RING

People haw"- about die effects ol

.....,fortholaMdsolyun. Theandent
Giftks icn- that you could chlrge up cemln
INtefllls by rubbing them. They also used electric:
shocks from atftsh and ocher animals to try to cure
hadKhes and some ocher Nlnesses.
Early ldentlsU carried out some aperlmenU
with....., using 119~ but this_
wry dllnge,ous. In die 1600s, sclentlStS lrwented
machines that could produce static electrldty.
Some ol lhese machines - used for scientific
resu,ch, but some - used for entertainment or
b medial bNtments. h - noc until Alessandro
Volta llwented the electrlal al In 1800 that
A I Static electrtclly 11 maJung thil cNld'a halr stand up.
scientists had • conmnt supply olelectric:lty to This happened u lhllt cloth• rubi-c! aljlinsl lhl slide.
exper'.ment with.
Today almost everything we do depends on
,---------------. A Wktof .- job.I CfJVlo/"cf,.,
electrldty In some wr, You a n ~ .,< •
electrldty at school by making dm,lb and using
cells o, , -, . . ID provide die electrlc:lty
a The wirH u~ ,n oloctnc 0ltUIU •~ made of
me11~wlth1co11m9olpllstlconth•ouum. tt/- e~cl-Ntii',
Explain why thHo mllffilb ilf• used. _J

a Photo Cshows• dm111 !hit ant,.,~ 10

1urn1bulbon1ndo/f
P/.Jls1,t:p;.,J'fl~~,
'"f~ ~c~(

J/,,.e,(

s1.vrt<-"-.' wfr~,

•I w,11. . list ol 1h. .ppar,1us u~ 10 m1ko •/ 2- ,el/1 I

~~lh
th• clrcul~

bl Use standard symbols 10 • clagram o/

C:J
tho clrcul~
 SWITCHES AND

TM,culftnt Is the amount of @l«trklty that Is

flowing around a circuit. The current carries energy
to bulbs or other compo,MntS. In electricity
experiments the current in a circuit Is provided by a
c@II or power pack. There must be a complete circuit
or the current will not flow.

B I The bulbs are not lit because there is a gap in the

circurt.
a
-
Th• original cell was Invented by Alessandro
Volta In 1800.
• ·\..,,-:;,<·: .

~;:~:)-: •-
w·
"JI.
If one of the bulbs In circuit C breaks, the other bulb
will go out. This happens because the broken bulb
' makes a gap in the circuit. S1.oJitt"-. 1//owJ
·:A ..
_:.,~·-. •. a Look ot circuit 8. Explain how the switch W0<1ts
to tum the bulbs on and off.
1
cw,.,,.,.+
q.,,.,, i-f
1-0 ,{!r."'\J
(!Q-1. s+.,,
C"""f>ott ,f.......,._ /Cow•j
C I Pressing the switch joins the metal wires and a
current can flow around the cucurt. Both of the bulbs a Look at circuit C. Whal wil hlppon If you take
on• of the bulbs out of it> hokltr and !hon _ -....,
come on. p,ess the swltchl t'7~ 2,,,./ b vtl,
""'""'-f l,':,4+ c.tp
Im J,-,('fwJA t..,..rt~

C't"''i r-t'fc"- ~"-

.. -, 1,vf b.
 a
Bulbs light up because the electricity flowing
through them makes theft lament glow. If you add OHcrlbehowyoucouldcorryoutan I.fie J,JJ,J q,v( l'Oll«tf ;.,
lnve1tlgatlonto1howhowlhebrightMSsol ...._, L 11 L • I J.J..os
more bul~ to the circuit. all the bulbs In the circuit bulbichangeswhenyoulddmorebulbstoa .n:,,vfJ 1 "'f"~ '1'4 bf, DOl•J'II"" /
w,11 be dimmer. ClrtUIL Include a llst of tht &PP,IJIUS you nftd o(...,.,p,
D I The cunent In a bulb hu to flow lhrough a vary
t!un place o1 w1,. called lho fllamonl
a loolc at circuit C. Another circuit (acw X) 1> _
lder,tJcal but has OM ~SS bulb.
,
---:,,

•I Howw,llthe brlghtneuollhebulbs wiRi o~..e J,.il:, I h111J4f'1(' r1 li,c "'«5(>1

compare In the two acu,ts!
bf WhatwiHhappentolheboghtMSsol1he J.L~ I. JI, q-ff .,,;.,.., ..
bulbslnclrcultCKanolherbulbluddtdto T'I 'J\ff'lj J ,..._
it!

cl Oneoftht bulbs lnc1rcurtCbrub. Explain

what happens to the other bulb.
+~< oh.r I, vf ./,HJ" 11 f,J~-t '1b
Fl,e.,~ ;S l1° C'-'""'~'rl"

tf•W'"'j 4,-.,'1

a ring curr""' n
We measure the current using an ammH.r. The units
for current are amperes (A). It does not mane, where
the ammeter goes In the circuit. Current Is not used up
as It goes around the circuit, so the current is the same
everywhere.

a •I What dot1 an amrnettr rMasure!

bf O..W Ille symbol fo, an ammeter.
C,v.,.,.,.-tf-

-©-
D 1.ooht orcult F.

a
EI An ammeter In a circuit The diagran shows
lho symbol !or an ammetor.

•I What current w,11 ammeter Q show?

bf What current w,11 ammeter Rshow? O, S
...., MWswlldleswo,t,
11 A t0<ch is not working. Write down all Ille
desalle what happens when 1M IIUlllblr of bulls In.
thtngs lhat could be wrong with IL
1 dlQllt Isclllngld
- "'!it h-,tt~_J ;11 -Hi~ fo~i.... desallewhMaCUINftl lsandMWlls--4
/J 'l,rl "vv...lc.;"'j /11u /t!u-r-<
e.'""'3 'J •
- CWq,·r\. p•N- 1~ fo~c', Mq'1
 SI
HOW ARE MODELS USED IN SCIENCE?
If someone asks you to explain what a model Is, you may think of a model aeroplane
or someone who Is photographed wearing new clothes. These are both models. but
there are many other kinds of model. A model Is a way of showing or representing
something. In Kience we use models to help us to think about complicated Ideas.
We can use models to help us to think about what happens In electric circuits. The
drawing shows two models that students want to build to help them to think about
electrical current. The dlffe~nt parts represent different parts of an electrical circuit.

A I Sam's model a I Nat's model

s.,,.., of n,,.., c",,..,,.y ir

1

"r..4' to ...,.k., tt.. 1,.,11 ,in,.

II Loolt at drawing A. Which pan of Sam's model
represents:
al theceU l'"'"""P
bl thecurrent w"I.,..,.. A good model behaves like the real situation. In this
cl abulbormotor? wdfr w4f.fl case, the 'current' In the better model wtll do what

a Expllln your answers to question t. /

cur~nt does In a ~al circuit. Scientists can use a
good model to make predictions about what they
will find in investigations.
D Dflcribe what happens to the size of the
'current' as It g~ around:
•I In Sam's model (drawing Al c ,.,.,...., til ,-,.,..c1;,. Jlit 14"1(
.____
bJ_l_n_N_M_~_m_od_el_(d_,_
_,_·_ng_B_J_._~_~_..-.-f
___ ._,~-~/

m,
 WORKING
SCIENTIFICALLY
~- _ ._ _.. .· _~'.!!
~rib< an Investigation th•t Sim •nd Nit
could urry out to find out whkh model
ls best.
•I Write 111st of the 1pp1ratus they nttd.
bl Drow• circuit diagram to show how they
should set up their •PPl••tu~
cl O.SO-ibe the rMthod they should use. Write C I Sam and Nat could use some of this apparatus.
• separate Instruction fol/ each step in the
rMthod.
An analogy is a model In which you compare
a ~ict the ,..ults thit Sam 1nd Nit should
get In their ln~stigation:
-hing complicated with an ewryday thing that
Is easier to understand. These for circuits are
both analogies. When young chUdren lnwstigate
•I WSim's model Is the best one
the attraction between two magnets they often use
bl If Nat's modtl Is the best one. the analogy that the magnets 1ike'each othef. h is

a Use what you know about cur=t In circuits

to explain which model is the best Orll!.
Important to remember that analogiH are only a
way of thinking about things. Magnets do not have
feelings. so they cannot like each othei!

Physical and abstract models

The model circuits that Sam and Nat want to build
are physical models, because you could build them
and touch them. Photo D shows a physical model of
the Solar System. It helps people understand how
the planets move around the Sun. D I This type of physical model of the
Solar System 1s called an orre,y.

Models that cannot be touched and only exist

Inside people's minds or on computer screens are
abstract models. Photo E shows an abstract model
of the Solar System.

a O.n uses balls of different sizes to modtl the

Earth and the Moon. Explain whether this is a
phy,kal or 1n 1bstroct modtl.

E I This Is an abatmct model of the Solar System.

 MODELS FOR
7Jb~---
CIIOlrCANIIIUIIIIODIILl,.. . . . . .,..,....UOUTILKTIIICIIYI

Until Just over 100 years ago, scientists thought of

elKtrlclty as a liquid that flowed through wires,
although they did not know what that liquid was. This
model changed In 1897 when a British physicist called A current of 1 Impe,. means th,,.,,.
JJ. Thomson discovered that electricity was tiny cha<9H 6 250 ODO ODO ODO ODO ODO charges
moving through metals. going put every second.
An electric current is a flow of charges, and carries energy
from the cells (or electricity supply) to the components.
e,~ef<'-""".f
Metals are conductors because the charges can move
around easily Inside them. Charges cannot move around
easily Inside Insulating materials. a Whit Is an e!Ktrlc current!
It Is difficult to think about these charges because they are
too small to see, even with a very powerful microscope.
We can, though, use models to help us to think about
a Why can ~Is conduct elKtricltyl

electricity. One of the models we can use is very similar

to the one used by scientists before the charges were
discovered (figure A).
wire Cell
The pipes let the hot water The boiler transfers energy to the water and the

-
flow through them. pump puahH the water through the pipes.

-"""""""'-~x II !
1!.!!!!lJI

I
In the radiat0<, energy Is transferred All the water stays in the pipes. If you measure
from the hot water to the ro0<n. the amount of water flowing, you wil get the
same reading at X and Y, but the water at Y
bulb would be storing less energy than the water at X.

A I A central heating system can keep your home warm Thrs 1s a physical modal of tho electnc circuit 1n
diagram B.

mJ
 The wire• .,. good The cell tran1ferw -'VY to
conductorw and let the chargH and pu1he1
charges flow _,_._them......_ through the wtre1.
through them.
a Why do we need to use
models to help us to lhlnlt
about .iectricily?

a
. In the bulb, energy 11
tran1femtd to the room Use tho ce,,tral hHtlng model
by light and heatlng. to help you to o,cplain:
-1-'" eltr-Wc.4' t"""?J •I why• ce,,mi heating

,,f +. ,,,~t .e...,...,J bollor (with • pump) is

liuacoll
All the charges stay In the wtrn. you bl why• rodiato, is liltu light
measure the cumint, you get the .. me bulb.
reeding at X and Y. The current at Y has
lea energy.

BI This circuit trarisfo~ energy torts surroundings

a How Is tho control
hooding model not like an
ol«trk cimllt?

Diagram C shows a different model for helping you to think about electricity.

Cl This 1s a model tor thinki"lg about a circuat 1n

-
terms 01 a train. coal and a power station

a look at drawing C. What do you think t ~ things ~pmonl:

•I tho coal mino bl tho tacto,y

cl thotraln di tho coal?

II How is tho model not liko an ol«trk circuit?

Which of tho models on those pagM Is tho ~t to holpyou to think

II about oloctriclty in a clrcult1 Explain why you think the model you
~chosen is best.

.:,. C!"1t ...,.u -~ "f-rwt~

(t'•tAI}
 SERIES AND
c:1~
A circuit like circuit A, with all the bulbs In one loop, Is called a ..tes drcult.
If the bulbs are on separate branches of a circuit. It Is a parallel drcult (circuit 8).
A parallel circuit can have lots of branches. Each branch can have more than one
component In It.

':..l' :;

"
~--
:·,; :--.:. t 1!
,·. '·.'
• ::·.,_,,;;
;J\t"
,•' ...~-=--
l.,<,..,1.111.~ \
'

1:Ji.',.
:ft>
.-::-:,:

:,
,:t ~'. '.
.: • 01

,.
·.A_i ··.-
. ··~ •
.
:\

;,
.• •• -·;. ('."' ..,,
,
"'' ··:·-· .
. '
~.(·.

A I a series circuit B I a parallel circuit

Parallel circuits are useful because each light can be switched on

and off separately from the others. II What is the difle<once
between a SfflH <iKuit and a
In circuit A. both bulbs are on all the time. In circuit 8, bulbs Wand X porillel circuit?
are on all the time. BulbYonlycomes on if you press switch 1. lfyou
want all the bulbs to come on you have to press both switches. II Do you think the lights In
your house ore on • SOMS o,
The two types of circuit behave In different ways. • po,ollel circuit! bJMln your
,nswe-r.
• In a series circuit. if one bulb breaks all the others go out, because
the broken bulb makes a gap In the circuit. Write • pion to show how
• In a parallel circuit, if one bulb breaks the bulbs in the other
II you could lnvestigllte what
happens 10 the brightness of
branches stay on.
bulbs if you put more of them
into• porillel circuit
x s,.,.,,...1,Mm ollo,olk_(. ..,.K..,.)
u~\t, • sf
I J:--'./-/, I
AY2324 Secondary Two Physics 2"- "\ / 45
CA2 Test VI L..
Duration: 55 min
Topic: Electricity

Name: ... ..................... . Class: s2.L IS /3/ 1.'t

Dale: .................... ..

Write In dar11 blue or black pen on both sides of the paper.

You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
Do not use staples, paper clips, glue, highlighter or correction fluid.
Use of calculator is allowed.

Section A Structure Questions (40 marks)

1. The table gives information about two household appliances.

appliance mains current power ,,,,. V p =-VI

supply through /W
vottage appliance -=- 2-'1-o i12j,

-
IV IA 3o2.4
water 12.6 JS O O?f,J.o
240
heater ,::::: '302..0
ca! C1AlG-.1\ M
r
0

(a) Write the missing value (to 3 sig. fig.) in the empty space above. Q'(W-,/ '.

(bl The water heater is connected to the mains supply. 1

'
State and explain whether using a 3 A fuse would be suitab_!§ for the water heater which is
connected to the mains supply.

.~.~/A.f.~ ...i~..t,,;.~r1.. .. .. ..~(!\-:~ ....w.4.-... ..r~rii~t ...h.. ..-:1:~~ ..... .

}.~·$!~,~.~~.~.':'-.~~... ?~..~.~'.~... ..~.~~f.~:t:....~.!.':".'~!.!1... J½..~":.~~.!~.. ... .
. ... ....~.~.~:N.: ..1>... ~~o.~.~.1.. ... ...~1~.'.! ... .... .
.~~!~~.1. ..~.\!~'.'J.. ... ~.~~.~~~·················........................................ ,............. .
···•··•·•·•·•·•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• .. ·························································~

1
 ,
2. Fig. 2., &hows n rrange
11 11 men1 of three resls10IS.
20U

20U

<IOU
RT ~(1.R,.. + ), .. )· '
K.t
Fig. 2.1
(a) Calculate 1he 101111 res
istance of this errangame
nt.
-1
0 -:, - -\' l..
l\o)
\
j\.
,t ~ lo a :: . 1 \ •! lJ1 f)
a

./

(b) The arrangement is

COOnected to ad
- - · '' : '1 ; ~ @
.c.powersuppty. t /
-:' e~ =~ rs are placed ac
ross 1he resistors. as sho
wn in Fig. 2.2. There is a cur
rent in each
vol1tMwv,

r+,v+.

v,
Fig. 2.2
Compare the readings on
the three voltmeters. There
is no need for any calculatio
.} \t... ~~\::.~,.~ .. ...~.·... .. ..
.i~.~.~lj.~.~~. ....i)...
.. t ~. :! ~..
n.
...~!.~~~.!.~..Y.~~.~ .....
... .. .J:~:t\:........................................................
. v~l.. .. !..:...\":~~?. 1
........... ..
..
>.r.~.:~~~'..........
...~~.~.~.'. ..
I
..................................
..1/.•... :.,....\.~:~'.'l.~~.: ....................................
....................................................y {
2
The circuit shown contains three ammeters X, Y and Z.
5V
0~ -----1~--~-~

Which ammeter has the largest reading? •J Fi,.~ flt• 1/l«t,1A. ,..,,rh11!'f

A X lr= Ct. ~t.J-• • i

Jl
B y •J f;,.~ ~f e,....... .,.,• ...,, , ..1

©z {'..._ tlt-c. I, tff4..,.

v-..1,t .J" I••-isA
D They all have the same reading.
S::.1(~)
C/ ~;,.ti offot. c-..,. -11,,..,...)'i
~..I& )(. •"' h.,/1. )"
'J; \r-:I~ '(: \l•I~
5::. I("1) S:.I{2.r)J
I,-\:~'-o.~~
1. ... 0, 1 'Sri

cl) w~ •., 11 ,.~_,,."'J •I 11111-,.,+fi- l 1

c>-15A-

8 The d~ram sho81 a::ell connected to two 6.0 n resistors. Three currentsJ,, 12 aid I,. are
labelled.

,,

Which row correctly compares 12 and 13 with 11?

/2 1,

A same as I, same as/,

B same as I, smaller than I,
C smaller than / 1 same as I,
'o'J smaller than / 1 smaller than I,
Four lamps are each labelled 240V.

In which circuit do all four lamps hpve normal brightness?

a,.N4/(e/ 'f•,-,e vo/f'lf
I A ~\/ B

240V 24W ~\/ 240V

(D D (2.•V

240V 240V

12.0\/
pQ"4/(e{ VT ,. V, :. Vi. , \rl Vi,

Vr:: \/, f Vi..+ Vi f v/f-

4-_o..A..
Ar?\~
16 The circuit diagram shows a r!IWilar and an a.on resistor connected to a 6.0V battery.

4.0n a.on

What is the current in the battery?

G 0.50A B 0.75A C 1.5A D 2.0A

i 4 --i- i'-:: 12.JL

v-=-u
b-:.. I (1"2.)

I:: o.stl
Fig. 9.1 shows a 12V battery connected In a circuit containing resistors A, B, C and 0. Each resistor
has a resistance of 6.00.

12V

Fig. 9.1

(a) Calculate the combined resistance of

(I) resistors A and B,

6'+, -:: 12.
resistance= •••••.•••.• L~.~······································· [1)
(II) resistors A, B and C,

4JL
resistance = ..... .... ...... .. ... ... .. ........ .......... ... .. .... .. .. ..... .... [2)
(Ill) resistors A. B. C and 0.

4+'
/o_JJ_
resistance = ....................... ............. ............................. [1 I

(b) Calculate

(I) the current in the battery,

v rR.
/2~ l (10)
L 2./.l
l d. 2/.1 current= ................................................................. (1)

X the energy transferred from the battery to the circuit in 50 s.

p
(a) Fig. 8.1 shows 3 lamps and a fuse connected to a power supply.

220V

Fig. 1.1

The e.m.f. of the supply is 220V. Each lamp is labelled 220V, 40W. The rating of the fuse is
2.0A.

Calculate

(I) the current in each lamp,

P-:. VI
4-.J . ,_ 22.0 I
0,(8'2.A
J::U,{j2. current = ...........................................................(21

(II) the current in the fuse,

0,(J'l.)(.3

0, 5'+6/.t
current = ...........................................................(11

(Ill) the total number of lamps, all In parallel, that could be connected without blowing the
fuse.

/0
number = ...........................................................(21

(b) After a very long period of use, the wire filament of one of the lamps becomes thinner.

(I) Underline the effect of this change on the resistance of the filament.

resistance increases resislance remains the same resistance decreases (11

(II) State and explain the ellect of this change on the power of the lamp.

(~,.;i; t;;:'{i1~ ~,;;

........H..~~~········~·····(~.>:r:!'1.t..........J.~~......B,.~.~.h..............~f>{)