above, do the curves intersect?
c) Predict the graphs of = ℎ, = ℎ = ℎ

2.2.6 Self-Assessment
1) Solve the following equation in terms of a natural logarithm.

+=

2) Indicate the sign needed to make the following identity true.

a) ℎ2 ( )cosh2x = 1
 3) A tree casts a horizontal shadow 8√3 , if a line is drawn from the end of the shadow to the top of
the tree an angle of60°. What is the height of the tree?

4) Prove that: +
+
+=

5) With an aid of an example, analyze when a function is said to be injective?

6) Justify the relationship between the hyperbolic and the trigonometric functions.
7) Given;
, , > , show that when > ,then + can be written in the form R ( + ).Therefore determine a further
condition for which the following equation has real solutions. + =
2.2.7 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials
• Calculator

47
• SMP tables

• Measuring tables

• Graph Papers

• Pens and Pencils

2.2.8 References
Mikusinski J. (2014).Operational Calculus .Elsevier.

Milne, W.E (2015) Numerical Calculus .Princeton University Press.

Zill D. &Dewar, J (2011).Algebra And Trigonometry, ones &Bartlett Publishers.

2.2.9 Answers to Self-Assessment

1. Solve the following equation in terms of a natural logarithm.

+ =

Solution

=+−
=−−

Therefore +− + −− =

−− =

−− =

( − )( + ) =

== −

=>

=+−

=−−

2. Indicate the sign needed to make the following identity true.

ℎ2 ( +)ℎ2 = 1
3. A tree casts a horizontal shadow 8√3 , if a line is drawn from the end of the shadow to the top of
the tree an angle of60°. What is the height of the tree?

48

60° =ℎℎ
ℎ ℎ

60° =ℎ
8√3

ℎ = 8√3 60° = 24
3 Learning Outcome 4: Perform estimations, measurements and calculations of quantities
3.2.2 Introduction to the learning outcome
This topic covers the units of measurement and their symbols, conversion of units of measurement,
mensuration, measuring tools and equipment and performing measurements and estimations of quantities.

3.2.3 Performance Standard

1) Units of measurements and their symbols
2) Conversion of units of measurement
3) Calculation of length, width, height, perimeter, area and angles of figures
4) Measuring tools and equipment
5) Performing measurements and estimations of quantities
49
3.2.4 Information Sheet
3.2.4.1 Definition of terms
Units of measurements and their symbols

There are seven base units in the SI system:

• the kilogram (kg), for mass

• the second (s), for time

• the kelvin (K), for temperature

• the ampere (A), for electric current

• the mole (mol), for the amount of a substance

• the candela (cd), for luminous intensity

• the meter (m), for distance

Table 1: SI Units
QUANTIES UNIT SYMBOL

Length mm
• Millimeter
m
• Meter km

• Kilometer

Mass g
• Gram
kg
• Kilogram

• Tonne

Time 1 Second s

Temperature Degree Celsius ℃

 Area Square kilometer 2

Volume Cubic Meter 3

Speed 2 Meter per m/s

second
km/hr
3 Kilometer
per hour

Density Kilogram per ⁄3

cubic meter

Force Newton N

Conversion of units of measurement

50
Table 2: SI Prefix Symbols
Prefix Symbol Ordinary Notation Factor

Giga G 1000000000 109

Mega M 1000000 106

Kilo K 1000 103

Milli m 0.001 10−3

Micro 0.000001 10−6

Nano N 0.000000001 10−3

Table 3: Conversions of SI Units

QUANTITY UNITY VALUE IN SI UNITS

Length 3.2.4.1.1 Millimeter 3.2.4.1.4 1000mm =

3.2.4.1.2 Centimeter 1m
3.2.4.1.3 Kilometer 3.2.4.1.5 100cm = 1m
3.2.4.1.6 1km =
1000m

Time 3.2.4.1.7 Minute 1minute = 60s

3.2.4.1.8 Hour
3.2.4.1.9 Day 1hour =
 60minute=3600s 1day

= 24hrs

Calculation of length, width, height, perimeter, area and angles of figures

Perimeter
The perimeter is the length of the outline of a shape. To find the perimeter of a rectangle or square you
have to add the lengths of all the four sides. X is in this case the length of the rectangle while y is the
width of the rectangle.

The perimeter, P, is:

= + + +

= +

51
P=2(x+y)

Find the perimeter of this rectangle

7

= + + +
= ⋅ + ⋅
= ⋅(+)
= ⋅
=
Area
Area is the measurement of the surface of a shape. To find the area of a rectangle or a square you need to
multiply the length and the width of a rectangle or a square.

Area, A, is x times y.

= ⋅
Examples:

Find the area of this square.

= ⋅

= ⋅

There are different units for perimeter and area. Perimeter has the same units as the length of the sides of
rectangle or square whereas the area's unit is squared.

52
Obtain volume and surface area of solids

The surface area of a figure is defined as the sum of the areas of the exposed sides of an object.

The volume of an object is the amount of three-dimensional space an object takes up. It can be thought
of as the number of cubes that are one unit by one unit by one unit that it takes to fill up an object.

Surface Area of a Rectangular Solid (Box)

=(+ +)

Volume
Volume of a Solid with a Matching Base and Top
V=Ah
A = area of the base of the solid
h = height of the solid
Volume of a Rectangular Solid (specific type of solid with matching base and top)
V= × × ℎ
l = length of the base of the solid
w = width of the base of the solid
h = height of the solid
Example:
 2.7

4.2 3.8

Based on the way our box is sitting, we can say that the length of the base is 4.2 m; the width of the base
is 3.8 m; and the height of the solid is 2.7 m. Thus, we can quickly find the volume of the box to be: =
=. ×
. ×. =.
A cylinder

53
A cylinder is an object with straight sides and circular ends of the same size. The volume of a cylinder
can be found in the same way you find the volume of a solid with a matching base and top. The surface
area of a cylinder can be easily found when you realize that you have to find the area of the circular base
and top and add that to the area of the sides. If you slice the side of the cylinder in a straight line from top
to bottom and open it up, you will see that it makes a rectangle. The base of the rectangle is the
circumference of the circular base, and the height of the rectangle is the height of the cylinder.

Volume of a cylinder

V=Ah

A = the area of the base of the cylinder

h = the height of the cylinder

Surface Area of a Cylinder

SA=2(πr2)+2πrh

r = the radius of the circular base of the cylinder

h = the height of the cylinder

π = the number that is approximated by 3.141593

Find the area of the cylinder

12 cm

10
cm
 = () +

= (. ) + ()() = .

Measuring tools and equipment

Vernier Caliper

Vernier Caliper is a widely used linear measurement instrument with a least count of 0.02 mm. It is used
to measure linear dimensions like length, diameter and depth.

54
Micrometer

External Micrometer is also known as Outside Micrometer or External Micrometer. It is used to

check outside diameter of circle by the means of accuracy of 0.01 mm or up to 0.001 mm. Steel Scale

Steel scale is single piece linear measuring instrument. Steel scale indicates two units that are cm and
inches, cm division on one side and inches, on another side.
Measuring tape.
Ruler and Rule
Performing measurements and estimations of quantities
3.2.5 Learning Activities
1. In this particular activity, apples will be used to practice math skills of estimation and measurement of
the circumference of an apple.
Materials you’ll need:

• An apple

•A ruler

• Scissors

• Thread

a) You begin by placing the apple in front of your students. Let them hold the apple to ascertain its
circumference. Encourage your students to cut the yarn to a length that they feel would properly
wrap around the apple. This will require estimation on their part.
b) Use multiple apples of varying sizes, and have students estimate the amount of string that they’ll
need for each measurement.
c) Use the ruler to measure the string.
d) After determining whether they’re too long or too short, have your students cut a second string to try
to get closer to the circumference of the apple.

3.2.6 Self-Assessment
1. A rectangular tray is 820 mm long and 400 mm wide. Find its area in: (a) 2(b) 2(c) 2 2. Calculate
the areas of the following sectors of circles having:
(a) Radius 6 cm with angle subtended at center 50°
Area of sector of a circle=2
2
) 360(

(b) Diameter 80 mm with angle subtended at center 107°42′

(c) Radius 8 cm with angle subtended at center 1.15 radians

3. A water tank is the shape of a rectangular prism having length 2 m, breadth 75 cm and height 50 cm.
Determine the capacity of the tank in (a) 3(b) 3(c) litres
55
4. Find the volume and total surface area of a cylinder of length 15 cm and diameter 8 cm
3.2.7 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials
• Scientific Calculators

• Rulers, pencils, erasers

• Charts with presentations of data

• Graph books

• Dice

• Computers with internet connection

• Tape measure

• Thread

• Mathematical set

3.2.8 References
Hoyland, A., Rausand, and M. (1994), System Reliability Theory: Models and Statistical Methods, (New
York).

Kaplan, W. (1984), Advanced Calculus, 3rd ed., Addison-Wesley (Cambridge, MA).

Kreyszig, E. (1999), Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 8th ed., (New York). O'Neil, P.V.

(1995), Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 4th ed., PWS-Kent Pub. (Boston).

3.2.9 Answers to Self-Assessment

1. A rectangular tray is 820 mm long and 400 mm wide. Find its area in: (a) 2(b) 2(c) 2 = ℎ × ℎ =
820 × 400 = 3280002Area D length ð width D 820 ð 400 D 12 = 1002
Hence: 3280002 =328000
2
100 = 32802
12 = 100002
Hence: 32802 =3280
10000= 0.32802
2. Calculate the areas of the following sectors of circles having:
(a) Radius 6 cm with angle subtended at center 50°
Area of sector of a circle=2
2
360( )

=50
2
360(6 ) =50 × × 36
2
360 = 5 = 15.71
(b) Diameter 80 mm with angle subtended at center 107°42′
If the diameter= 80, then the radius, r = 40mm
42
=107 60
2
360(40 ) = 1504
(c) Radius 8 cm with angle subtended at center 1.15 radians
56
3. A water tank is the shape of a rectangular prism having length 2 m, breadth 75 cm and height 50 cm.
Determine the capacity of the tank in (a) 3(b) 3(c) litres
Volume of rectangular prism= × × ℎ
Volume of tank = 2 × 0.75 × 0.5 = 0.753
=
. =.
=
=
Hence:
7500003 =750000
1000=
750
4. Find the volume and total surface area of a cylinder of length 15 cm and diameter 8 cm
Volume of cylinder=2ℎ
Since diameter= 8, then radius = 4
Hence:
= × 42 × 15 = 7543
Total surface area = 2ℎ + 22 = 477.52
4 Learning Outcome 5: Apply Matrices in work
4.2.2 Introduction to the learning outcome
This learning outcome covers: Matrix definition, types, matrix operations, compatibility and
determination of inverse of a matrix, solving simultaneous equations with two and three and application
of the matrices.

4.2.3 Performance Standard

1. Meaning of matrix
2. Types of matrices
3. Matrix operations
 4. Compatibility
5. Addition
6. Subtraction
7. Multiplication
8. Determination of inverse of a matrix
9. Solution of simultaneous equations with two and three unknowns
10. Applications of matrices

4.2.4 Information Sheet

Matrix: This is a set of real or complex numbers arranged in rows and columns to form a rectangular
array and it is always denoted by capital letters.
Order: A matrix of order of ( × )

57
Determinant: It is a physical quantity/value assigned to any square matrix.

E.g. given [
]= −

Inverse: The inverse of a matrix −is the matrix than when multiplied by the original matrix gives the
identity matrix. i.e. −=.

Matrices

The numbers within a matrix are called an array and the coefficients forming the array are called the
elements of the matrix. The number of rows in a matrix is usually specified by m and the number of

columns by n and a matrix referred to as an ‘m by n’ matrix. Thus, (

) is a ‘2 by 3’ matrix?

Type of matrix

The numbers within a matrix are called an array and the coefficients forming the array are called the
elements of the matrix. The number of rows in a matrix is usually specified by m and the number of
columns by n and a matrix referred to as an ‘m by n’ matrix.

Matrix Operations

To be added or subtracted matrices must be of the same order.

In describing the matrix, the number of rows the number of rows is stated first and the number of
columns second. i.e.

63
( 2451 ) is a matrix of order of 3× 2
Compatibility

A row matrix consists of 1 row only

A column matrix consists of 1 column only.

Addition

Corresponding elements in two matrices may be added to form a single matrix.

Problem 1. Add the matrices

(−

− ) + (−

−)

(+−−+

− + + −)

58

= (− −
)
Subtraction

If A is a matrix and B is another matrix, then (A_B) is a single matrix formed by subtracting the
elements of B from the corresponding elements of A.
Problem 2. Subtract

(−

−) − ( −

−)
To find matrix A minus matrix B, the elements of B are taken from the corresponding elements of A.
Thus:

(−

−) − ( −

−)

(− − − −

− − − −)

(−

−)
Multiplication

When a matrix is multiplied by a number, called scalar multiplication, a single matrix results in which
each element of the original matrix has been multiplied by the number.
 Problem 4.

If A =(−

− −), B = (− −

− ) and C = (−

− −)
Find
2A – 3B + 4C
For scalar multiplication, each element is multiplied by the scalar quantity, hence

2A = 2 (−

− −) = (−

− −)

3B = 3(− −

− ) = (− −

−)

− −) = (−

4C = 4 (− Hence 2A - 3B + 4C (−

− ) + (−
− −)
− −) − (− −

− −)
When a matrix A is multiplied by another matrix B, a single matrix results in which elements are
obtained from the sum of the products of the corresponding rows of A and the corresponding columns of
B. Two matrices A and B may be multiplied together, provided the number of elements in the rows of
matrix A are equal to the number of elements in the columns of matrix B. In general terms, when
multiplying a matrix of dimensions (m by n) by a matrix of dimensions (n by r), the resulting matrix has

59
dimensions (m by r). Thus a 2 by 3 matrix multiplied by a 3 by 1 matrix gives a matrix of dimensions 2
by 1.

Problem 5. If A = (−

−) B = (−

−)
Find A × B.

Let A × B = C where C = (
)
 C11 is the sum of the products of the first row elements of A and the first column elements of B taken
one at a time, i.e. = (− × (−)) + ( × (−)) = −
is the sum of the products of the first row elements of A and the second column elements of B, taken
one at a time, i.e. = ( × ) + ( × ) =
C21 is the sum of the products of the second row elements of A and the first column elements of B,
taken one at a time, i.e. = ( × −) + (− × −) =
Finally, C22 is the sum of the products of the second row elements of A and the second column elements
of B, taken one at a time, i.e. = ( × ) + (− × ) = −

Thus, A × B = (−

−)

Determination of inverse of a matrix

The determinant of a 2 by 2 matrix

The determinant of a 2 by 2 matrix, (

) is defined as (ad _ bc).
The elements of the determinant of a matrix are written between vertical lines. Thus, the determinant of

(−

) is written as| −
| and is equal to( × ) − (− × ) =. Hence the determinant of a matrix can be

expressed as a single numerical value, i.e. | −

|=
The inverse or reciprocal of a 2 by 2 matrix
The inverse of matrix A is −such that×− =, the unit matrix.

Let matrix A be (
) and let the inverse matrix, − be (
)
−
Then, since × =

( )×(

)=( )
Multiplying the matrices on the left hand side, gives

(+ +

+ +)=(
)
Equating corresponding elements gives:
+ =
 = − And + =
60

=−
Substituting for a and b gives:

(− + − +
(−) + (−) + ) = ( )

(− − )=( )

Showing that = , =− = . . = − Since = − , = =−, =

−

Thus the inverse of matrix ( ) that is (−

−)
) is (

Solution of simultaneous equations with two and three unknowns

The procedure for solving linear simultaneous equations in two unknowns using matrices is:

(i) Write the equations in the form +=, += ) × () = (

(ii) Write the matrix equation corresponding to these equations, i.e. ( )

(iv) Multiply each side of (ii) by the inverse matrix (v)
(iii) Determine the inverse matrix of (1 1
Solve for x and y by equating corresponding elements.
12−12 (2 −1
2 2) i.e.
1 −2 1)

The procedure for solving linear simultaneous equations in three unknowns using matrices is:
(i) Write the equations in the form

1+1+1=1

2+2+2=2

3+3+3=3

(ii) Write the matrix equation corresponding to these equations, i.e.

( 111222333 )×( )=( 123 )

(iii) Determine the inverse matrix of

111

( 222333 )

(iv) Multiply each side of (ii) by the inverse matrix (v) Solve
for x, y and z by equating the corresponding elements.
 61
Applications of Matrices

• Cryptography

This is the process of hiding information for security purposes.

• Fourier analysis

• Gauss theorem

• Finding forces in the bridge

• Finding electric currents using matrix equation

4.2.5 Learning Activities

1. Adding and Subtracting Matrices
Use this kinesthetic activity to help students add and subtract matrices by creating human matrices.
Materials
• Masking/painter's tape

• Copy paper

• Markers

Teacher Directions
• Show students examples of matrices and demonstrate how to add and subtract them. If possible,

use matrices that reflect real-life data, such as population numbers for a specific continent. • Give

each student a piece of paper and marker.

• Have students write a number of their choice on the paper.

• Divide the classroom in half using a piece of masking/painter's tape.

• Create a matrix on both sides of the tape using students as the numbers. Have students stand in
rows and columns holding their number signs on either side of the tape.

• Have students not involved in creating the matrices add or subtract them.

• Review the correct answers with the class.

• Have students rotate between serving as the numbers in the matrices and figuring out the sums or
differences.
Discussion Questions

• What steps do you follow to add and subtract matrices?

• In what real-world situations might you need to add and subtract matrices?
 4.2.6 Self-Assessment
1. Add the matrices

62

(4 −2

−1 3) + (−3 5 7 6)

2. Subtract

( 3 1 −4 4 3 1 1 4 −3 ) − ( 2 7 −5 −2 1 0 6 3 4 )

3. Determine the value of:

|3 −2

7 4|

4. If = (2 3

1 0) and = (2 3

0 1), show that × ≠ ×

4.2.7 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials

• Scientific calculator

• 15 cm ruler

• Pen, pencil

• Ruled and graph paper

• Mark Pens

• Cards

4.2.8 References
Aitken, A.C (2017) Determinant and matrices Read Book Ltd.

Panju, M(2011) Iterative methods for computing eigen values and eigen vectors ar.xiv 11051185

Searle. S.R., & Khun, A.I. (2017) matrix algebra useful for statistics. John wiley & sons.

4.2.9 Answers to Self-Assessment

1. Add the matrices

(4 −2 7 6) =4 + (−3) −2 + 5

−1 3) + (−3 5 2. Subtract −1 + 7 3 + 6= (1 −3 6 9)
( )−( )=( −4 − (−5) − 1 1 − 0 1 −3 − 4 )=( 1 −5 1 −7 )
3 1 −4 4 3 2 7 −5 −2 3 − 2 1 − 7 4 − (−2) 3 − 6 4 − 3 1 −6 1 6 2
1 1 4 −3 1 0 6 3 4

3. Determine the value of:

|3 −2

7 4| = (3 × 4) − (−2 × 7) = 26
63

4. If = (2 3

1 0) and = (2 3

0 1), show that × ≠ ×

× = (2 3 2 3)

0 1) = ([(2 × 2) + (3 × 0)] [(2 × 3) + (3 × 1)]

× = (2 3
1 0) × (2 3
1 0) = ([(2 × 2) + (3 × 1 )] [(2 × 3) + (3 × 0)]
[(1 × 2) + (0 × 0)] [(1 × 3) + (0 × 1)]) = (4 9
Therefore × ≠ ×
0 1) × (2 3
[(0 × 2) + (1 × 1)] [(0 × 3) + (1 × 0)]) = (7 6

1 0)

5 Learning Outcome 6: Apply Vectors in work

5.2.2 Introduction to the learning outcome
This learning outcome covers; derivation of vectors in two and three dimensions and performing various
operations on vectors which includes obtaining vector position and performing resolution of vectors.

5.2.3 Performance Standard

1. Meaning of vector
2. Representations of vectors
3. Operations of vectors
4. Addition
5. Subtraction
6. Scalar and vector products
7. Determination of angles

5.2.4 Information Sheet

5.2.4.1 Definition of terms
Scalar: These are quantities with magnitude but no direction.
Vector: These are quantities with both magnitude and direction.

Position vector: This is a vector that originates form the origin to a given point e.g. velocity and
acceleration.

Meaning of vector

A vector is a quantity having both magnitude and direction such as force, velocity etc. A vector is also
defined as a tensor of order one. A scalar has only magnitude and is completely characterized by one
number.

64
It is a tensor of order zero and temperature is an example of a scalar. A second order tensor, in a three
dimensional space, is represented by nine numbers (components).

Representations of vectors

The vector quantity can be represented graphically by a line, drawn so that:

i. The length of the line denotes the magnitude of the quantity according to the stated vector scale ii.
The direction of the line denotes the direction in which the vector quantity acts. The sense of the
direction is indicated by an arrowhead.

̅̅̅̅
The vector quantity AB is referred to as or a.

̅̅̅̅
The magnitude of the vector quantity is written || or || or simply AB or a.

Operations of vectors

To add or to subtract vectors, we add or subtract the respective corresponding components.

⃗ ⃗
I.e. let = (, ) and = (, )

Then + = ( + , + )

Let = (1,2) and = (1,2)

=(1 −1,2 −2)

Example: Find
 ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
( + ) B) ( − ) Given = (4, 5) And = (6, −1)

Solution

⃗ ⃗
+ = (1 +1,2 +2)

= (4 + 6, 5 + −1)

= (10, 4)

⃗ ⃗
ii) - = (1 −1,2 −2)

= (4 − 6, 5 − (−1))

65
= (−2, 6)

OR

⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Rewrite the difference - as the sum +(− ). To determine − , we do a scalar multiplication of

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
-1 times − ⃗

−⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = -1 (6, −1)

= (−6, 1)

⃗ ⃗
Hence + = (4 − 6, 5 + 1) = (−2 , 6)

Addition
̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅
The sum of two vectors, and is defined as the single equivalent or resultant vector. + =̅̅̅̅

+ =

Example:
A force of 40N is acting in the direction due east represented by p and a force of 30N is acting in the

direction due south represented as q, find the magnitude (r) of the vector of the two forces. 2 =2 +2 =

√(2 +2) = √(402 + 302)=50

Scalar and vector products

In the concept of two-dimensions, we can use the Cartesian planes to draw our vectors

− The vector can be identified ⃗ Or (, )

B
P A

12345 −

Vector P is a 2-dimensional vector drawn with 3 units on the x-axis and 3 units on the y-axis.

The magnitude of vector P is simply the length of vector P which we can calculate using the basic
Pythagoras theorem i.e. we can denote the vector components as = 3 and AN = 3

66

N
A

Magnitude of P (denoted as /p/)

||=√32 + 32 = 4.24

Direction of a vector normally we use degrees or radians from the horizontal in an anticlockwise
direction to describe direction of a vector
B

Where AB – Hypotenuse side

BN - Adjacent side
N PX= 3
A
P =3∅ NB – Opposite side to angle ∅

We first form a right-angled triangle by joining the ends of the vector then
apply simple trigonometry. So, we have: Tan =33(
)=1
−1
= 450 = 0.785
Hence, we can describe our vector as having magnitude 4.24 units and direction 45 0from the right
horizontal axis. In three dimensional spaces, we construct three mutually perpendicular axes
(commonly the x, y, z axis).
Example: Sketch point (2,3,4)

z - Axis 0
P (2,3,4) x - Axis
 Just like in two dimensional we can also denote three dimensional vectors using the
standard unit y - Axis
vectors i, j, k, i=(1, 0, 0) j=(0, 1, 0), k=(0, 0, 1) an then express the vector as sum of scalar multiples
of these units vectors i.e. P=(P1 P2 P3)= P1i + P2j+ P3k

For vector OP1

|| = √22 + 32 + 42 = 5.385units

67

γ =.=1×1×

2= .=1×1×
α
β 3= . =1×1×

So, we can write a unit vector P as:

Use scalar products to get the direction cosines. I.e. 1

-Angle between P and x-
axis -Angle between P and y-axis

= + +

Determination of angles

The direction of a vector in three directions is determined in angles which the vector makes with the three
axes of reference.

̅̅̅̅
Let = = + +

Then; = ∴ =
 = ∴ =
2
Figure 5: Directional CosinesAlso +2 +2 =2
= ∴ =

22
+22+22=2

2
+2+2 = 1

Scalar (Dot) product of vectors

⃗ ⃗ ⃗
Product of two non-zero vectors and denoted by . = | || | Cos Where

⃗
is the angle between and .

68
⃗ ⃗
When either = 0 or = 0 then is not defined and in this case, . = 0

⃗ ⃗ ⃗
If both and are non-zero and yet . = 0, then this implies that and are perpendicular to each other. The
angle between two non-zero vectors is given by;

Cos = .⃗
⃗
| || |

Or simply = cos −1 .⃗
⃗
| || |

If the has not been given,

⃗
. = (11, +22) = K (a constant).

Example

Compute the product for each of the following.

= 4i -3j = 2i + j
Solution

. = (4 × 2) + (−3 × 1)

= 8-3 = 5

= (8, 0, 3) = (3, 2, 7)

Solution
. = (8 × 3) + (0 × 2) + (3 × 7)

= 6 + 0 + 21

= 27

Determine the angle between = (3, −4, −1) and (0, 5, 2)

Solution

First, we need to calculate . And then | | and | |

. = (3 × 0) + (−4 × 5) + (−1 × 2)

= 0+ -20-2

= −22

69
2 2 2
| | = √3 + (−4 ) + (−1 ) = √26

| | = √02 + 52 + 22 = √29

Cos = ⃗ .⃗
⃗ ⃗ −22
| || |=
√ −1
26 √29=-0.8011927 = (−0.8011927) = 143.24°(2.5 radians)

⃗ ⃗
Let = (1,2,3) and = (1,2,3)

⃗ ⃗
Then × = (23,33 −32)i - (13 −31)j - (12 −21)k

Position of vectors

Definition: A position vector is a vector that starts from the origin i.e. its origin is (0, 0, 0)

P (3,6)

8,5

Figure 6: Position Vectors

 ⃗ 3 ⃗ 8
The position vector of is ( 6) and position vector of ( 5)

Example 1

⃗ 5 ⃗ −3
The position vector of is ( 4) and the position vector and the position vector of ( 6) is

Find the vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

70
Solution

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
NB: =- (opposite direction)

-(54) + (−36) = (−82)

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Generally, = -a + b or simply b-a since from A to B, you must first move from A to the origin hence
(- a) then from the origin to B.

Performance of vector resolution

Definition: A vector resolution is the breaking down of one vector into two or more smaller vectors. In
e1this regard, we only discuss the rectangular components of a vector (X-component and Y component).
Thus,

⃗
The rectangular components of are ⃗ X and ⃗ y

Cos =
 ⃗ But OB = Px
OB = Cos
Recall Cosine =

⃗
Hence -The magnitude of horizontal component Px = Cos

Sin=
[=
]

AB= OA Sin (but AB= Py)

⃗
Hence = is the magnitude of vertical component.

5.2.5 Learning Activities

1. Activity 1
71
Labeling Components
One of the first steps to understanding vectors is knowing what the different components are. Have your
students work with partners for the first part of this activity. Each pair should create a graph that
represents a vector. Their graphs should carefully represent the difference between a vector and a line,
particularly because the graphs can have some similarities.

Then, have all students hang their graphs on a classroom wall, numbering each graph. Ask students to
walk along the wall with their notebooks and notate the horizontal and vertical components of each of
their classmates' vectors.

Once you have discussed their answers, ask each partnership to take their own graph and use colors and
arrows to show how the horizontal and vertical components of their own vectors are determined.

2. Activity 2
To understand the principles of adding vectors by the graphical method and of adding vectors by
component addition.

Two or more vectors can be added together to determine a vector sum or resultant. Two methods of
adding vectors are the graphical or head-to-tail method and the trigonometric or component addition
method. For each problem, vectors A, B and C are shown.

i. Sketch the head-to-tail addition of 1,2,3 4 on the empty grid; label each vector. ii. Draw and
label the resultant (R).
iii. Record the magnitude and direction of each component; use a + to indicate East or North; use a – to
indicate a West or South.
iv. Sum the components to determine the components of the resultant.
v. Use the Pythagorean theorem and SOH CAH TOA to determine the magnitude and direction of R
 Magnitude of R =

Direction of R =

5.2.6 Self-Assessment
1. Calculate the resultant force of the two forces:

72
i. The magnitude of the resultant of vector addition
ii. The direction of the resultant of vector addition
⃗ 5 ⃗ −3
1 The position vector of is ( 4) and the position vector and the position vector of ( 6) Find the

vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

3. Use a graphical method to determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant of the three
velocities

5.2.7 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials

• Calculator

• Ruler

• Black/white board

• Chalk/ board markers (Assorted)

5.2.8 References
Pramod S. Joag. (2016). An introduction to vectors, vector operators and vector analysis. Delhi:
Cambridge University Press.

Ray M. Bowen & C.C. Wang (2008). Introduction to vectors and tensors: Mineola: Dover Publications.

Richard E. Johnson (2010). Vector Algebra Meerut: Krishna Prakashan Media (P) Ltd.

73
5.2.9 Answers to Self-Assessment
1. Calculate the resultant force of the two forces:

Horizontal component of force,

= 70° + 445°
= 7 + 2.828 = 9.828N

Vertical component of force,

= 70° + 445° = 0 + 2.828 = 2.828
The magnitude of the resultant of vector addition

= √2 +2 = √9.8282 + 2.8282=10.23N

The direction of the resultant of vector addition

=−1 (2.828
°
9.828) = 16.05

⃗ 5 ⃗ −3
2. The position vector of is ( 4) and the position vector and the position vector of ( 6) is Find

the vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

Solution

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
NB: =- (opposite direction)

-(54) + (−36) = (−82)

3. Use a graphical method to determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant of the three
velocities

74
⁄
1 +2 +3 = 17.5 82° ℎ ℎ

6 Learning Outcome 7: Collect, Organize and Interpret Statistical Data

6.2.2 Introduction to the learning outcome
This learning outcome covers obtainment of mean, median, mode and standard deviation from given
data, performance of calculations based on laws of probability, performance of calculation involving
probability distributions, mathematical expectation sampling distributions and application of sampling
distribution methods in data analysis.

6.2.3 Performance Standard

1. Classification of data
a) Grouped data
b) Ungrouped data
2. Data collection
a) Tabulation of data
b) Class intervals
c) Class boundaries

75
d) Frequency tables
e) Cumulative frequency
3. Sampling
 a) Importance of sampling
b) Errors in sampling
c) Types of sampling and their limitations
4. Diagrammatic and graphical presentation of data e.g.
a) Histograms
b) Frequency polygons
c) Bar charts
d) Pie charts
e) Cumulative frequency curves
5. Measures of central tendency
a) Measures
b) Properties
6. Calculation and interpretation of mean, mode and median, variance and standard deviation

6.2.4 Information Sheet

6.2.4.1 Definition of Terms
Mode: This is the number which is the most repeated in a series.
Standard deviation: This is the amount of variation of a set of numbers. It is the square root variance.
Variance: This is the mean of the squared differences of the number from the mean. Classification of
data

A variable may be of two kinds:

Discrete – a variable that can be counted, or for which there is a fixed set of values. Continuous
– a variable that can be measured on a continuous scale, the result depending on the precision
of the measuring instrument or the accuracy of the observer.
Ungrouped data can be presented diagrammatically in several ways and these
include: (a) Pictograms, in which pictorial symbols are used to represent quantities
(b) Horizontal bar charts, having data represented by equally spaced horizontal rectangles (c) Vertical
bar charts, in which data are represented by equally spaced vertical rectangles Trends in ungrouped data
over equal periods of time can be presented diagrammatically by a percentage component bar chart.
Grouped data
When the number of members in a set is small, say ten or less, the data can be represented
diagrammatically without further analysis, by means of pictograms, bar charts, percentage components
bar charts or pie diagrams.

76
For sets having more than ten members, those members having similar values are grouped together in
classes to form a frequency distribution. To assist in accurately counting members in the various classes,
a tally diagram is used.
A frequency distribution is merely a table showing classes and their corresponding frequencies.
The new set of values obtained by forming a frequency distribution is called grouped data.
Data collection
We can use this example to define a number of terms, consider the class labelled 7.1 – 7.3 The class
values stated in the table are the lower and upper limits of the class and their difference gives the class
width.
The class boundaries are 0.05 below the lower class limit and 0.05 above the upper class limit.
The lower class boundary is 7.1 - 0.05 = 7.05
The upper class boundary is 7.3 + 0.05 = 7.35
The class interval is the difference between the upper and lower class boundaries.
Class interval = upper class boundary – lower class boundary
= 7.35 – 7.05 = 0.30
Where the classes are regular, the class interval can also be found by subtracting any lower class limit
from the lower class limit of the following class.
The central value (mid value) of the class is the average of the upper and lower class boundaries.

Figure 7: Class Boundaries

Sampling

Performance of calculations involving use of standard normal table, sampling distribution, t

distribution and estimation

Standard normal table (known Z table)

=−µ

=
77
µ=

A Z found on the both tables should be used on the table provided to known the percentile and therefore
compare. Note; if it is a negative then a table for negative values is used.

Sampling distribution

It is also known as probability distribution and the standard deviation of this topic is known as standard
error. Sampling distribution mean is equal to the mean of the population.

µ=µ

Therefore, standard error is:

SE Standard error

=Standard deviation

=Size of population

n= size of sample

If = 1 from factor√ − )/ − 1), therefore standard arror formula can be approximated by √(x

= )/√

Distribution

It is a type of distribution similar with the normal distribution curve but with a bit shorter and fatter tail.
Therefore distribution is used because small size is small.

=−µ

(√)

Where,

78
x̅ is the sample mean

µ is the population mean

s is the standard deviation

n is the size of the sample given

Estimation

This is the process of identifying a value by approximating due to a certain purpose. It can be done by
rounding off to the nearest whole number.
Application of sampling distribution methods in data analysis

There are three main types;

• Normal distribution; commonly used in investing, finance, science and engineering. It fully
based on its mean and standard deviation.

• Binomial distribution: It is discrete, as opposed to continuous, since 1 or 0 / yes or no is a valid

response.

• Chi-squared distribution

• Poisson distribution

DIAGRAMMATIC AND GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA

Histograms

Frequency histogram

A histogram is a graphical representation of a frequency distribution, in which vertical rectangular

blocks are drawn so that:

i. The centre of the base indicates the central value of the class
ii. The area of the rectangle represents the class frequency

If the class intervals are regular, the frequency is then denoted by the height of the rectangle.

79
Figure 8: Histogram

Frequency Polygon
Another method of presenting grouped data diagrammatically is by using a frequency polygon, which is
the graph produced by plotting frequency against class mid-point values and joining the coordinates with
straight lines.
Figure 9: Frequency Polygon

A cumulative frequency distribution is a table showing the cumulative frequency for each value of upper
class boundary. The cumulative frequency for a particular value of upper class boundary is obtained by
adding the frequency of the class to the sum of the previous frequencies.
The curve obtained by joining the co-ordinates of cumulative frequency (vertically) against upper class
boundary (horizontally) is called an ogive or a cumulative frequency distribution curve

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

A single value, which is representative of a set of values, may be used to give an indication of the
general size of the members in a set, the word ‘average’ often being used to indicate the single value.
The statistical term used for ‘average’ is the arithmetic mean or just the mean.
Other measures of central tendency may be used and these include the median and the modal values.
80