CHAPTER-2 Literature survey

1.Chandana Imadabathuni et al (2021) studied "Analysis and Design of Intze Water Tank by Using STAAD Pro" where we observed that
Why is the design safe?
Both manual calculations and STAAD Pro analysis indicate the structural integrity of the Intze water tank.
The design considers factors such as load distribution, material strength, and safety margins, ensuring it can withstand the intended loads and
pressures.
What are the key points of the design?
The tank has a capacity of 300,000 litters and is designed with 12 meters of staging. M30 grade concrete is used for construction, ensuring
durability and strength.
What is the conclusion?
The design meets safety standards for water storage structures, ensuring it is capable of withstanding usage demands and environmental
pressures. Despite differences in reinforcement between manual calculations and STAAD Proanalysis, both methods affirm the safety of the
design.
What are the implications of less reinforcement compared to manual calculations?
While the design is deemed safe overall, the observation of less reinforcement highlights the importance of meticulous attention to detail in
structural engineering It may be necessary to reassess the reinforcement requirements to ensure long-term structural integrity and prevent any
potential issues that may arise from urider- reinforcement
2.ketan Ashok Akolkar et al (2022) studied "A Study on Wind Analysis of Elevated INTZE Tank Using Different Arrangements of Bracing System"
Why Radial Bracing is Preferred:
Radial bracing minimizes roof displacement. It ensures structural integrity. This stability is crucial during high winds or seismic events.
What the Base Shear Analysis Reveals:
Base shear is higher for full-filled tanks. Normal bracing has lower shear values. Rectangular and Radial bracing differ in load distribution.
Conclusions on Structural Stability:
Radial bracing offers superior stability. Overall, it ensures the structural integrity of the water storage system. It minimizes roof
displacement effectively.
3.Qmar sultana et al (2021) studied “Design of Water Supply Distribution System” where we observed that
Clearly define the scope and objectives of your literature survey to ensure focused research. Determine relevant keywords and search terms
related to your project topic to conduct efficient searches in academic databases and libraries. Utilize academic databases such as PubMed,
IEEE Xplore, Google Scholar, and others to search for relevant scholarly articles, papers, and research studies. Explore recent issues of relevant
journals and conference proceedings in your field to identify key research findings and trends. Look into textbooks, reference books, and
doctoral theses related to your topic to gain comprehensive insights and background information. Critically evaluate the credibility, reliability,
and relevance of the sources you gather to ensure high-quality information. Organize the collected literature based on themes, topics,
methodologies, or any other relevant criteria to facilitate analysis and synthesis. Analyse the findings, methodologies, and conclusions of the
literature to identify common trends, gaps, and areas for further exploration. Recognize key researchers, scholars, and institutions contributing
to your field of study and their significant contributions. Critically assess the strengths and limitations of the existing literature, including
methodological approaches, theoretical frameworks, and empirical evidence. Identify gaps, inconsistencies, or unanswered questions in the
literature that your project aims to address or contribute to. Ensure accurate and consistent citation of all the sources you consult, adhering to
the citation style specified by your academic institution or publication guidelines. Synthesize the findings from the literature survey to provide a
comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge in your research area and its relevance to your project. Conclude your literature
survey by summarizing key findings, highlighting gaps or areas for further research, and providing recommendations for future studies. Adhere
to ethical standards and academic integrity by properly attributing ideas, data, and findings to their original sources and avoiding plagiarism.
4.Ngirane-Katashaya et al (2011) “Significance of Water Distribution Networks in Water Supply” where we observed that
Clearly define the objectives and scope of your literature survey to guide your search and analysis. Determine relevant keywords, phrases, and
search terms related to your project topic to conduct comprehensive searches in academic databases and libraries. Explore academic databases
such as PubMed, IEEE Xplore, Scopus, and Google Scholar to search for relevant scholarly articles, papers, and research studies. Examine recent
issues of relevant journals and conference proceedings in your field to identify key research findings, methodologies, and trends. Look into
textbooks, reference books, and doctoral theses related to your topic to gain comprehensive insights and background information. Critically
evaluate the credibility, relevance, and reliability of the sources you gather to ensure high-quality information and avoid biased or outdated
sources. Organize the collected literature based on themes, topics, methodologies, or any other relevant criteria to facilitate analysis and
synthesis. Analyse the findings, methodologies, and conclusions of the literature to identify common trends, gaps, controversies, and areas for
further exploration. Recognize key researchers, scholars, and institutions contributing to your field of study and their significant contributions
to the literature. Assess the strengths and limitations of the methodologies used in the literature, including experimental designs, data
collection methods, and analytical techniques. Identify gaps, inconsistencies, unanswered questions, or emerging topics in the literature that
your project aims to address or contribute to. Explore literature from multidisciplinary perspectives to gain diverse insights and approaches to
your topic. Ensure accurate and consistent citation of all the sources you consult, adhering to the citation style specified by your academic
institution or publication guidelines. Synthesize the findings from the literature survey to provide a comprehensive overview of the current
state of knowledge in your research area and its relevance to your project objectives. Conclude your literature survey by summarizing key
findings, highlighting gaps or areas for further research, and proposing potential future directions for the field.
5.Bhagyashri K. chavhan et al (2022) studied “Design of Water Distribution System by using tree /dead end System” where we observed that
Highlight the crucial importance of water as a fundamental resource for human life. Outline the objective of the project, which is to design a
rural water distribution system to provide uninterrupted drinking water supply to households in the rural region of Jamshetpur district.
Describe the components of the distribution system, including the treatment plant, distribution network, storage tanks, and consumer taps.
Explain the mechanisms for delivering water from the treatment plant to households, such as pressurized mains or gravity flow systems, and
the use of high storage tanks. Discuss the branching nature of the distribution network, where each branch utilizes connection movement and
special devices to regulate water pressure according to fluctuating levels and consumption. Highlight the management of the system, including
the use of small germs for efficient operation and maintenance. Provide information about the main water source, population of the area, and
demand for water distribution network to facilitate the systematic design of the distribution system. Explain the role of the water distribution
system in supplying safe and clean water from the treatment plant to consumers. Emphasize the necessity of providing a sufficient and uniform
quantity of water through the designed network of pipes to satisfy the continuously increasing population's water demand. Discuss the
functionality of water distribution systems in maintaining the quality and quantity of water, as well as ensuring adequate pressure for water
distribution and fire protection. Include relevant keywords such as Water Treatment Plant, Water Distribution, and Water Distribution Network
Design to facilitate search and indexing of your project. Overall, the project aims to address the critical need for a reliable and efficient water
distribution system to meet the drinking water requirements of the rural population in Jamshetpur district. many Water distribution is a critical
part of today’s infrastructure and cannot impart to be disturb because many people depend on it. Any safe water supply project is to reduce
the risk of infection at least to the lowest level. A new proposal is taken that combines natural and manmade water origin into one network
6.Durga prasad dhakal et al studied “Sustainable Community Water Supply System” where we observed that
Clearly define the objectives and scope of your literature survey, focusing on understanding the factors influencing the sustainability of
community water supply systems in Nepal. Determine relevant keywords, phrases, and search terms related to your project topic, such as
"community water supply," "sustainability," "Nepal," "users committee," and "participatory approach." Explore academic databases like
PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and JSTOR to search for relevant scholarly articles, research papers, and reports related to community water
supply systems in Nepal. Look into government reports, policies, and guidelines related to water supply infrastructure development and
sustainability initiatives in Nepal. Explore publications from non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and development organizations working
on water and sanitation projects in Nepal, as they may provide valuable insights and case studies. Review recent issues of relevant journals and
conference proceedings in the fields of water resources management, environmental engineering, and sustainable development, focusing on
studies conducted in Nepal or similar contexts. Identify and analyse case studies of community water supply projects in Nepal to understand
successful strategies, challenges faced, and lessons learned in achieving sustainability. Investigate best practices and innovative approaches
used in other countries or regions for sustaining community water supply systems, and assess their applicability to the Nepalese context.
Examine the interplay between socio-technical factors, including community participation, governance structures, technological innovations,
and cultural considerations, in ensuring the sustainability of water supply systems. Analyse and synthesize the findings from the literature
survey to identify common themes, gaps in knowledge, and areas for further research or intervention in promoting the sustainability of
community water supply systems in Nepal. Discuss the policy implications of the literature findings, including recommendations for
policymakers and stakeholders to enhance the sustainability of water supply systems at the community level in Nepal. Ensure accurate and
consistent citation of all the sources you consult, adhering to the citation style specified by your academic institution or publication guidelines.
The country like Nepal needs sustainable development as it has no adequate funds to build new projects repeatedly. There are many reasons of
project failure in Nepal. The major problems are related to socio- technical, management, financial, well as political ones. Launching the supply
driven project instead of demand driven, ignoring the active Mers participation and lack of institutional capacity are driving the community-
hosed water supply projects towards failure.
7.Laxman Netaji Kawathe et al (2020) studied “analysis and design of continuous water distribution system against existing intermittent
distribution system “where we observed that
Begin by providing an overview of water distribution system design, emphasizing its importance in providing safe and reliable water supply to
communities. Discuss the significance of designing efficient water distribution systems to meet the demand for water with adequate pressure
and minimize losses. Explore the role of software tools like Water GEMS V8i in the design and modelling of water distribution networks,
highlighting their capabilities and advantages. Review existing literature on water distribution system design, focusing on studies that have
utilized software tools for modelling and optimization. Examine case studies or examples of water distribution system designs implemented in
similar contexts or using similar software, analysing their methodologies, outcomes, and challenges. Investigate optimization techniques and
methodologies employed in previous studies to achieve efficient water distribution system designs, such as optimal geometrical layout and
hydraulic modelling. Explore the impact of population growth on water demand, head loss gradients, and pressure development in water
distribution systems, as highlighted in previous research. Discuss forecasting techniques used to predict future water demand based on factors
like resident population and floating population, and their implications for system design. Review literature on hydraulic modelling techniques
used to simulate water flow, pressure distribution, and head loss gradients in distribution networks, providing insights into modelling
approaches and best practices. Identify common challenges faced in water distribution system design and optimization, such as balancing
demand fluctuations and minimizing energy consumption, and discuss potential solutions proposed in the literature. Highlight any recent
advances or innovations in water distribution system design, including advancements in software capabilities, modelling techniques, and
optimization algorithms. Identify any gaps in the existing literature and propose potential areas for future research and development in the
field of water distribution system design using software tools like WaterGEMS V8i.
Provide an introduction to the topic of your project, outlining the importance of the subject matter and its relevance to current issues or
trends in the field. Offer background information on the subject, including historical context, key concepts, and any relevant theories or
frameworks. Clearly define the scope and objectives of your literature survey, outlining what specific aspects of the topic you will be exploring
and why they are important. Describe the methods you used to search for relevant literature, including databases, search terms, and
inclusion/exclusion criteria. Discuss the types of sources you consulted, such as peer-reviewed articles, books, reports, and conference papers,
and explain why each type of source was relevant to your project. Identify and summarize the key themes and findings that emerged from your
review of the literature, highlighting any common trends, controversies, or gaps in the existing research. Provide a critical analysis of the
literature, evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of the studies you reviewed, including their methodologies, theoretical frameworks, and
conclusions. Discuss how the findings from the literature survey contribute to your understanding of the topic and how they inform your
project objectives and conclusions. Consider the practical or policy implications of the literature findings, discussing how they can be applied to
real-world settings or used to inform decision-making. Identify areas for future research based on the gaps or limitations identified in the
existing literature, suggesting potential avenues for further inquiry or investigation. Summarize the main findings and conclusions of your
literature survey, reiterating the significance of the topic and highlighting any key takeaways for your project or the broader field. Provide a
comprehensive list of all the sources you consulted during your literature survey, formatted according to the citation style specified by your
institution or publisher.
8. Nikhil V. Dhanke et al (2023) studied “Comparative study of Two Water Supply Systems” Where we observed that
Start by introducing the topic of my project, emphasizing the importance of water distribution systems in providing clean and safe water to
communities. Provide a historical overview of water distribution systems, tracing their development from ancient aqueducts to modern piped
networks. Discuss the different types of water distribution systems, including gravity-fed systems, pressurized systems, and decentralized
systems, highlighting their features and applications. Explore the principles of designing efficient water distribution systems, covering aspects
such as hydraulic analysis, pipe sizing, network layout, and optimization techniques. Review various methods used for hydraulic analysis of
water distribution systems, including Hardy Cross method, EPANET software, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Discuss
optimization techniques employed in the design and operation of water distribution systems, such as linear programming, genetic algorithms,
and particle swarm optimization, focusing on their application to pipe network optimization. Present case studies of real-world water
distribution projects, highlighting successful implementations, challenges faced, and lessons learned. Explore recent technological advances in
water distribution systems, including sensor networks, remote monitoring systems, and smart water meters, and their implications for system
design and management. Address sustainability considerations in water distribution system design, including water conservation, energy
efficiency, and environmental impact assessment. Discuss the regulatory framework governing water distribution systems, including standards
and guidelines set by government agencies and international organizations. Propose future research directions and emerging trends in water
distribution system design, such as the integration of renewable energy sources, resilience planning, and climate change adaptation.
Summarize the key findings from your literature survey, emphasizing the importance of efficient water distribution systems in ensuring access
to clean and safe water for all.
9. Nitya Sanghvi et al (2019) studied “Optimum Design of reinforced Concrete Intze Type Water Tank using Genetic Algorithms” where we
observed that
Provide an introduction to the design of water tanks, emphasizing their importance in storing and distributing water for various purposes.
Discuss the characteristics and features of Intze type water tanks, including their widely used structures and applications in water storage
systems. Explore the importance of cost-saving measures in water tank design, highlighting the significance of optimizing materials and
construction methods to reduce costs while maintaining structural integrity. Review different optimization techniques used in structural
engineering, focusing on genetic algorithms as a robust tool for optimizing the design of reinforced concrete water tanks. Describe the
formulation of the objective function and constraints used in the optimization process for designing the water tank, explaining how they
contribute to achieving the desired design goals. Discuss previous optimization studies conducted on water tank design using genetic
algorithms or other optimization methods, highlighting their methodologies, findings, and limitations. Evaluate the effectiveness and feasibility
of the optimization technique proposed in the abstract, based on the results of previous studies and its potential for achieving cost savings in
water tank design. Consider the implications of the optimized design approach for new designers in the field, discussing how it can facilitate the
design process and improve the efficiency of water tank construction projects. Identify any challenges or limitations associated with the
optimization technique and propose future research directions for further enhancing the design and construction of Intze type water tanks.
Summarize the key findings and insights from the literature survey, emphasizing the importance of optimization techniques in achieving cost-
effective and structurally sound designs for water tanks.
10.Affan M Ashfak Aakhunji et al (2019) studied “analysis of intze type water Tank with Different staging System & its Optimal Design” where
we observed that
Provide an introduction to water storage structures, emphasizing their importance in supplying water to various sectors and communities, and
highlight the significance of elevated water tanks in ensuring gravity-fed water supply. Discuss the vulnerability of elevated water tanks to
horizontal forces during earthquakes, citing examples such as the 2001 Bhuj earthquake in India, which caused significant damage to RCC
elevated water tanks. Review previous research and studies on the seismic behaviour of elevated water tanks, focusing on the causes of
damage during earthquakes and identifying areas for improvement in design and construction practices. Explore different analysis methods
used to assess the seismic performance of elevated water tanks, including response spectrum method, finite element analysis, and numerical
modelling techniques. Discuss the importance of staging in the seismic resistance of elevated water tanks, highlighting its role in distributing
loads and resisting lateral forces, and examine different staging patterns and their effectiveness in mitigating earthquake-induced damage.
Introduce STAAD Pro Vis (Series 6) as a software tool used for structural analysis and design, and discuss its capabilities in simulating the
seismic behaviour of elevated water tanks. Describe the seismic analysis methodology employed in the study, including the use of response
spectrum method to evaluate the structural response of different staging patterns to earthquake loads. Summarize the findings of the analysis,
highlighting the performance of different staging patterns in resisting lateral loads and reducing displacement, and provide recommendations
for improving the seismic resilience of elevated water tanks. Include relevant keywords such as Intze Tank, Staging, Frame Staging, Seismic
Analysis, Response Spectrum Method, and STAAD Pro Vis (Series 6) to facilitate the search and indexing of your project. Conclude the literature
survey by emphasizing the importance of seismic analysis and proper staging design in ensuring the structural integrity and safety of elevated
water tanks during earthquakes. Provide an overview of the parametric study conducted to analyse the effectiveness of different bracing
patterns in reducing top storey displacement and time periods in multi-storey water tank structures. Discuss the results of the study comparing
42 different models of bracing patterns, highlighting the differences in effectiveness among various types such as 'X', Chevron, 'V', 'K', Diagonal,
Global, Radial, and Normal. Emphasize the effectiveness of the 'X' type bracing system in reducing top storey displacement and time periods,
particularly in 6-storey and 5-storey water tank structures. Compare the performance of 'X' type bracing with other patterns such as Chevron,
'V', 'K', Diagonal, Global, Radial, and Normal, discussing their relative effectiveness in seismic resistance and base shear reduction. Discuss the
relationship between the weight of the structure and base shear, as per the formula from IS 456-2000, highlighting how different bracing
patterns affect the distribution of base shear across the structure. Based on the findings, provide recommendations for the design of multi-
storey water tank structures, suggesting the use of 'X' type bracing for optimal seismic resistance and base shear reduction, particularly in 5-
storey structures. Discuss the effectiveness of different plane-based internal patterns such as cross, radial, and normal, in seismic resistance
and displacement reduction, particularly in the context of 6-storey and 5-storey structures. Consider the implications of the study findings for
structural engineering practice, emphasizing the importance of selecting suitable bracing patterns to enhance the seismic resilience of water
tank structures. Identify potential areas for future research, such as further exploration of bracing patterns and their effects on structural
behaviour, as well as validation studies using experimental or field data. Summarize the key findings and conclusions from the analysis,
reiterating the significance of the study in informing design practices for multi-storey water tank structures.
11.Neelesh Kumar Varma et al (2020) studied “Design of An Intze Tank” where we observed that
Provide an introduction to the importance of water storage in campus settings, highlighting the fluctuating water demand and the need for
constant supply to meet the needs of students, faculty, and staff. Discuss the significance of elevated tanks as key infrastructure elements for
storing and distributing water in campus environments, emphasizing their role in maintaining water supply reliability and resilience. Explore the
design aspects of elevated liquid reservoirs, focusing on the calculation of geometrical characteristics and compliance with relevant standards
such as IS codes (Indian Standards). Explain the working stress method used in the design of the elevated circular water tank with a domed roof
and conical base, highlighting its principles and application in structural engineering. Present a case study of the design of a water tank for AXIS
Colleges in Kanpur, detailing the specific design parameters, site conditions, and standard data provided by the college for the project. Discuss
the key design parameters considered in the project, including population served, water demand projections, and the capacity of the elevated
storage reservoir required to meet these demands. Include relevant keywords such as Intze type Water Tank, Population, Water Demand,
Elevated Storage Reservoir, and Working Stress Method to facilitate the search and indexing of your project. Compare the working stress
method with other design methods commonly used in the construction of water storage structures, highlighting its advantages and limitations.
Identify potential areas for future research in the design and construction of elevated water tanks, such as innovative materials, construction
techniques, and structural analysis methods. Summarize the key findings and conclusions from the literature survey, emphasizing the
importance of proper design and construction practices in ensuring the reliability and safety of water storage infrastructure in campus settings
Introduction to Water Storage: Provide an introduction to the importance of water storage in various contexts, including drinking and washing
purposes, swimming pools, and sewage sedimentation tanks, highlighting its increasing significance in modern-day life.
Discuss the different types of water tanks commonly used, including rectangular tanks for smaller quantities and circular tanks for larger
quantities, with a specific focus on Intze tanks as a modified circular tank design. Explain the purpose of Intze tanks and their construction
methodology, emphasizing their role in minimizing project costs by utilizing a lower dome to resist horizontal thrust. Explore the design
methodology for Intze water tanks, focusing on the manual application of the "Working Stress Method" and the use of M20 grade concrete and
HYSD steel bars. Describe the preparation of detailed drawings using AutoCAD software, showcasing the structural components and dimensions
of the Intze water tank design. Discuss the safety considerations taken into account during the design process, particularly regarding staging
design and the effects of seismic and wind forces on the structure. Address the potential for the proposed Intze water tank design to meet both
present and future water storage demands, highlighting its adaptability and longevity as a water storage solution. Compare the Intze tank
design with other types of water tank designs in terms of cost-effectiveness, structural integrity, and suitability for different applications.
Present case studies or examples of successful Intze tank projects, demonstrating their practical application and performance in real-world
scenarios. Summarize the key findings and implications of the literature survey, emphasizing the importance of Intze tanks as a cost-effective
and efficient solution for water storage needs.
12. P Oliver Jayaprakash et al (2023) studied “Design and Modelling of Intze Water Tanks in Seismic Zones” where we observed that
Provide an introduction to Intze water tanks as a type of reinforced concrete building used for water storage, highlighting their importance in
providing secure and safe water supply. Explain the objectives of the study, which focus on providing efficient analysis and design for Intze
water tanks, with an emphasis on seismic safety considerations. Describe the methods used for modelling and analysing the Intze water tank
structure, including the use of STAAD PRO software for structural analysis and the application of IS 1893(Part-1):2002 code for seismic
evaluation. Discuss the analysis of different seismic zones (Zone II, Zone III, Zone IV, and Zone V) using the Response Spectrum Method, and
compare the results with those obtained from Tremor investigation using the Equivalent Lateral Force Method or Dynamic Strength Analysis.
Specify the use of M40 grade concrete for structural components, highlighting its importance in achieving the desired performance and safety
standards. Present the findings of the study, including the achieved lateral displacement, base moment, base shear, and time period of
vibration, and compare these results with conventional methods to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique. Highlight the
novelty of the proposed method in considering seismic impact on Intze water tank structures, addressing the limitations of existing studies that
only focus on wind impact, and providing accurate assessments of damages and safety violations. Discuss the comparison with existing
research, emphasizing the enhanced outputs related to base shear, displacement, and vibration period achieved by the proposed method.
Summarize the key findings and implications of the study, emphasizing the importance of considering seismic safety in the design of Intze water
tanks and the effectiveness of the proposed method in achieving this goal. Introduction to Elevated Water Tanks: Provide an introduction to
elevated water tanks as essential components of daily life, highlighting their importance in providing a reliable water supply. Mention the
vulnerability of these structures to natural disasters and the need to consider seismic impacts in their design.
Discuss the limitations of previous studies, which often focus solely on wind influence and neglect seismic impact, leaving structures vulnerable
to damage during earthquakes. Explain the importance of accounting for seismic zones in the design of elevated water tanks and introduce the
use of the Indian Standard Code IS 1893(Part-1):2002, which categorizes structures into three classes based on seismic risk. Describe the
analysis methods used in the current study, including the Response Spectrum Method for evaluating seismic zones and the Equivalent Lateral
Force Method or Dynamic Strength Analysis for tremor investigation. Highlight the use of M40 grade concrete for structural components,
emphasizing its importance in ensuring the strength and resilience of the designed tank against seismic forces. Discuss how the proposed
method, which incorporates dynamic analysis and considers seismic impact, helps prevent damages, maintain safety measures, and increase
the overall strength of the designed tank. Present the results obtained from the proposed method, including lateral displacement, base
moment, base shear, and time period of vibration, demonstrating the effectiveness of the approach in addressing damages and safety
concerns. Compare the findings of the proposed method with those of existing studies, highlighting the enhanced outputs related to base
shear, displacement, and vibration period achieved by the proposed approach. Discuss the implications of the study findings for design
practice, emphasizing the importance of considering seismic impacts and adopting dynamic analysis methods in the design of elevated water
tanks. Summarize the key findings and contributions of the study, emphasizing the significance of the proposed approach in improving the
resilience and safety of elevated water tanks against seismic events. Include relevant keywords such as Intze Water Tank, STAAD PRO,
Equivalent Lateral Force, Response Spectrum, and Seismic Zone to facilitate the search and indexing of your project.