MODULE DEMOGRAPHY

Course Instructor Willy Instructor email [email protected]

✓ What is demography?
✓ Meaning of “population”
✓ Factors attracting uneven population
distribution/growth
✓ Usage of Population Data
 Meaning of Demography:

• The word ‘Demography’ is a combination of two

Greek words, ‘Demos’ meaning people and
‘Graphy’ meaning describe.
• The term demography was used for the first time
by englishman John Graunt; he made
observations upon the Bills of Mortality (1662)
examines the weekly records of deaths and
baptisms and late the term was used by
statistician Achille Guillard, who coined it in 1855.
MEANING OF DEMOGRAPHY

• Demography is the study of the vital statistics of a

population and how they change over time
Also other school of thoughts defined demography
as the branch of sociology that studies human
behavior by analyzing statistical information
• It comprises a set of techniques by which data
collected through censuses, surveys and record-
keeping systems are described, summarized and
manipulated
 MEANING OF POPULATION

✓ Meaning of “population
• Collection of persons alive at a specified point in
time who meet certain criteria
OR
A population is a group of individuals of the same
species living in the same general area
• It can analyzes population changes over time or
space in response to time, birth, migration, and
death.
Why studying Demography and population
• Demography as an academic discipline seeks
to explore the dynamics of human populations
in relation to the changes in their sizes,
structures and distributions.
• Population changes have implications for the
environment, employment, family relations,
health, and urbanization
• The study of demography requires extensive
and accurate data to be able to describe,
analyses and understanding the population
phenomenon
 Population Distribution in the world
• Population distribution; is the spread of people
across the world, i.e. where do people live
• Population size; is simply the number of
individual human in a population
Tanzania rank of Population up to 2022;
Globally Tanzania hold number 24
In the Africa continent Tanzania hold number 6
According to worldmeter.com
Distribution of population in the world

http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/
TANZANIA POPULATION

Source :National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) TZ

 Pop Cont…..
• Population Structure; is basically what
makes up or composition of a population.
Population structure of a place shows how
the population is divided up between males
and females of different age groups
• Population density; is a measurement of
population size per unit area/ population
size divided by total land area
 World population situation
(Population Size and distribution)
• The world human population is the total
number of living humans on Earth and majority
of People live in the developing world
• The world's population is spread unevenly
across the globe with small concentrations of
large numbers of people living in the same area.
Many people today are living in cities
• There are several factors which had leads the
uneven population distribution in the world;
 Factors which Attract Pop….
Favorable Climate condition
People prefer to live in temperate climates
where there is enough rainfall and moderate of
temperature.
Historical Factors:
People like to settle at places where their
ancestors have lived in the past. Sons and
grandsons from generation to generation live at
a place which they do not leave so easily.
 Factors which Attract Pop….
• Economic Factors:
This has been considered an important factor
affecting the distribution and concentration of
population at one place. The places which have
good opportunities for employment and
possibilities of trade in industrial products attract
migrants from different areas
Fertile Land; Human settlements on large scale are
at places which are more fertile and where with less
efforts the agricultural yield is more. On the other
hand, places which are less fertile have less density
of population
 Factors which Attract Pop….
• Increased facility of Transportation and Communication:
Since ancient times areas with proper transportation and
communication facilities have enjoyed large population. Means of
transportation and communication make the economy dynamic and
increase the exchange of commodities between peoples and regions.
• Educational Factors:
In each part of the country, there remains a class which has more
curiosity to gain knowledge. This class moves from one country to
another according to its own economic conditions and circumstances.
If the environment of the new country is adaptable to them, they tend
to settle there permanently.

• Availability of social services

presence of social services such as electricity, water and health service
also it can propagate or attract the population.
 Factors which Attract Pop….
Social Factors
Social factors also affect the distribution and concentration of
population. Where social customs and taboos are extreme, people tend
to migrate to another place, so the density of population of that area
changes. If the cultural milieu is the same, people like to live
permanently at that place.

Communications
Areas with good transport links, such as roads and railways, will attract
people and also industry which creates employment opportunities.
Availability of natural resources such minerals
Every nation possesses some type of mineral wealth. As a matter of fact, we
can gauge the inequality between nations on the basis of their mineral
wealth. The regions of mineral wealth become a major source of
industrialization and employment of a country. They attract people from far
and near.
 SOURCES OF THE POPULATION DATA
I. CENSUS
II. VITAL REGISTRATION
III. SAMPLE SURVEY
 CENSUS

Census refer to the total process of collecting, compiling, evaluating, analysing, and
publishing or otherwise disseminating demographic, economic and social data
pertaining to all persons in a country or in a well delineated part of a country at a
specified time.” (United Nations 2008)
Is the main source of demographic statistics in many Countries
It is a good methods of recording the size, distribution and other characteristics of the
population fixed interval.

1. De facto Census
• Is the type of census in which people are counted wherever they are found in
the day of enumeration eg at home or market.
2. De jure Census
• It involves an attempt of counting people by reaching individual where they are
found.
• Normally it involves the permanent members of the house hold
Activity; Discuss the merits and demerits of conducting census in developing countries
 Sample surveys
• These are the second most important source of
demographic data in most parts of Africa
It collect vital statistics where the official registration
system is inadequate or nonexistent and for intercensal
period, it collect supplementary demographic and other
data, where it is not feasible to collect the same from the
population census.
• These are used to obtaining quick results and assess
impact programmes
Advantages (compared to census). Simple, flexible, easy to
administer, and cheap in terms of cost
Disadvantages;
• Have high rates of error especially during sampling
• The results of findings are used to generalize the
phenomena in a locality.
 Vital registration
• Vital Registration It consists of continuous
registration of vital events such as births and
deaths.
Vital registration Collect information on
individuals when (or shortly) after they
experience the vital events (birth, marriage,
death, (sometimes) migration)
Traditionally, vital events include births and
deaths but nowadays the term embraces other
events such as marriage, adoption, separation,
divorce and migration.
 Limitations of Vital Registra
• It is difficult to obtain the registration of birth
and death events.
• Accurate data on migration is also extremely
difficult to obtain, especially when migrants
do not pass through the official check point
when crossing the political boundaries.
 Quality of population data in LDCs
• Generally there are limitation and
deficiencies in the population data in the
most LDCs most of the data have a lot of
errors.
• Errors of coverage; where person are not
counted at all especially the migrant
• Errors of content; errors in the recording of
events
 USES OF POPULATION DATA
Uses of population data are many and varied. In
general they are required for planning and
administration and also for various aspects of
economic and social research. Specifically
demographic data is required for;
1. Estimating the future population sizes and
distribution;
These are fundamental to long term planning of
many public programmes eg; education needs,
manpower needs and housing needs
 Uses of population Data Cont..
2. Investigating the relationship between
demographic and social economic process

3. Measuring the level and trends in the

standard of living

4. Allocation of resources and services eg;

Health facilities, water, schools
 Population Change:
✓ Population change refers to a increase or a decrease of
population at time.

✓ Population change not only implies the change in its size

but also in its internal composition and structure with
respect to its various characteristics and spatial
distribution.

• Popn change is the result of interplay of:

– Births;
– Deaths;
– Migrations: internal & international.
 Reasons for variation in population
trends.
• The following are reasons for variation in
population trends
1) Fertility.
2) Mortality.
3) Migration.
 Operation definitions
• Population size refers to number of individuals in the population
• Population distribution is the spread of people across the world i.e
where people live.
• Foreign policy refers to policies a country put to safeguard the
interests of the nation and its citizens
• International relation is the study of how nation or states interact
with one another within an international system.
• Fertility rates is the average number of children born to women
during their productive years.
• Demography refers to the statistical study of population and how it
changes over time
• Population refers to number of people who live in a particular area.
 Overview of HIV and AIDS

IMPACT OF HIV & AIDS ON SOCIO-

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

CLASS ACTIVITY

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 Impact of HIV and AIDS
➢The impact is mapped on sectors, social
services, households, demographic and on
the economy in general
➢the HIV/AIDS pandemic on the economy, its
effects manifest on :
- labour supply,
- labour productivity,
- financial costs associated
- changing composition of the labour force
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• Demography refers to the study of population,
especially with reference to size, density, and
distribution,
while
• Population study refers to the study of people
who share similar common features like age,
sex, or health condition.
 References
Poston, Jr., and Leon F. (2010)
Demograhy and Societies
END
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