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Free Convection - With Answers

The document contains five problems about heat transfer from vertical plates in air. The first problem asks about the ratio of heat transfer rates between two vertical plates with different dimensions in air that is warmer or cooler than the plates. The remaining problems involve estimating heat transfer rates or coefficients for vertical plates in air or water based on given surface temperatures, dimensions, and fluid properties.

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Kalpana meena
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1K views17 pages

Free Convection - With Answers

The document contains five problems about heat transfer from vertical plates in air. The first problem asks about the ratio of heat transfer rates between two vertical plates with different dimensions in air that is warmer or cooler than the plates. The remaining problems involve estimating heat transfer rates or coefficients for vertical plates in air or water based on given surface temperatures, dimensions, and fluid properties.

Uploaded by

Kalpana meena
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Vertical Plates

1. The heat transfer rate due to free convection from a vertical surface, 1 m high and 0.6 m wide,
to quiescent air that is 20 K colder than the surface is known. What is the ratio of the heat
transfer rate for that situation to the rate corresponding to a vertical surface, 0.6 m high and 1 m
wide, when the quiescent air is 20 K warmer than the surface? Neglect heat transfer by radiation
and any influence of temperature on the relevant thermos-physical properties of air.
Air (300K, 1 atm):  = 15.89 × 10-6 m2/s,  = 22.5 × 10-6 m2/s.
2. Consider a large vertical plate with a uniform surface temperature of 130ºC suspended in
quiescent air at 25ºC and atmospheric pressure.
(a) Estimate the boundary layer thickness at a location 0.25 m measured from the lower edge.
(b) What is the maximum velocity in the boundary layer at this location and at what position in
the boundary layer does the maximum occur?
(c) Using the similarity solution result, determine the heat transfer coefficient 0.25 m from the
lower edge.
(d) At what location on the plate measured from the lower edge will the boundary layer become
turbulent? Air Tf Ts T/ 2 350K, 1 atm: = 20.92 10-6 m2/s, k = 0.030 W/mK, Pr =
0.700.
3. Consider an array of vertical rectangular fins, which is to be used to cool an electronic device
mounted in quiescent, atmospheric air at T∞ = 27 ºC. Each fin has L
= 20 mm and H = 150 mm and operates at an approximately uniform
temperature of Ts = 77 ºC.
(a) Viewing each fin surface as a vertical plate in an infinite,
quiescent medium, briefly describe why there exists an optimum fin
spacing S. Estimate the optimum value of S for the prescribed
conditions.
(b) For the optimum value of S and a fin thickness of t = 1.5 mm,
estimate the rate of heat transfer from the fins for an array of width
W = 355 mm. Air (Tf = 325K, 1 atm): = 18.41 10-6 m2/s, k =
0.0282 W/mK, Pr = 0.703.
4. A number of thin plates are to be cooled by vertically suspending them in a water bath at a
temperature of 20 ºC. If the plates are initially at 54 ºC and are 0.15 m long, what minimum
spacing would prevent interference between their free convection boundary layers? Water (Tf =
(Ts + T)/2 = (54 + 20)C/2 = 310K): = 1/vf = 993.05 kg/m3, = 695 10-6Ns/m2, = /=
6.998 10-7m2/s, Pr = 4.62, = 361.9 10-6K-1.
5. A square aluminum plate 5 mm thick and 200 mm on a side is heated while vertically
suspended in quiescent air at 40 ºC. Determine the average heat transfer coefficient for the plate
when its temperature is 15 ºC by two methods: using results from the similarity solution to the
boundary layer equations, and using results from an empirical correlation. Air (Tf = (Ts + T)/2 =
(40 +15)C/2 = 300K, 1 atm): = 15.89 10-6m2/s, k = 0.0263 W/mK, = 22.5 10-6m2/s, Pr =
0.707.
7. The ABC Evening News report in a news segment on hypothermia research studies at the
University of Minnesota claimed that heat loss from the body (Assume it a cylinder) is 30 times
faster in 10 ºC water than in air at the same temperature. Is that a realistic statement? Air T
25 10 °C / 2 290K,1atm: k = 0.0293 W/mK, = 19.91 10-6 m2/s, = 28.4 10-6 m2/s;
Water (290K): k = 0.598 W/mK, = vf = 1.081 10-6 m2/s, = kvf/cp = 1.431 10-7m2/s, f =
174 10-6 K-1

8. Determine the average convection heat transfer coefficient for the 2.5-m-high vertical walls of
a home having respective interior air and wall surface temperatures of (a) 20 and 10 ºC and (b)
27 and 37 ºC. Use Charchil and Chu relation.
12. Determine the maximum allowable uniform heat flux that may be imposed at a wall heating
panel 1 m high if the maximum temperature is not to exceed 37ºC when the ambient air
temperature is 25ºC. Air (Tf = (TL/2 + T)/2 = (35.4 + 25)C/2 = 30.2C = 303K, 1 atm): =
16.19 10-6m2/s, k = 26.5 10-3W/mK, = 22.9 10-6m2/s, Pr = 0.707.
Horizontal and Inclined Plates
1. Airflow through a long, 0.2-m-square air conditioning duct maintains the outer duct surface
temperature at 10 ºC. If the horizontal duct is
uninsulated and exposed to air at 35 ºC in the
crawlspace beneath a home, what is the heat
gain per unit length of the duct?Air (Tf = (T+
Ts)/2 300K, 1 atm): = 15.89 10-6m2/s, k =
0.0263 W/mK, = 22.5 10-6m2/s, Pr = 0.707,
= 1/Tf.
2. An electrical heater in the form of a horizontal disk of 400-mm diameter is used to heat the
bottom of a tank filled with engine oil at a temperature of 5 ºC. Calculate the power required to
maintain the heater surface temperature at 70 ºC . Engine Oil (Tf = (T+ Ts)/2 = 310K): = 288
10-6m2/s, k =0.145 W/mK, = 0.847 10-7m2/s, = 0.70 10-3K-1.
4. A circular grill of diameter 0.25 m and emissivity 0.9 is maintained at a constant surface
temperature of 130 ºC. What electrical power is required when the room air and surroundings are
at 24 ºC? Air (Tf = (T+ Ts)/2 = (24 + 130)C/2 = 350K, 1 atm): = 20.92 10-6 m2/s, k = 0.030
W/mK, = 29.9 10-6 m2/s, = 1/Tf.
Horizontal Cylinders and Spheres

1. A horizontal rod 5 mm in diameter is immersed in water maintained at 18 ºC. If the rod


surface temperature is 56 ºC, estimate the free convection heat transfer rate per unit length of the
rod. Water (Tf = (Ts + T)/2 = 310K): = 1/vf = 993.0 kg/m3, = /= 695 10-6 Ns/m2/993.0
kg/m3 = 6.999 10-7 m2/s, = k/c = 0.628 W/mK/993.0 kg/m3 4178 J/kgK = 1.514 10-7
m2/s, Pr = 4.62, = 361.9 10-6 K-1.
2. A horizontal uninsulated steam pipe passes through a large room whose walls and ambient air
are at 300 K. The pipe of 150-mm diameter has an emissivity of 0.85 and an outer surface
temperature of 400 K. Calculate the heat loss per unit length from the pipe.
Air (Tf = (Ts + T)/2 = 350K, 1 atm): = 20.92 10-6m2/s, k = 0.030W/mK, = 29.9 10-6
m2/s, Pr = 0.700, = 1/Tf = 2.857 10-3K-1.
3. Beverage in cans 150 mm long and 60 mm in diameter is initially at 27 ºC and is to be cooled
by placement in a refrigerator compartment at 4 ºC. In the interest of maximizing the cooling
rate, should the cans be laid horizontally or vertically in the compartment? As a first
approximation, neglect heat transfer from the ends. Air (Tf = 288.5K, 1 atm): = 14.87 10-
m /s, k =0.0254 W/mK, = 21.0 10-6m2/s, Pr = 0.71, = 1/Tf = 3.47 10-3K-1.
6 2
4. A long, uninsulated steam line with a diameter of 89 mm and a surface emissivity of 0.8
transports steam at 200ºC and is exposed to atmospheric air and large surroundings at an
equivalent temperature of 20 ºC. (a) Calculate the heat loss per unit length for a calm day. (b)
Calculate the heat loss on a breezy day when the wind speed is 8 m/s. Air (Tf = (Ts + T∞)/2 =
383 K, 1 atm): ν = 2.454 × 10-5 m2/s, k =0.03251 W/mK, α = 3.544 × 10-5 m2/s, Pr = 0.693.
5. A horizontal tube of 12.5-mm diameter with an outer surface temperature of 240 ºC is located
in a room with an air temperature of 20 ºC. Estimate the heat transfer rate per unit length of the
tube due to free convection. Air (Tf = 400K, 1 atm): = 26.41 10-6 m2/s, k= 0.0338 W/mK, =
38.3 10-6 m2/s, Pr = 0.690, = 1/Tf = 2.5 10-3 K-1.

Concentric Cylinders and Spheres


1. A solar collector design consists of an inner tube enclosed concentrically in an outer tube that
is transparent to solar radiation. The tubes are thin walled with inner and outer diameters of 0.10
and 0.15 m, respectively. The annular space between the tubes is completely enclosed and filled
with air at atmospheric pressure. Under operating conditions for which the inner and outer tube
surface temperatures are 70 and 30 ºC, respectively, what is the convective heat loss per meter of
tube length across the air space? Air (T = 50C, 1 atm): = 18.2 10-6m2/s, k = 0.028 W/mK,
=25.9 10-6m2/s, Pr = 0.71, = 0.0031 K-1.
2. The annulus formed by two concentric, horizontal tubes with inner and outer diameters of 50
and 75 mm is filled with water. If the inner and outer surfaces are maintained at 300 and 305 K,
respectively, estimate the convection heat transfer rate per unit length of the tubes.Water (Tf =
325K): = (1/1.013 10-3m3/kg), cp = 4182 J/kgK, =528 10-6Ns/m2, k = 0.645 W/mK, Pr =
3.42, = 471.2 10-6K-1.

3. The surfaces of two long, horizontal, concentric thin walled tubes having radii of 100 and 125
mm are maintained at 300 and 400 K, respectively. If the annular space is pressurized with
nitrogen at 5 atm, estimate the convection heat transfer rate per unit length of the tubes.
4. The surfaces of two concentric spheres having radii of 75 and 100 mm are maintained at 325
and 275 K respectively. If the space between the spheres is filled with air at 3 atm, estimate the
convection heat transfer rate. Air (Tf = 300K, 3 atm): = 3.33 10-3 K-1, = 1/3 15.89 10-6
m2/s, k = 0.263 W/mK, = 1/3 22.5 10-6 m2/s, Pr = 0.707.

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