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Color Model

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Computer Graphics

Color Theory
Topics

 RGB Color Model

 CMY Color Model
 YIQ Color Model
 HSV Color Model

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Colors
 Visible band
 Each frequency corresponds to a distinct color
 Low-frequency end (4.3 x 1014 Hz): Red
 High-frequency end (7.5 x 1014 Hz): Violet
 Wavelength  = v/f, where v=300,000km/sec
 Low frequency High frequency
red orange yellow green blue violet
Long wavelength Short wavelength
700nm 400nm

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RGB Color Model

 Used in light emitting devices

 Color CRT monitors
 Additive
 Result = individual contributions of each primary color
added together
 C = rR + gG + bB, where r, g, b  [0, 1]
 R = (1, 0, 0)
 G = (0, 1, 0)
 B = (0, 0, 1)

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RGB Color Model

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RGB Color Model
 Color Cube
 R + G = (1, 0, 0) + (0, 1, 0) = (1, 1, 0) = Y
 R + B = (1, 0, 0) + (0, 0, 1) = (1, 0, 1) = M
 B + G = (0, 0, 1) + (0, 1, 0) = (0, 1, 1) = C
 R + G + B = (1, 1, 1) = W
 1 – W = (0, 0, 0) = BLK
 Grays = (x, x, x), where x  (0, 1)

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Color Cube

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CMY Color Model

 CMY: Complements of RGB

 Used in light absorbing devices
 Hardcopy output devices
 Subtractive
 Color specified by what is subtracted from white light
 Cyan absorbs red, magenta absorbs green, and yellow
absorbs blue

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CMY Color Model

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CMY Color Model
 W = (0, 0, 0) B = (1, 1, 1)
 Conversion from RGB to CMY

C  R 
   
 M   1  G 
 Conversion from CMY to RGB
Y  B 

R  C 
   
G   1  M 
B  Y  10
CMYK Color Model
 Motivations
 Do we get black if paint cyan, magenta and yellow on a white paper?
 Which cartridge is more expensive?
 CMYK model
 K = greatest gray that can be extracted
 Given C, M, and Y
 K = min(C, M, Y)
 C=C–K
 M=M–K
 Y=Y–K

Try some examples…

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YIQ Color Model
 Used in U.S. commercial color-TV broadcasting
 Recoding of RGB for transmission efficiency
 Backward compatible with black-and-white TV
 Transmitted using NTSC (National Television System Committee) standard

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YIQ Color Model

 YIQ
 Y: luminance
 I, Q: chromaticity
 Only Y shown in black-and-white TV
 RGB  YIQ

Y   0.299 0.587 0.114  R 

    
 I    0.596  0.275  0.321G 
Q   0.212  0.528 0.311  B 
    
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YIQ Color Model
 Human’s visual properties
 More sensitive to changes in luminance than in hue or saturation
 more bits should be used to represent Y than I and Q
 Limited color sensation to objects covering extremely small part of our
field of view
 One, rather than two color dimensions would be adequate
 I or Q can have a lower bandwidth than the others

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YIQ Color Model

 NTSC encoding of YIQ into broadcast signal

 Uses human’s visual system properties to maximize
information transmitted in a fixed bandwidth
 Y: 4MHz
 I: 1.5MHz
 Q: 0.6MHz

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Intuitive Color Concepts
 Terminology

Perceptual Term Colorimetry Comments

hue dominated to distinguish

wavelength colors
saturation excitation e.g., red and
purity pink
Lightness luminance
(reflecting objects)
Brightness (self- luminance e.g., Sun, CRT
luminous objects) 16
Intuitive Color Concepts
tints
white pure color
tones
grays shades

black
 Tint: white pigment added to pure pigment
 saturation reduced
 Shade: black pigment added to pure pigment
 lightness reduced
 Tone: consequence of adding both white and black pigments to pure pigments

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Intuitive Color Concepts

 Tints, shades, and tones  different colors of same hue

are produced
 Grays
= black pigments + white pigments
 Graphics packages that provide color palettes to users
often employ two or more color models

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 HSV Color Model
 HSV = Hue, Saturation, and Value
 A.k.a. HSB, where B is Brightness
 RGB, CMY, and YIQ: hardware-oriented
 HSV and HLS: user-oriented
 Cylinder coordinate system
 Space: hexcone
 hexagon is obtained from the color cube in isometric projection
 (h, s, v), where h  [0, 360) and s, v  [0, 1]
 hue: angle round the hexagon
 saturation: distance from the center
 value: axis through the center

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HSV Color Model
Color Cube Hexcone

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HSV Color Model
 W = (-, 0, 1)
 B = (-, 0, 0)
 R = (0, 1, 1)
Y = (60, 1, 1)
:
M = (300, 1, 1)
 Adding white pigments  S
 Adding black pigments  V
 Creating tones  S and V

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HSV Color Model
 True color system: 16 million colors
 Q: Do we need that many?
 Human eyes can distinguish
 128 hues
 130 tints (saturation levels)
 23 shades of yellow colors, 16 of blue colors
 128 x 130 x 23 = 82720 colors

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 HLS Color Model
 HLS: Hue, Lightness, and Saturation
 Cylinder coordinate system
 Space: double cone
 base is from the hexagon as in HSV
 (h, l, s), where h  [0, 360) and s, v  [0, 1]
 hue: angle round the base
 lightness: axis through the center
 saturation: distance from the center

 W = (-, 0, 1)
 B = (-, 0, 0)
 R = (0, 0.5, 1), Y = (60, 0.5, 1), …

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