LECTURE 1 08/11/2023

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Lecture 6: Elementary
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Applications

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Objective/s
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
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• Familiarize themselves with solving problems that involves applications of ODE

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Newton’s Law of Cooling

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Newton’s Law of Cooling

The temperature of a body changes at a rate that is proportional to the difference in
temperature between the outside medium and the body itself.
𝒅𝑻
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= 𝑲(𝑻 − 𝑻𝒎 )
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𝒅𝒕
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𝒅𝑻
where: = rate of change in temperature
𝒅𝒕

K = relative change rate

T = Temperature at any given time

Tm = Temperature of the medium

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Example
1. A thermometer reading 10°C is brought in a room whose temperature is
18°C. One minute later, the thermometer reading is 14°C. How long does it
take until the reading becomes 16°C?
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2. It takes 12 minutes for an object at 100°C to cool to 80°C in a room at

50°C. How long will it take for its temperature to decrease to 70°C?
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3. A thermometer reading is 75oF is taken out where the temperature is 20oF. The
reading is 30oF 4 minutes later. Find (a) the thermometer reading 7 minutes after
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the thermometer was brought outside, and (b) the time taken for the reading to
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drop from 75oF to within a half degree of the air temperature.

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Growth and Decay

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Growth and Decay

𝒅𝑷
= 𝑲P
𝒅𝒕
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𝒅𝑷
where: = rate of growth of population
𝒅𝒕

K = relative growth rate

P = population at any given time

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4. Radium decompose in air at the rate proportional to the amount present. If

initially there were 20 grams, and after 10 years, 0.6% of the original amount
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decompose, (a) determine the equation that will predict the amount of radium at
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any given time, (b) determine the half-life of radium, (c) what is the amount
after 900 years?

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Simple Chemical
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Conversion

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It is known from the result of chemical experimentation that, in certain reactions in which substance A is being
converted into another substance, the time rate of change of the amount x of unconverted substance is proportional
to x.
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𝒅𝒙
= 𝒌𝒙
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𝒅𝒕
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𝒙 = 𝒙𝟎 𝒆𝒌𝒕
𝒅𝒙
where: = rate of chemical change
𝒅𝒕

k = relative rate of change

x = amount of substance at any time t

xo = original amount of substance

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5. Suppose that a chemical reaction proceeds according to the law given. If half
of the substance A has been converted at the end of 10 seconds, find when 9/10
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of the substance will have been converted.

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6. The conversion of a substance B follows the law stated previously. If only a

fourth of the substance has been converted at the end of 10 seconds, find when
nine-tenths of the substance will have been converted.
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Mixture Problem

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Mixture Formula:
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where: dA/dt = rate of increase/decrease of salt at any time

rate of entrance of salt = concentration of substance being added x rate at which the substance is added
rate of exit of salt = concentration of substance being removed x rate at which the substance is removed

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7. Into a 100 gal. of tank initially filled with fresh water, flow 3 gal/min of salt water containing 2
lb. of salt per gallon. The solution, kept uniform by stirring, flows out at the same rate.
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a) How many pounds of salt will there be in the tank at the end of 1 hour and 40 minutes?
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b) What is the upper limit for the number of pounds of salt in the tank if the process continues
indefinitely?
c) How much time will elapse while quantity of salt in the tank is changing from 100 lb. to 150
lb.?

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Republic of the Philippines Republic of the Philippines

Province of Laguna Province of Laguna

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Homework
Answer the performance task on Module 7-Elementary Applications of ODE
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Any Questions?
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References:
Tolentino, Romeo Q., and Fainsan, Delia S. Elementary Differential Equations Text Manual.
Manila, Philippines: Booklore Publishing
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Bird, John. (2010). Higher Engineering Mathematics. Sixth Edition. Newnes Publications
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Province of Laguna

Rainville, Earl D., and Bedient, Phillip E. (1981). Elementary Differential Equations. Sixth Edition.
New York, USA: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc.
Boyce, William E., and DiPrima, Richard C. (2001). Elementary Differential Equations and
Boundary Value Problems. Seventh Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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Thank you.
Stay safe and healthy..

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