RESID eH UCERS © Tmdcer:liton Saini ocr Sin: Ben Usnin Foran ee atc en eon sane anenots LYDT, Temes yc Ssl ass mons, Dalmatas 7% Piezoelectric lucers, Variable Capacitance transducers, Magneto strctive transducers, Gyroscopes, Accelerometers. Learning objectives & Strain gauges & Force and displacement transducers Resistance thermometer and hotwire anemometer LVDT, Thermocouples and synchros Digital temperature sensing system Piezoelectric, variable capacitance aind magneto str 49994 Gyroscopes and accelerometers . _ INTRODUCTION : Tomake measurement of physical variables, one ha ¥ convert the quan nto on electical quantity. This i posble by dingo dove elle ranidca. The put signa dane fom he Worsdca sehr n analog form erin cg frm Teopertue is ene’ of the physical suas tha the hans waned 16 mace from many year There ato may errr os the mmavurement of temperature The common ved tempercire detecing onivcerarethermitor end thermocouple. The transducers used for the mecsurement of strain are called strain gouges. It sa resistor which changes the resistance it iat vented by Edward E.Sinmon and Arthur CRuge in 1998. Depending vp onthe backing when strain is appli nd bonding materials used. Strain oa measured by various primary devices such os for sensing pressure atthe initial or primary stage: 1uges are clastifed into several ways. Pressure is clso a physical parameter which Is Bourdon tubes, diaphragins and bellows. These are the elastie membranes These devices are also known as primary transdvce (Qe srecrmum aLLaN-one JOURNAL FoR ENGINEERING stents Scanned with CamScannerELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION UNTUHYDg, (PARTA) ‘Short Questions WITH SOLUTIONS » 1. Define transducer and ist out its classtcation: Ane Transdeer, A measving device, which asus and conve none vain ino ee va sstace, al a Tensuces are divided ino ie categories base othe kid fp suse employed andthe ype oat they produce Tey aes flows, (© Chastain tased on the transition principle wed o Gi), Asi nd digital eansducers (io) Primary ad secondary tansdcers o (G2 What are the factors taken for selecting @ Wanaduce?? they sexe pring ip a, ay Active and pase tanadacers “Teaser and inverse nse sero ‘The factors taken for selecting a transducer are as follows, a Operatine nine Operating ange Aecunsy Senstviy Subse rei age Rngednes Transient sponse and fequney response Leaing elit letra pormeters 1." vicars compat Static tascteriies | G3. What are the advantages of strain gauge? ~ | ‘Ana Te dang tn gigs a oka Sein ge ln i. They in ar pcos, They a cao easing vey oan fe eer 01 ni saa Te tre od sabi Thy Poses el omic rayne ad ee hy we widely eddie mewn ‘A strain gauge can provide disect measurement of surface strains. " They we caplet mean tempor clone {4 Detioe gnig actor fora wansdicey ans Gauge Factors Thee ‘ss SS 1 2 3 4 s 6 wcren appleatons suchas measurement of dslacement, sn fre, reso ue itor of stansdcer canbe eines the aioe uni change a reine tot pe init WARMING: oP ik Ain ya ABE a LEGAL pe. a “ re ‘ -rensucars coos SF BIE 43 ott ret ot Anes where, (© LVOT good tna Le, it produces incr out “ARR = Per nit change ia reine voles ene ‘ALL = Per uni change inkengt > Neanmeasr displacements of very highrange wily hangin eet aL ‘MA Change inresitace c Fatance sirain gauge with s gauge far | ( fom ismmioissin thas igh set, Since it produces high utp, it does not require iy (0) rs 5 Taeteatie fname | Ses rte Sener eevee ae | oy STerarareoi cme Meech genie aiscencamtarcimens |) Sas pert caps net onan prem eanrarar arte ; men ae . Lat ‘Given that, (vii) thas low hysteresis. ‘Strin,€ = 1 10% (viii)_It consumes less power (about < IW). ‘Gauge face, 6,=2.04, Q9. State Demerits of LVDT. oe eae [ae er Boos ot oa Tene Ge R (The performance of LVDT,s alee by variation in Soamenn-enana — |g oar ak 02st ____| a) To provide high sitferenial outa requires lage teen | Se a ‘An elastic ring whose physical dimensions and “demodulator circuit if the receiving device operates only ween te ct ri eis | see aeterntrteriaie | we Mote te date of proving ing the tng dees sd is Sincer changer Tus change ia ameter deecon of be ‘gs proportona tote applied foe. {F. Listelectrical ansducers for measurement of linear and angular eleplacement: anes ‘eral Transdocerfr Linea Displacement Mesrrement 1. Narale resistance ander (Liner potentiometric iplacemen transect) 2, Voriblendotneeasduer(LVDT- Lins Visible Dien Transfoes) 3. Wiiableretucance displacement ansicer 4 Lia variable capactane tarsdocer 5. Piezoelectric taneducee. letcient Transducees for Angular Di Measremer Argular potentiometric placement tanscet Sypato' and ese allt angular digplacement rane [Ans : RID stands for Resoatce Temperature Detector. It {2blke known ar Resistance Teemonctr The pnp of ‘peraon oF RID isha he resnane of he onder ais ‘tithe vacation in tempertre The amount of change ‘ccd inthe eistance canbe ven b. BALE THOT OT honct AP) ‘Where, eth eae at to temperaive and ptr conan. ‘The wala of caren esstace smeared wit ihe Ip of Whetstone brie cea The ou volage ofthe rige gies the mete of th change in resistance of RTD ote angen tempers when peopel aired. ‘G41, What aro the muterlas used In resists thermometers? Anes Moa Papers, 201 ‘The materi wed in ssistance thermometers are Patina, Neel Tage copper and Nickel oro Alloys. Thee mers have pave temperature coeficient of Tristan fe, theyre OF hese metal inreases a5 the tenpeie nares Panam es usd mari known a plains esse pment which platinum rgd she seing 4. Variable inductance tansducer Rotary Variable Dif Transformer (RVDT) 5. Angular vibe capcance ansbues. Sy SPECTRUM ALLIN-ONE JOURN? ce fp tnown as etic renstne theron, 11 roReveneERING STUDENTS), TSH! Scanned with CamScanneraa: ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION [JNTUtY pe 48 ‘Q12, Whatare the advantages and dlaadvantages of | Q14, What are the applications of LVDT> iV fe Sng te i ein yy (PARTEB) e888y questions wird soLuTIONS ; on 5 : apace (0 woTinaes neve ie pen, SIFICATION Br DAMG MA mei [etSeoniel coca aot A Coho dfontpe ot unica cstedWauan nw anert panes aonb 2 Provides fstesponse ‘Secu oupa at era by them? Give examples foresee are Jn} Sabogal mene gh bape, o neneenttnreientttow | ee , mayne 2,809.08 4. Sizes small and cost is tow. " OR, Gi) LD em be med ome weigh uc and cut trent 5. Lead-wire compensation is not required bel ‘exerted by liquid in a tank. ™ pefine transdi and discuss di types of transducers. aos popers 0) Min steve ad can wittnd elec! and| (a) embed omar td cn cosine Oo Nealundban aed ig, Mt ec untiv Qh 2. Cantewed withing sisunce messing cies, | () ean wed mee eon nao hr mB rutan ip ita nein be in eee ‘G15. The output of LVDT Is 1.45 V, at © anciple te. how the input variable is being converted ino capacitance, cesisance and inductance values. These Tees hoes Tanucemenestvendoraompaeming Ta cqadine matey omnes ed aetenasicesi ey oo ot tnasrty i asian aa i's oe Famke o Coe Tanda > tee Determine the linearity at a gh S035 Tpekecik gauge 3. Problem of ‘ageing effect’ (ie. there is an increase in Sian oad, icles aur eee Abe resitace ef these whch te ene). Anes trem ) Tito - ‘GIS. Wat are the mers and demerits of constant | venta, Cepactormirptone Mwnwede menue, Lempert atod ovr cosa een Taos = LAS Nene Incorrect at emia oi ithe asim devi fae. = = ane ety, 83.080 fen ofTeS. =tay Trample of Rese Wansdocer = ei T.] Resistance themomever sed in the mensarement of, 1 Reco emprnee melo nae | Tete ed en, cog wit snore mea sh : nse ie very Main ny) Ae Une meaneeert of 2 IHean be used 10 measure the flow rates of raphy vee C | Acree ans | 2 238 op Ld 3. The constant curren method requires the cuentto be Las Examples of inductive Transducer [Applicaton hand mains ate eee ee aaa] Taco Tame : ‘velocity of flow. This causes the sensing clement (bot poets t2et] am G@) Presnue seike aunt) t0 bum fthereisany sudden decrease | Q46. Acopper constant thermocouple witha 37h | ® Viomsons iets formieandb= ase tonvec thee {i este ‘Whereas in constant tempertire method there is 20 and the cold junction T,'s kept in ice Cony | ()_Diplacetent ‘robe of buming of sensing element if the syseen eaulting ems. Mognetosticion euge Letom 's povided wit feedback mechanism which ses oe | AMS (6). Fore ‘tratasnataly drepeto veel fens | Geni, iy Fes 4b an panic compat an = 7510 avec a tay, Where th cont eat ea he ® ive Tass Sie ny eel excaton pve i eel ee pent network nedsto Be eset for cvery change raiieaaras nal toon oe SRomeve Demers Trample ofacine Teneo: 1. This method fed o meas flow res of sea T] Phowonstaceet «iY hatin ghee velocities bir ‘Thee developed is given by, (Gi) Voedin soarcells. 2 Mata suet tiemperatre is to be doc ifthe ars plar)? 2| themecounle Used meas, ‘ystems at provided wih an approprisefedbeck Bary () Temperssre 23+ + he fim sted ov vy high tempera anges, =37510%+ 1006450 10000) (Radin sine colagarghomte Sosa \20mv tin Hef. _ FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS — WARMING: eaten € {y/SPECTRUM ALLINFONE JOURNAL F gaia: GT warmer seme ogy te pen ID) ane : Scanned with CamScanneros ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION [JNTU, Pane Tramideers _Tee wanes Whi ere extemal excitation to prvide ter oepu ae referred 8 Pasive Wana Examples of ase Transducers ss ~ cy, ‘Dado nese Tudeh Unedto meanee tempers esr, islcemen Used ome petre, ibn, poH6n,dplcerny (i) Analog and Digital Transducers ‘Analog Transducers: The tansdacers which ‘eon ton fad es nal tat produces hi ouput in alg frm O orm which gg oes 7 o Primary Secondary Traneducers, ‘Primary Transducer: The rasdacer which send noth measurement ad conver into note aie ‘ein and whose ouput fers the input of sce ancl as iar wansdecer Repay, (9) Traisducers and lnverse Tansdoce ‘Transducer: A nese. ssatanedece, eve which meses and converts none varable into elecrical varie | Used io means (Temperate (i) Radiation (G)_Beat Now _ ea! arena s Freseleti cyst [repens —| \ © Pressure | (i) Vira (i) Aeserton ~ {9 Sox tine passve and active ransducers and give an example ofeach ait " de tet 3, 30,010) 1 anc Te sas cheese ce 1 ater, eth edie sewers roure oer sbe eed wae owed esi fons oe camp ef pone ia A cnstne tances ce eto mnie i ies {Regine nmin The becomes mane pee pat {Ry nds tubes Te arb mene pote seen int cent sot te tea rag a yt m ps Tiare Ree Tatar ‘his potentiometer is used fore game! mewsizene {x Theta lengh of POT = ‘Thetoal ester of POT =, Input dispiceneat= x, ‘Then he vesting vakag ot the outpt E, 2 Aetve Trans ‘The transduce which doe not equi any enteral exc oped hi up (Fr hie ‘perton) ae refered as active taedace Inactive tanscey,he negy Rede o generat thet ouput oained {fom he pyszl parameter under meanuerent Since hese taser Gc ot we ny salary sore ad genre tieawecunentor voluge out hese ae ako krona eneting pe tanec Some of th cxample of eve wasdacen ae, (0 Pho voc cel tis tet in ight meter, slr cel, (G) Thermocouple insed fr meatremest of enpertieraition het ow. (ki) Pemlecric cya It eed foreseen! of acelin vibra Peandlecri Crystal A pieso cece ental ted inthe mesuement of celeron shown in fig (2). Mass ‘Meal eewodes ‘chs ‘OFF vase Bae |p Figarea Panetta 2 SPECTRUM ALLIN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS =")TUHUINNTD Scanned with CamScannero ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION NTU ty = = nite = pi clos clip even vo malic cee he il aca ARG cial sbot ano he top eel ams inc Acorn Oe ene ele icin ea Systehna mec oe upset pase ofa 5 Whe eas ae ‘Sinctsurl is applied oth bse, he mae proce some fre (on crystal on aco of elation sy ‘Therefore the esa genet vig which propionl o force ext AS SMH BENS the ay “Tas apiez-leue secermter conn the np aecelerato int ecco wou empoygg J, opty sore. Teer, is conser to bean tive wader or sel geeaing tans, Se ae sagan ra ape a oS + on “The ade, wich re cs depending on he pe of up pode ae termed a nt tenses “Q ‘alog Transducer: The tastier which proces its opt in asog frm oa form which i continous, isfefored as amlogrensducee nee at ‘ings “Ts tsi block arangement ofa alo waster is shown ing (0 2 roy Nesunnt Frmay [Quite FFamaxaee | Eéerks! | dae seme wna” | "men [eT] CF) Fier Bas Black Diagram of a nao Teansocer carpenter neers sea ie oe a, Lethe pinay seri an cate entero dram an te api Easrand i xe ot pees, cattle Space ran ards ha dacs oss te ques cng! ‘melectojecascl wantarrsemsuyed ss tandacon ment. Tae sslog taste messes geo Sicenisine sia! absence ttre "eros ‘Sin page Toad mee, Ty Displacement (i) Fore (i) Tore. Used mesure (Tempera (0) Flow Digit Tranaducer The idee wtih roduss is ouput ie iil frm ora orm f pulses i refered ax ial de | ‘The tasibock arangemet of digital transducer is showa ae 2). essuned [heaig | Amie | Digat espa soos er[ee e oe Bey ofp ase Adal ene empis an amis editor inion ‘When the quaeity wo be measured is . spp, he arloganedcer measures th i se ent gm eee ens te input and produces an equivalent, Pt. The analog to det convene then cavers the anlog ou into sequen dgial spel, | Examples oDigat ‘Applications Transducer Turbine meter red ow measure ‘ieating sing transducer | Used io meatus force Dig enoders ‘Used to ease rotary or _ lies motions WARN IG: Neehcia bai aCRMNAL 0 Aye oy LABLE wc pen es pa factors at fluence he slaclon oe Marea a Tan ere, Apa, eo Se openag ace ees ss cplasecdy btamsntsweeeare rece Rage: Tiered a te (entabine penta Md raen Dey eae eat eee eg ane wre tg wi ny wee finer monet cae se ee liivuumine teen ene Ser tne ih eee eet mii. Because ert may occur due othe ‘epithe tansdoer 6 othe mh ‘Sevty is also a desirable charceriic ofa 4 Sithueer Every tansdcershosld be suficenty ‘hie to provide some out can be suit ve high degree of sabi during ts neon and The sor fet shoul aso hive a igh gre of rei Une and Rogedees: The rggsdeesy, size and Uneghie s eanducer sald be cesen depending on Ube postion nick iad 4. Transient Response and Frequency Resp he transducer should have fequived ime domain ‘ecientons suchas, seing tie, eine, peeve ‘Boot and sal dynamic eee. A. Lending Ertecta: 1 i considered in order to et nur eaing eects (wth ean be eget). Foc ‘hth transducer shuld have lw utp impedes sabi input ingeéance crcl Parameters Thereqement fre pe snd Jeng cble alto oie rato when the arse Suse wit ampifers andthe rocks of equeey response should alo te considered ‘ality to be insensitive to unwasted signals (rte ily tobe sestive to dered ina) Envionmerial empty State Character The ected wansdce should Tae low hysteresis, igh inary and bigh slain. 4.2. STRAIN GAUGES - BOUNDED, UNBOUNDED 2t, Discuss the principle of strain gauge and describe sg MP Pe ore wound an gE Principle: The wotkingpiciple f sain gue depends 08 49 of the ‘neal conductor wll get compressed, and resistance of ‘uedactr changes dae fo change ini length and amet Themof cing teeing, wl reteset lagi ete een ‘resistance ie, a wil give the unit changein resistance. From these th ug ator (Gf strain gauge can be define s5per unl change nesta divided by per vit change i (Bonded wire stain gauge (Untooded ett stain gnoge © Bonded Wire tala Gauge ‘Construction and Working: Bonded sain nage oe diectty plhcd or tended onthe sufice ofthe device or component SWheh is sibjeeted o sess or which is under stay, These Suna gauges agin divided ino Des pe, camely meta Tol staa gages, oe wire sin gauges, semiconductor sain ge. The gure (1) shows the meaiiement presi OF ‘Sain sing meal eilbonded sain gage. de scape tind gr Maa Fl Strain Gauge Area olsen gage of 0.02 rms bonded on the suice of he devie under observation, When a fee ot ‘restr applied to the devi the physical dimensions of ‘vill arg: Since a metal ol sin gauge is pated. its furac, the dimeric of eta fol sin suse change, Shieh ease ito changes estnce The mean of ange TRresstance wil econ the mene of applied pressure ot force, Thischangeintesinance an be measued by consecting this page noe othe arms ftlsced Whetstone ridge St showe i gue (2), This conection makes he bridge treo utalnce ad seme carpal vlage willbe generated, thie gives ibe yl of essance, Ts menured esistance Fieoresisive eet, hen a stesso force apple 18 “SPECTRUM ALLIN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS | reshaped fre Scanned with CamScanner aFee a) Speciation: “Dic soe Typical 3 mm 3m, bt om nes Wiser tun euna12 7m “Resstnce 120.20 1000.2 Masini excintion voltage +5 V to TOV. erin mt ->Wickel-coppe, Nickel chromium of Nickel-Ferrous alloys, et ‘Advanagee 1 Accuaeytmre 2 These canbe dain dierent shapes 3. igh esti and high abil. 4. vet onda ean de 5. Conmease hgh presses, Disdvantage % Teseae sense to chang changes intemperate. Applications 1 These canbe we along with ie ransdces fe Aires spies. 2. Canke used in te splctions of sess nai @Unbended Mita Strain Gauge Construction ané Workag we Fn: Ueda Stain age ELECTRON MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION LUNTU yg, The unbounded 30 EE I page ae een eee teva ins eh ted ee rt pccns aria etee : Scan SSoirrerieeentie bo teats ener nanrorest fame BT SN (isan com sion ofthe Seine ‘Sees tsresstnce chang. Deo thiscang ANY Shalit wiantrcicsN en a ees Sheva ned ue sent ‘Species “pase -+0€63mmindanee any Reice 120035016 tn0 Maxi excaion oko + 5 Constecin meal Netcom, teense ‘vantages 1 hw gre sc. 2° Tha gtge cas eed he ge, Disnvanee Aovteton 1, Cab abled ithe niin seri od face. ed thoes he enge Cn ‘iene duis meee ses egy rae tanta cre ‘Gaz Detine strain gauge classily ectrial strain gauges, nia mi 29 hag rege more space, 0 OF ea, 2 and ea ‘Strain Gauge * aa Te emia doctnng | steer tie cence ma ‘tems chee eet te hres cheer | ‘ee topcase ‘hr sti ae nee Sn “oregano \aglndgric a eer ee ‘Sen mghond sos eraser ome otc onus nner Scie et See any of ice peel Bernie erase soa eed | pana ieanne were eae beneie 6 | a They ar senstiveo temperature They extibichytrsi Wann exten MeOH And iy eter carga JDO ‘rensducers Seno en Stan Gage ec an EGE IE ia re mpy qe Wire ees 2. Foilsamees 4 Unkoodd sin eupes other tpes of tin gauges under his etgory Toe once and tin lm Bags Antes way we tn ae an Gb sed po he ange ene oar hy bd pei ae resin ges worn es: These are avallable in bonded and NytSnded tr In bonded type, the stain page ey pasted oa he suce oh race det sate he sean enue one Set adheses se ‘Ro hich ae seperate for toneng Sen Ho tsar to he euge wie, ‘hese geese basal faved in our ais ‘wire Ga ne {@)_ Fist id wire sxope (@) Weop around wie gauge (©) Single wire sige (Woven ype gauge. Flat Grid Wire Gaoge In ft ri wie ernest foe wire fs aronged nthe form ofa gid (ound fuck and ford) and then pasted on 2 oekng mate (ex: epoxy, pape el) withthe elpof adhesive ae ‘Sowmin haute (1). Tansee i's case change Invcusance tibeend ofeach seton where he wet {Ee loopedaround By maining ng loops Iivimum or joing thm with sore mteral ich x Tes senuiveto sain compared o acti mati ed Inthe fabian of eaue the cons-sesviy can be diced, ‘nerder to getmaxinu wns sa om seucre Ader sto gauge, he gd stare hold be pled ‘Selves postiew the srunce under tes. Tas abo Feige to main the meres and creep inom, » Fla Gre Gage o Fire Wrap Aron Wie Ge + Sawraparound wie gauges the fine wie wound ona thinstporalaicned be of ape These ean bemiade ‘salen engi forsome value oresstance compared toa gdp However, ia hs pe the wire grids in planes, he [age at very high surface tienes. Duet this creep Sd hysteris areas ‘Sine Wire Ganges Titype of wie gauges re msnly designed t avoid crom-senilvity faci. These are formed when ingle wiesae sche oss and aid shown in ee) In dr to avid loping of the same mata hick Copper wie re atcha (welded) the ends. Due © ‘ha ero sent edu Fare Ge Slag Wire Goape Woven type Gauge: Tis ages fered when ile Insult eureka wire i wound a the weflon ae ‘orrayon wrap. These snags can mcae Ie sin Shale ued cary ote on lesan ais. Teste (wp) ‘sik subied wee Figare Woven Type Goo »srermou Loe soo ran ancien stent TEND Scanned with CamScanner(pit pater a Tormed wih & ery oi (2 tne mater wed for wie gauges ol sown in gure (3). Dotto ler surface arent et ‘of rostsetiog ri i his «higher hestdispton {apa and hence beter heal sabi, The ria repos excl. Ines ups thei noses concentton atthe terns de fo the sbence of jones arn, te bof the gauge ges nereased Fol anges of cole per of ony small az an beatae by vue of fhe veal potocherial eehing process Backing us) Sage eat Coppa coaed Fir Fall Soaia Crone 3 Unbonded Straa Gauge As uabonded sin gruge Sensis ofa resistance witesoeched between wo frames, one being movable and eter aed one This Bugis shown in ure (©. tice Fig: Uabontt Sala Gage ‘ppl denna he wie, (Leash 25 me © Dianeer—25}1m ‘Tiere wre he succhedexpoecesan incest ese era ven ove ofa Teche es "ed expen foe sd ies nes end tM ne pose drecn dosti reverse. Ths ope of ‘esd an men ery smal mas ofthe od of on and vey sl foes. Tie ruse can te sed meant Sis, resale (G23, Wirite the desirable characterslica of Bonding Characteristics he istics of bonding Ana The mal wed od (s)he sin ete atc of te deve uch © ced nee ‘mbich i under study is known as bonding material. The bonding, materials are also known as adhesives, 1 cement hermseting cement spec ermc cone, ‘ais nto celtae ae one of he Co . be camps of ening ‘The bonding material usnsmit the stain from the ances ay Seer So ea noe MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTETO“CTTUHYO tng, sr tice ey event to OTe entg on me ae Fae oc ed he ng ae e ‘oem @ gy nea ec ie Castes is omage teak ei oo heaneaterecher apg oo Sate ete wim strain gauge. Teoma 843,070). Auge, St G7) Arye "3 Sec Seningipecnsiss af metalic wie cone ‘ans imter and in appropiate length, The tesianee irs given by, oe fate “0 Whee, P= Resisivit of materi of conc, Le Length of vie A> Cross-sectional ate of wie Wheitissiaed wine las ni er of the wire will change due to, a 1. Dimersionl changes (L,4) 2 Change in valu of esisivity his propery eed Pezoessive ee, Taking logaihm on bth sides of equation (wep log R= log + oe log A Difereniating te above equation, we ge, 8 oan D = CN Warns: centrer ek CRMIAL set. nyo ed guiy i LABLE a face LEGAL pee 2 aneducers ya - ‘ups Higher the ug ato mores he OP. Ae a uy GD “@) nena lashed lng ses th Wcegodnal sin and is ameter eres ston 2 ent e's dnd iste o a o suai ion in ution we et wal 8 aT ay ssituing be shove vain cgatin 2,06 cae ry ob at, = Maer #2. thaary Dring ear aint $e aee _ doin aU abit sie arn -raeterm 2 cated page te (@) ofthe saa GRE cle page fo) ves 20 s1v2re[ i) Tete £010, represents pzoresinve eet aie Foralltho wires rovn fom meals und metic allo Poison’ ratios taken 03, peso rene eet ales en fr metal. ‘The pial ale of supe tei, G-14240340=16 G= 1.6 formes 413 ARR ‘BuL Sin (aR=a] ‘G25. When a high value of gauge factor Ie desirable, ‘what typeof strain gauge should be used and wy? (©) Explain it working (6). What are ite specific advantages? ® When ahah candor sain au sete, Wetzow take genera equation forte gree factor (eth seatvig) of ram guage is ives ane ie = ER aye r On aa at wD) ARR BIR contusion can ail" tbe denothat lively high change inepsitance wil renin high ale of noe ncte In metalic resistance strain gauges, the change in esisunce ecu ily doe changeinensions Sncthe change in esi almost elie Hence equation (I) ees, G=1+2" ‘analy, Pasion ao v= 03 (or most ofthe meals ‘woking i eae) “The gauge factor can be improve, if the change in tert aap in elect alike elie pugs nsemiconcior sein gauges, Svhen strain appli he thange in esiance occurs Tan due to pezorenstive effect. The change in Feit Gotan irknownas pesoressiveetec. ens or seizondtoreingniges theterm #218, From the given eaton, aut comes infect in gauge fro equtn. asa OB ie, ghtsave 218 Sie avene ‘Where, = Piezo-eisive coeficient oang’s mothe of elacy ofthe ‘ester ~ [SPECTRUM ALLIN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS ) Scanned with CamScanner® ©, “a Be evans of he material i monty fected by renin relatively high pug ctor orhiph ens. ‘Terre he rug cr (O)ofesemicondcer sin fig fr 30 mes ta ofthe resisace (wie) ain Gauge itr oft rdf 1040 150 ae also chieved Dy saable dese. Hence, the change in dimensions, doeto sin iscosiered negligible n suchas, | Semicondate Stain Gauge Atpica semizondstt Sain gop sored by che semiconductor ecology {ey te semiconducting wafers or aments lene ‘yng fom 2 manta lO dens 0.05 em tte bonded on slab suatig abst (recap {eloa)- The gil esd reunaly employe forking leecal conta Theelecodes reformed by spout poston. The assembly i paced in a rtective box ‘sthown inthe gute Bel : Ans Fp: Sinetron Coe ‘Thesoin sete clement oad y he vemicondutr Senin ug az the omicondrer mac such Sioa geen ‘Wes the tin isapmleothe emia element a lage ofehinge i eine spar wih ean be ean lp cfs weatsone dp: Tesla 2a be measured hgh ee of sry de ‘lively ph hangers Ate compen semiinito sain gauge ante wed to meanne allt ft oer cf 10° Ths pe of euge wil have» ue fac of 130 = 10% fora semiconductor mate of linens 1 0.3 * 0008 inch ving te estan of 350.8 Advantages of Semlendacor Strain Gauge The page fcorof semicon sin ues ve ick owes 130 vm ‘They we win masueent of very sl seins of te order of 01 microstin det te ig pn ae The high ei Semiconductor sin nig exis very lw ysis i ler tan 0.09%, ake ‘Thesenicondctr stn pgs much high ox butts as sabe asa metic stain gauge awa ey 1 He ala fig life, 10» 1 operaton cn operations canbe ‘Tey can be manufactured in very small sizes hei Jengts ranging fom 07197. mm, oe OE wana: ms E ec ot SCRA Aid ty ABLE a pr ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS AND It 26. A stan 309° PAVING *Fsistang, INSTRUMENTATION [JNTU.Hy, comer — nda gauge factor of ‘iin food resistance of 500 ¢ cate Rea rans we RANSDUCERS i force T! 7 je 13 int measurement fore wg rem Determine te change Th output ee ot 150 Nm ppg, ee wt ‘of elasty 1s 200 GNI’, wt cad el thd fc mene — aod el method of ace ori nh fe aang cp, he pi erin Het PIE lance by wa ceo at pou The psoas ooh dovnd few taser OY Pe ad ety, Sesto feed er fe ON pneumatic load eel arangement uses Rappernozle system, a nan ic supply regulator and + fein of sin Be. R=250q pti a a von ye Gauge factor, G,~ 2.8 onl este, #3000 serge. 20 Se 9-150 aN oda fess, = 200 GN Chins noo vaage, => ‘estge oom ein pur en, pie os yon a esr Tsing ny Sirssip) Flasicty(e BTS<10* The change in revisance, ARs, ARG xExR £28675 104280 ak- 0525.0 | ‘The voltage seoss the sain gauge under the saat nition is given by, Reak 2 Vxf Beak a (wit) ~mf 2040595, ) 35040525500, ¥,=66759 Therefore, the change in cutpt voltage is, avn¥-¥ = 66739 ~ 6.6667 =92% 109 ' ter + | es, ig: Panama Lud Call. ‘When the unknown force i applied to the top ofthe iphrag, te diaphragm deflects towards down. Therefore the tarp moves downoards and closes the opening of neze Ais supplied though ana pressure egulstor 6 the ter side flapper sb off the morale opening, te Yack pes nreases inthe system. This increased back etl the diphagm comes back ots preloaded. es the amount of fe dnpragm. Since . sue alo ats onthe disphragm. Now, the air pressue valve eplted Fein. At is balanced stage of diaphragm, te pes indcaed by the pes meter esse BRU) 5-10" kg with an acurey of 5% f the rani sae Se apie “Thismeihd can be used fo mane orcs orlonds we? ‘Ga expan brie the construction and worklng of the hyraule force meter and also explain i applications Invarious measurements. ans spond, $83.08) ser: The pipe of opeton of kalilo els when afore is Me coca preanur senna fe apd be hen Cousruction and Working of Hydraulic Force ‘pid ona uid media, the presse ofthe iui ‘lied. Th figure below shows the baie schema ‘OUSPECTRUM ALLINONE JO nyc load el. es also known as a hyéraulic plunger. URNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS |) Scanned with CamScanneryeti Fur Hn Land Ce Hull dina closed chamter whose beet 1.5mm. The rea be measured spieden be apg. The applied fee moves te dsphapmedowvare Sed hus lose he canbe the tp. The preset the fii Increses due othe appli fre Thine in prs of the iad measured by employing mechanical or lect ‘ese gage. When ulloodiapoiedthe mani of 05 ‘am deflection oer. This tp fas eel can rane force ‘to SO eens. Thisiype oad el ives gond azure and ‘olin when the ce about 20 ee, orem eng, al od ell uses 200 Pa reser a he pln Appleadoas of Hydra Force M ‘Wis wed for mearrement fees 2. Iv alo ted intra mesrrement syst eng ‘sda resp Ieisappliable for bigh impact landing ppiatos. Inisused for measuring very age res of hone of Megs Newtons 2 (G28, Explainhow aloadcallisomployedto measure slate and dynamic force ‘Ana (steps, S03 or Ante. S407) Primary devices tenable measurement of static nd dai oes rekon ad el ‘Load cls se elatc member a primary deve rid sin pug secondary device inthe mesucie of ae td namic forers. The loael whch vers acateer bam, (Clatc memter) as primary tansdcer nd sain gue ss. ‘scondaytandaceris shown in fe (2) and), RR f URS Fert Conover Lena 8, R,—> Sti Googe In ewe (1) Ry Ry Ry A, ce = Re Ry A, se he ssin yauges. The ‘Sennepecced yh Sai pigs Rad oppose a sain has experince by gauges ft The asangement of es stain gauges nthe arms of Wheaton Ieige is shown below. % xP | & = Fr sie ie alee Ton ate Mana cc atshe root ofthe canteve seo Furth Arngent ot Gg e Why Ie fare(2) when fe is ap a ean vb wih hth esse othe up ntt Sieve te comecedintharms af Whee eae Teigstecomesunbalaced ard produces ete trgh ng pe ond Cal ate Element) Tishom Not std 08 “The principe eed forthe measurement of fore by onli echnigaes at, 1. Balance principe 2 Foret peice conversion piel. Intalsceincpe tfc tobe measred ible ‘byalnonmeerinquntiy stan the value of unxown oe ‘deerme rom the amount of talaning quantity resed tobalance the fre. Talore to pressure conversion peal, the unknown ‘ores convened no pss. Tis rere is measured and ‘teste ae of urn fre is determined Bom he ease of is presse Basedontbeabove pris, he oe devies ed for measreet oF force ae foW5, (@) Balance ype fre measuring device (i). Mya and pesmi lsd cel. nce Type Force Meavaring Device: The force ‘esting device hse upon he picple of lance irl snpl lever systema shown a gue (1) elon This system consis of afd esting ona Pvot sa ceria pit slog its eng ror re rt Bue eer Syste “Te fre to be menue it applied on ne ofthe ol, ince "Lr the pivot. Ts makes the eet ‘em oe unbalanced To balnce he sytem, a mss ‘known value 'nipacedon the ote endothe, Sa dance om the pot, At Bale, te lever yom sates the loving eoaion Mier, _2= Aceleston dof pavarsia constant “Toeuntnown ce can beeline rom the above thlineeqaon Hydrule and Paeumati Lon Cells The byaulic thu poeunatis lon cll re naleeie type free Inesing devices, which provide he mess Force Interns of peste. © ex ws uP ARMING: eoiPccpig of bo CRNA et Ayn py LEE fa ESA roc “ ep fives alo ppd np Here ce SPS y Xue ah eo essen be uhegt ne fe dvi ee npr See ease fh i nd mie ee rerrthch aed ice ins Sree Satta yee ra Koce Bena he pin fice ca ee Acrtewcnge Trane nse cnet Srna pneicuge ne ® Suny foe Pca meee Pk afk form ofrings, diaphragms, stip, linden ce" 88) | 1. Asay Landed Mee: The mene figure (3). ™ tomy, ‘gore (5: Ring Type Elan Member ’ pet fies Yan t | Seine s0=396isgenty, \ e023) 2 L | biame eg | | etetons inthe reins of Vand Hae sve ” vat F | 5-982 Fare itt namie | sew Tresein and sts re given by e 4 Ormgont Rlag Type Lead Call his is ow in smine fom Pra \ ' a site, = 2 | Wes, “ 7 Piste oe 7 A isthe area of cross section N“ Fis the Young's modulus, 7 : Liste mentrtngh | iw Opn Rg Te sofa ‘Canever ype Loed Cen ase iene Ti! _Tevderio revealing ofthe ing feminine ‘evppe tod el ocupo peng ue That lac chnhr ified witha (Cul ofan hepa ofthe haber ed Srinedigtagn ete bumaledge aber Sineenacroiaue a) Te fee ote meals idonepo be dapizegm Du ob mesion ‘Flee Oe Uphogm pt ccd nd dreary ‘bony tts eae one ia The pose ‘SPECTRUM ALLIN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS i H00000000 Scanned with CamScannerTales comeced ote dumber indner eens! tig pressure crestedby te fc. Very ge feces ff De over of eta newton can be measured by ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION WNTU.Hya, todleeel re ‘Th pecumati ood el Ei fs iaphragm tne ccdofischamter anda sazlestthe eer endar chown inte figure below The harris provided 3 sonny of ‘Wen now, fc i plied on the dah the peng deflects: Dut geecton ote dap, ‘epi betnen he orale andthe apap change Asarethe ai pressure nth chamber aso change reduces, the pressure inthe chamber A the gre Mani Loud cat ander pesre, Faw Fema ed al Apes dso sched be cunbe ees a pte ie ani Ti hor es en eased fom the mean of be a enue Foe Bite bene by poumatiloadele Ane Fac answer refer Uit V6, Constrction an Wo offre wing roving ings show below. re Provigo WARNING: rensPes rine sho CRA ne fe yi LAGE tae LEGAL pce roving rng? How is Wane measure force? ad ee The arangenentofmesiznent -xcclreng oF etangul eros i Senne NG : sae ieee whch ea toe te see tli exalt an tc ed ee see eos pepo am kek Seguin vient anc Hae Seat etre eee rors he md rset eae iSined Mane entog eee emer of te delecinoltescteng neat ‘the amount of foree applied. mahi at nerdertocbain the fc intern oftege shoul ih te ag, he rent sold be eld eee ug etal messuement proces, sted of ge gg rangement anLVDTean lobe edtoinc Some oa ing, ottering on Thinmethadcanmeast the dete of £0500 seston ee type offre measuring device which works ore linuron ‘the sping (along the axis ofthe spring) i directly copaciance dere copie ine Cir Fc Cpt Tanner ning the Pic of Cae ‘apctane det Choge in Oralaping Aa le fb @ ~ WARNING: ewer tRNA ty i y : : ABLE fe LEGAL pce r , oven 0 ee haar fee eprom eae nsec tn Sere aye ed ae st machete fe ment at Ine Ps rom Figsre (1s he capacitance of parle plate oto 1 = Leng of overlapping aren f plates b= Widh of verging of aes cope Ta Sian bomen he Pate spe owl pse geen a Yd aCe Tansueruig he Pri hag in Cateace Duets Chang itn betwen Pe “The capacitor operates on te penile of variation of agate dao vanaton n dstanceReween ps, ees ‘Gband te ote is movable, From eqnen() hs Cleat fore capacace of thet pte caper vets fpororionl to the distncebetmeen the ples. When the ovale pst moves owas the fed pate or moves aay fre he Fined plate with respect wo ape displacement, ie tetince once the pas and ence apse change In tise the resprse sno liner Hee, ised mesete cays cisplcement 0 (GW) Capackive Transducer ung the Est of Vis DN ire: Capueiee Transeo ‘Capitan dt Chang ine Corset 25 Taine ncigtenaeonr septa nnnaseonemano SOEs nema fescue whan ye rete epirwtnpesittict Tn satiete cpt cetuset 0 ‘When the diclectic material moves towards left by isan the eapaiance vases Hom C10 SC. cvac~eatareee Ate cede bret (melt seve -0 ee H¢-5 ‘Thus te vavion of apie isiely proprio twapplied placement Measarement of Angular placement ‘Acapctve uansucer working othe principle of change capacaer due to change in ea of plates canbe ‘sed for anpurdpacement measurement One such ype of ‘ender employed inthe mesurement Of angle pace seis shown i fie. Fate soe iar Capac Taster ng Chg a ret Pats “The above shown cpucivetansdvcer cons to ines ofthese wo plates one in movabe andthe teri xed ‘When the rngul dsplcemento be measure is applied he ‘movable teh arn betwern he vo pe changes which Bum changes the apacanc of the opctve tense fo € “Gorecrauw ALM ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS) TD Scanned with CamScanner(GT warn: reece sta CAMINAL st Aoyoe foud ptye LIABLE tac LEGAL preceding = ans ELECTRONIC MEASUREMEN Ti cpctcs will be mania when 8= 180° opie onlp ech oer oly Maxim ezaiance a ‘Teale ofcapciane sang ie givens, Wee © Anuar dlcemet Gini) vow, x Sersvin, $= eras 4 Sepia nncy popriatoaa (==? ‘24a. Explain the measurement of asplacomentusing RW ( Plezo-tecttc transducer (Gi) Haitettect transducer. os (RYDE: An RVDT is wl io conser he angu i cert nee signal The cesttion and ‘oting oC RVDT i sme a hat of LVDT exc at ‘temple acam shaped core a shown Spee (0) ea Fee Chet Diagram 2 ET Saft a 4o ‘Thecam hp cr ae been is nd sendy windings wien aed shat whe ‘Ses dspnenent hw be eu. A eval poston etl anc of vlog wil bs uscd Sn cnn wines Te en ‘tou lage ane, When angle difcenet ‘Soper wtage wil fe eed ne ‘Ts til apt age ih incase of sgl dapscemen Ths te nen Seren an pene andeupawioons Wentestatratsincodwie decor ees ‘volag increases in on ite ‘ties deci The apenas tin, The opt vag nctesse ith anopposi ae ITS AND INSTRUMENTATION LINTU-HY Dg, ania nine inoenby eA sa ie whee te deceon > ‘phase ofthe output voltuge Kom oe (Rarer prt Tepe, Sere alae ren dort oy podem eee reuters Simian epee Granth noapent lone = ay Fire ceil cetera ern ae aca Chane, =X, ‘Whee X= care serv constant Mm Tee ouput volge ars the eos gene, | @ Bre | Eqaaon 2) it obaine, ifthe pczoeled ayy haves pcr From egatons Ky a Ks, | | ad | | | 1), we ge, 5, Wher, = Bone Capacitance of he ens in x = & = Wohagesensivty const. There the cup voltage arose the crise ‘redo hoow ti ale of apple fore hee the lee ‘Therciaonshipbereen applied force and deforma isgvenan, Force re Wher, 5, =dfermatin | E> Youn’s modules of ihe erystal materia A= area of he eye materi hae, Therefrethe amount applied "Thickness of he rst materi rv ea ute 3 a ; 3 cer vo 0 nc F eaenenotaneale Ta at reall icmp ssn clea Sts Napucsemiinamatcrae | mugen tints ctoenetn ok p Mesa vamteae MNT MEM Ore tec elbc haa je nis we ah, te et Con sie ough edi, A ots Wa ee enon eat 52 endorse bed 25 the Condcive pe el eit er ne neon Plate mars eae ee 2 ancsindnensonsofamatc scenes nee tenascin ie (r= Fig ustons a feromagneic scr having peomanent ope The abe cement sped imide pele reeset magnet ‘Now sth postin of Zromaprt pleas 10 am ret shanged the ed seg of ea 9 ‘a ees lament prese changes So the ovipavollge produced atthe Hall effect bei propanol 8 moznetc el seni he Bp Teepe to cslcemet of feromapeti it wih (Gebrctire Sell mensremert of so 0620 rm can be tesa by thi Half waradce, 45 RESISTANCE THERMOMETERS (41, Deseribe the working principle of platinum, tesistance thermometer in deta ‘ns Plsioum este hermorerisbasicly metalic: nance thrmomee n whch te pfu metals! dete sensing clement, bea oft ability 1 witsiond ih temperatises ad te se tine ning exelent sail ‘Metals sacha platinum copper, tungsten ond ice! une a pontine tempore coefficient of esse De "sas of hese meal ineresses asthe epee ES, ‘Mellie esses thememeiers provide lone em subi apd igh degree of acurcy and a uiabe for 427 ‘th busta and intl ppitions we plain we ‘be sesing cere af esistnee hemeterbcane of 8 aou adange. ‘The onstucton of pina resistance heroine ‘sshown in figure below. ate Fir Pinan Resistance Themometer tn constion ofthe resistance thermometer the temper senate reitance element (ain o eoppeT {Se} wich nthe fom ofa wie is wounded round allow inating ceramic former A protective cement i applied ver is commie former The ohne contacts reformed by ‘eligi caste soil ocapper ads. nordr ores the change in eine of the a whens subjected tempera hemor comevied fon ofthe arms ‘fe Wiettne bp ough the copper leas provied “Toprovle mechani engi an gily ndto rtec te tesane Bema aenbly fom contamination do 2 Net enpeies, the whole sembly poe na proetve ‘mel shea ‘The linea seisnee tempera celatoship ove 8 sempre ge sound OC (Ley 273K) sven, alan y= Ressance tC ‘1 Tempeatare lave 10°C emperieceticit of asset of fone n CUR)"C oC Fora change in tepertre form ff he lowing eloesbip ed. ARORA, where and Ra the resitnces at emperor andi respectively. Plum motel peered ove ike rd copper where, Besring lw temperate po OPC ‘SPECTRUM ALLA. ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS ee eee Sk Scanned with CamScanner428 ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION LINTU.Hy, a ar ry 2) Menteoctersstesupestenpemermaenes enorofs aN snvtl eden 8 rer, io Woferigh esitaoce a chemical aack and contamination thee providing lone abil, Phun esisance heron an be eroded eal wit igh degre of acy. Terperatire measurement with resltanc Uhermometsr. roth 802.2 nr Ma, An Foranower refer Unit 10, [Constrction and Working: Resistance hemor ae made the for of aso meta tbe which ‘wire wounded on acerami andl inside tad the ed ofthe resitane wire ae kep outside Ue cera [erences of he wie i mensed sings cre known a ts beg cel ihe proces of tessa! fe mS senna eat a ‘ot Fc: Manaramen of Temperature sing Retest Tarmomeet ly esume tht te bride isin the alate ceiin eh our eit soe bide are of eave adhe erertd temperate iso be determined and comet he ledge alle removing the eine of et ve meen eho omc ne ole tes brome ont eer Ae 10) He, esc hemor tht un ees ae What iempinweo he jose condom of ig, Tee ‘abe of enpenae wien calor ‘aphex 2 rs fe We | age stn ft i cute nc wie hangs wc cast nite proud cis needy he pteoone Shei Used inthoe proces where continuous meas Ui eres whee ein meen cont fener Advantages a to God aaney 2 Conn 3 Cantoued inverse in 4 Renwowes ine Goa TeapeneCompensaon rsa ee 2 He eat dno dee etn ie emo ‘Peferrable for large and small temperature neasurements s 9. Flexible device — ). Temperature differential measurements are od in = arid ing resistive lens, OE wan. , cn A "Petco CRMAL Ayn at yi LAL cE penn OD a) sonnet wt ioe at pee! of pone! ec nd ri ci Dicmatne So ee te rrentneyenes aia 7. Mestnsad tempera spin, _c ai bamitor Howiaiused ora 5 art ovo applestone? fey Tomi se we be cap temperate, Ui so reed thea br {28 _rnemistns or thermal rsbors ne made up of esi: sot caine he coppr ikea Fj union Wien ete cy wrens space oe oe eri eye es cere. Tis vn be ec ae nist wives the Measure ofthe change in temperature, seemt meta ns of hiss av te propery of eie eccrine eto bebe Se Tocer iene wit Scene apy 1 Secunrese iment The arpa se (wih apo pete nba se here gene ce i mn Tc ong lone he bemiarinencnc Gora an ay lag pled ween 220 Te ate te comes te emit me Serletnmeal he cing deseo set matinee meng dees ced ree Sea ode ile ssn eps) ch Boao don ssl oben show we, Te clgyetcminn ape sna ey 0015 Ciba dame Te amr one emir 429 ‘Working Tie cra weed wo measure emperstie ws ‘Germs is shown in ge (2). Here the testo sO nected one of the four are of he Whetstone dae. Fiore Merwe Toperetare ig Thermite ues enroute ‘magties own sade pas ought ensign A te thermo nd fina esisuace vale is eterined ‘ih Weston ride Then place te ermistrin tbe proces: Urmedia whee enpeftres tobe determined, When he te ‘ee ofthe proces ineeacs he emir sensing element [es hened wach ates esitane to decrease: Siar, ‘then he temper of the process decreases, the Fesistance ‘tthe hermitor seeing eloment crease. Tis variation a De essunce of tems Seal element i determined by ‘Wheaton tide Here the change of rian ie played bythe out vie ante dpayedsigal geste mezrenent of heen reefer wheat, The ean gra ‘racers of eso ae stan iG). @ \ ‘YOmm and the rod types are available in 0.03 t0 025 diameter, me | _nbereas probe types are available in 2.5 mm diameter. } i te j ~ | “ts ‘Rogar (3 Resistance Temperature Characteristics | me = gnats | = ce | Thy can be eecively wed fr he meee of ee | tom peo co of pe sad Coe soe | 2. Taye beet mene ea cindy ioral = 3. They are used in lectri circuits to provide time delay. | be 4 Theyeanbe api tan a ow pemee eter arg igre sar This 5: _‘Theyem bedi meine powers igh foie & “PECTRUM ALLINONE JOURMALFOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS ‘ Scanned with CamScannergg. "Laie a see. ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION (NTU.Hyp_ DP Beatie st 4:31 from he acer to the ps Due to his, te temperate of thehot wie seater Seresses which in tur changes fetesitanc, Friraiman 0 made up of caamisgpo NY Ta lotpur met eras. ‘Shoe tins constant temper mei ety shen the rerstne fhe bo wie ances a equred 2 faroshverstve Tempera Cetin (PTC) ands] 2. | Thermos wally Rave NEE Tp, 7 meme et sao cals eoctiient (NTC) ad aso \ebermsinined at constant value. For his purpose, he alae eeeclnt TC ee ae cated scne ‘icarent twin tseghe ing wiestoresedin et ‘oget back inilempertar and hence resistance te Herete amount ofcurest needed to manainthe temperate ad ence resistance 9 te sensing wie ania bes ves ‘Be fiow re of he Be ‘GAT. Draw te bridge crcultfor constanttempersture type hot wire anemometer and explain how urements are made. ermists hve good Securcy com ithe bes TD's ke psi esstance heroes] RTD md 4, RTD’ are used for renter temperate range ie, pe care. 4 | erst wed one ty compared RTD icy up 1c Ry thems alw ac a eng 6. fran oapa reo 2 [times wed inome pin, ses dan 0'¢ 9: | hear inrpenive 10)figvement a i bexing U1 tyosene nnn chin 5. |RTDY allow sai cable eg 6. | slow ups response 1 ® Ans: RTDs are used in india instalation pplitions Good epebilty ae bili. esa expensive 10 Law aout of sl hesing- 1 | pseses good ner carci, te Cente ara Mad ensenn fo For answer ele Ui, O46, Toi: Conta Te ‘he ht wir ane pae nie he pipe wo | Temperate oly ck diagram) sae tor of tes orig teoagh The eve | Mesvarements 9f Fe ee conned won of sms of Whetone en csemapinsf crema faw ep sete rt Ther, be Ylug son etd ei 4.6" HOT WIRE ANEMOMETERS seth on enn ang roa Be Ue pane wenn ot are anerometr wih nest gra. a ese pretan eon sere a “ “ Rng, Memkredtomieasenoncero tras Duewtintbe | Wi * oR | tte bot wie aso decenscs whci'an | __P is the power graced Q, be beat ansfer eae 0 ann tame oe How ea ro cveane Tas cange rca cn bt | Lae he al ee or eee as ee (p become unbalanced and the galvanometer deflects indicating The heat transfer due to the surrounding is due to forced ee Aerie ig, bevsofowete oie dnl convection, raations and condition o prongs Principe: When fui (ps slg) ows ove an elec ese sso ested wire, ‘besurhceorwiteto he id Hence, the eerste of heed wie destesies wih cases shang th cceured inthe rsrtane of he wae elated thea ate eat wane kes Constant Temperature Method: The circuit FQ," 0p+ 0 24+ 2, ratan itis | agro e fow nantoncr wing bet vireanconmae| WE Te | oan temperature method is ilatiaed in gue (3). Qy=(T.-Tyhe _Deseription: A hot wire anemometer i formed by placing a conducting wire in a ceramic body. The leads of the wire ya as “(Te-m) e0e ‘one ote for a ofthe deca te cane nesses fhe ht wi can te mesa | = ee me y ee octatt | ta : | ; i seem fie sesole . Fi betmpenee ot San | Noortentant een (iaate oft wire ‘ister condcviy the yb resis, nd, ate the tree resnors wed in ridge cit and be he resists wed m in bot wie anemomter, then the Ris given in fnction of temperate Fo ———— co nl | emetic com | te atts —nie ‘a Soe en | Feat topes satienmme ti | a epg eins fae cal eopeur tae tenoee l we na ee Er | cutout hg bok | sm oP “urvent Method: The circuit arrangement for flow Of the anemometer wire ate connected 10 One Lor r= PR,= abel nrea ong mero neers wieanmamenomtcest te emer win mae ST rote ‘ough ihe ancl Now the ew ofp ough he iE von: a Non ES st ts a CAMAL oe i LAL tc EAL pce) e ‘SPECTRUM ALONE JOURKALFOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS) Scanned with CamScannerEz f ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION INTUHY Deny “Ton i race canbe expressed as, Where anda e constants and is for ite nth FE, fe op ofthe sense hen Eeusarna-1) Astemperte and resistance contan FA + BY" ‘G48. Expinn the flow direction measurement using hot-wire anemometer. Give a neat skeich, na eta 40 NEVA 43g, ‘Tete we memo damien ike aw bt a te Geen of fow or atergs fou ee OM | rece cerng wee npaprst ponte ey cone i proved nage eT ‘velocity vector and wire is 90° and 25" (In this case of measureanent the velocity component is ¥ sin 0). io Fig low Desion Mensrmant nog Single Wir neater te np se tan 258 <2" hen helo eat by he wie higher Ban peed then the loss is $5% of that of with 6 = 90° with the Wheatstone | re sender (ene ee ‘bridge arangement and rotatable wie Ghown ‘Te merce of fow dion angle seb mesg fe ton nga pte ham gee nse ‘tod isnot secure because when 8s mort te vale of si @ aes slowly no. Te eae ofthe angle fou between positos of the wise, ives the rection of the foe: Th ‘ate ovation of with espct high eer 0 Anche ete which ‘we emit wires (amely XR, bow a ee). procedure giveraccurterenitng | ably acre and convenient niche Fu Re - wy oe 433 7 on ene principle of working a 130 A eine ante censor pean oan MowDee-$3, ROM, aria) 7 ws I ost. cose er HAVO, Tepe EVD. Facuse secieatons of WET, (junit, St Ot Apr, aay sani asfOmet coring» spre it Semen pe oF tery: LVDT bas gd nei i it potas Lanett ves forth plied in Cena ier eed 0 meanareSapcemen of shot 33 wean S20 sm. However, perms he mecurement fn 00.005 mn with 0.25% al erleli ar eel LVDT provides liner of 0.9% ‘Sealy An LVDIT bas high es of bow 40 iam orototion: {hes infinite resolaton. Moy the eteive soon pedo ee sent pe vamdvees, Output I produces high utp. Therfr it doen't yume any amplieation eves: Mystere: It exhibits low hysteresis, Therefore, ts ter) good repeataili. "The eperaing emperatue ange of LYDT as high Teor Candas low ar -265°C ‘Rogatnes: 1s spl and ragged in constuction. Tene, icon walhstand high dep of shocks and ations ‘An LVDT witha secondary voltage of 2 Vhas © » ‘range of+1~15¢m, Determine (a) Theoutputvoltage when thecoreis 1.0m trom canter. () Plot the output Vs core poston fora core movement going from 0.8 em to~ 0.1 cm. oon $e, 8 1.50 em core diplcementpoduces 52 V “Thereore, 106m os2V ” ene, 1.0 ca core movement produces tg, 10x52 % 130) va 340¥ 340" (08 cm ote displacement produces a volaes, ve 03467 ‘Therefore the plo ofthe outpatvltage versus poston ere dpacmest shown a re ogel fs Figur: Plote tuts Coe Pasion” 4.8 THERMOCOUPLES (052. Explain the operation of thermocouple forthe mensuremont of temperature. oy 27, e059) Aua.49-06, 52, OH) Anas mat raper4 a6 “Taermecoxple 5 Princip and Tory: When wo ulswhichare made wp of {wo dieet tera re ned oper form vo jucos {lone jatin fs heated wi seipest to other Junction, an ‘file developed at the jncion whch s proportions ‘heaped temper, athe junctions know as thero- cup “The dtferent types of metals used to construct termowoure a, Tr Chrome-constatan 2. oweonsanian 2. Copperconsanan 3 Comestimel 5. Rhenium-ungten et. Inatempertce measuring cei sing themocoople, the groctcdem ean, B= (00) +) 097 vine, “hae conan and 10 is the venpertedifaence between the ot snd cold juntons Generally the constant ie peae than constant y ‘Terefore,he exalt, Scanned with CamScannerTRUMENTATION [JNTU.y a a aay lt a = tae practical significance, MER Leen Ocenia | Nato le cen ee an foc, ied wie cere (rol) con een so b eo le min | Somecarecsotes a ES emote mace onl 1 Law otromegneet Cc Acsoig,, YS pacessaty dlag'om ella the vaRoaS wai sfhomoameauscieu-ancleticcurey sey, G6 Magna employed I cold Junction compen + gar Tempers Meera! sng Three Raseeericick meet Sal Temocope hat junction wil Be epee tte me ry an ne ” ple isthe most widely wed cecal method proces media wht the teineratre aso be measured THe ‘hermocople ol junction wil be mataned ww eonsan reference lpr Since he uncon ae a diferent femperarssvllage setup a th fc esa sine toe {feeds arecoaneced oa mil vokneer them setup mall ‘blah alow of cuent which an be mead dct y ‘ing th mil volmcter Sine the reference junctions ep B10 the em measured isa faction of he temperate of {be ho junction The mil voltmeter is esieated fo nde thereadags ia tems of tmperatie. The em developed in a thermocouple depends upoa tbe diflercce Ia tonpestre Becween th at jnetion an eo jnction. The lmpersie of ‘he cold junto is tral hep 3 °C to avoid ore which ty be inde on acount of change n room empeat. Two disimilr mets used for thermocouples may be twisted stewed clamped (or melted together Themacople do nt use base conductors excep in aplctins, where _umospbericconons peo tee, Usa proce seaig i sed to seu the juneton anda porn ofthe ‘censor eas, The ads nde junction are intr ius from te sheath sing various oxides. Thermocouples ae tual istaled ids the poective wells ot ey ean be «asl removed (or) replaced without nerpton oe plat Protective wells of 125 mm to 25 mm dimer mae fom Sinks sie ae well ed Advantoges 1. Canmeae fst changes othe tempera. 2. Produces electri up 3) ana tamer, 0 dan eatin bownte 4. Canteen mene wien of emp from io 14008. = 5 Teter ofr en mee Disdranog 1 des up olga fm Acer feta iw Tieoupr tae etcey say mgr fed The vse nis oud be made fat els sical ine oan fermen sprains 1 Dest mn tems nba Catenin de maaencatt ene ee fw Figs ndooow capstan ‘Can be applied to measure vacuum, ae ‘eel mens egs an cents 2 a “ Aira: EME wet be Deve) Topesa Menogenos Certo" gy, Law oiatermeaiat Meta The meas tt thee developed ng {Kodi mogeto mel wi ea two feet temprsaes will ny ox ae en rd homoge ea iio Themocsple eat a ong te tmpe e {vo ncn ome byte ed mee pee ‘emosatu ofthe hemoceuple meals ERE, Py Pract Sigaiicance | (0) Mallows he ws of extention wires ome fom the meal used to form thermocouple | Iallowsthe we ofmeasrnginsromentintothecin wihou inuecing or dstbing the emf he thermocouple a i permits the use of joining materials o 3 mates to form the thermocouple junction ig sffecing the perfomance of te justi aro Imermedite Temperaare he imei tempertre sates tate em deep bya thermocouple having junctions at temperate? and 7, is equal othe sum of eam. developed y ‘thermocouples having junction at empertae 7 t 1, T,and , respective ® w 8 ae . Fporea) WARMING: ARMING: Xai hc CRNA lad gt LADLE ten EL pet 6 Sia emocoune Se ie pening jcion temper as wel acl jention ‘ee junction ea a ata temper sown in Tore ement of temperature. The tal theme £- G\te-F) +6, “0 ype c= @uwie or copper-constantheocouple 0085 nV °C 7 tn the above equation the themo-em depends ita Mestrement of temperate sng herocoople Cay Figut @) shows the compensation cc or ald ‘compensting vole sven, Fira Whettane ge or Cold Jaton Canesznton ‘Theeliionsip between onion emperatr and KT = Competing voligs =Cald junction emperaie > Consat { ‘Wheastoe bride cc with & none arcane ed ‘wean varisinin compen Vllage-Thereaionship, eteen he esstance temperate othe resistance hemo postion temperature: ‘eters given as, Loa REED PS) | cere — Tenant wecniinararc (C,= Constant i raieaaoemsiemenitamision | Kaan °) a wares { Alunel o Feed| rams co] ie) igure Compensation Cit or CldJentn Tempers Inthe figure (1) oe jntion of hemecoope kept ‘epee Tsing lenin wcan mess ermpeaae 1, Theterperte 7 snstendy tae (ve ky change {hiekly even though shi rangement genres diferent ‘femoe m .In any typ of incty iis ey ill 10 anti the reference juntion at an e-poit. Threfore, to ‘od this drawback me can we & meted led ride cit fired jnstion compensation which shown in ire (2). ‘SPECTRUM AL LW.ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS i /H/TH80 1) Scanned with CamScannerer Re 436 ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION LINTU-HVo—,, (gs) : Basor- Ba Ba eT) (cr)axr 1 Eig" AT sthe reid cold junction cempenntion produced by the Whetstone bridge cet @ ‘When the measurement cist const of temperate sense compensating resistor then the range eld json copersion. The change in ambien epee eects both he referee junction eta geet, {nd compensating eit sice tempertrfensiv compenssing resistors plaeed net oe eee gd the temperate of eference junction reser, the eine a temperature sense compen ence winsome amoun af dep in ofthe hemmeouple. Therefore, the teas in etn Ingest res the decree in mo eros ‘G55, Whats the cfference between thermocouple and thermistor? ng sian gO cece Aer yg Themocoupes re emperatre esing devices made up of combination f pre tl and loys scene cnn come sna put volige produced in thermacoples directly proportional tempest Peeing op ceramic or plyners ater ch os mann esta copper uranium ee Be [Themiso hve Negative Temperature Coeffisien, ext) ie. Wextbits nonlinear characteris beoreen stance and temperature measures arrow anges ef emperaie raging om ~ 100% wo S00 Rese co sing ance ee thermistor. ‘ ean mensue wide anges of tempeatcs ringing fom 267 C 02516 ‘The voliage goed by he junctions at erent temperate sts ac sewing yee, poses lina eharcterstcn Siow ouput response Tse ar ess secant, Teemoscouples ari expensive, These ae rohan mata Thermocouples eas relive tengeraure Thermocouple ae wel nasal (056, Describe the principle of wor ‘leu sed with them. Ane: Speed of espns is high compared to thermos, These re most accurate ofthe temper scans [Themisos te more expensive tan thermocouple. These devies ae Sagi Theirs eas abolie temperate. Themisors fe sed in home app ing ef thermocouples. Also discuss diferent typos of compenaaion (Moree, (6m, ar | Mo Pon ‘Thermocouple * For answer ree UsicV, O82 ‘Th dite psf sompetig cis of eres Sn hen 1. Cold junction compensation : 2 Bid pe coneitn Aum competion 3. Blnelsenent cpa 4. CtésenctnConpenten, Fac moverer ios ‘WaRnc, GIL Wanner to ERMA Ayo uy LGLE faa LEGAL pcs JD yoo mvamens ot Re ; ast Se ‘Ssraonofsyeiois sume a ee pe alent. as eeiecaemennnaasey ‘windings which are separated by 120° in space. These stationary rea cua hers Senreen cence: applied through slip rings. The rotor acts as primary winding ins tee ee ea as To eee are Simeone ee imei neon ae Ba pecemeeaterettnatm | 2 Sat oom mane ie hn wie ait ate oe sees oe saree rs snectc evnn e Soon oene omer roromett cy Eien a eae eae oe een nents ok pieces Figure: Binet Elona Compensation “The whole srangerent hep in between th 80 poe pieces. The charge in he enperatue ofreernce Jonetion or meter eae causes the change inthe temperature of bimetallic element. This temperate | change inbierlielement esto the conaction an ‘expansion of the seine which esas inthe vrnion of retreating. 4.9 syNcHROS | 952. "Biscuss in detaithe operation of synehros. Ans : pone 4,080) Synchro: Te deviet by which the angular sion of shat conver it lei signal re ow a sychos. The ‘que Str Trial Vlages Wh Reps 6, ‘Assume thatthe roar sxe with an AC volage was Wsinos Where, (0,~ Care fequeney (a) ¥,~Rotorvolage tm value (V) ¢ “Scop srecrmun ALLANONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS S/S Scanned with CamScanner«38 ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION (JNTU-Hyp, aang aes he magnet arent deep inh tr winding dan aematng ax which snus ened esto etags wil bs indaed a wwe tr wings, The ndced olage neg, aig canteen tothe cout oh angle ercen eo ane at afte str wind, The Bee age br lh Bee Eretcltocn valves of nduedwoages reuse hes ae posiced de tote transformer ation one Inf (0). 5,5, an, a sno windings nd thei repetve Induced VOIOEES FE Yn V0 ¥sy, 9 nae in my sual postion, Fot the poston of a ax shown niga () he angle betwen lor axis andthe Satori ‘Winks mee he olageindored inthe te wien Ya “AF, snc, 1209 vas“, snc, Ye “AY, si, #240) ‘Toe tenia vohages of te sae windings, ~ a) } = WB KY st, +2409 sina = WB, sf, +1209 sins = BAY sid, sino We, = Conant {ibe ro oft noe sor tus 6 4 rom equator that when the angle, Dhen manu lage wil be indice sto ving ‘G58. Explain the operation of contol type synchro systom. “ ans: ; Aor sec nat brash sytem sa cabiation ofa synchro tanmite ands yh cotel masfomes Ing ‘Syste tein yc Lanier a need othe coesponding ster emia of yc coy gS tem aa neo detector. Te flowing gu shows the conus spe meh se — _ Y a LE rs SR Taw eth angle pended bythe tars wih “ont aT nat sctinoecrec malar oa os ia tan eo #13) 2, sil eo) 0, ~e eg 7H, sin con8 +240) 0) ',sin( 00 isthe AC. exc votage, Se ABO ota en AB ME SO #24) st.) nett Bs 10 ite 5 egg nese AG HE SMO) SHO) 0 oe positon of er aoe as seg chia lige egy eal se os (a econo wo 5, cnr Tamtrme: 1 esto ini yeh Cant single wining and ator with three-phase Mair ncwect ioatalstpestocrrona re cnr an aay cage See oor wiht tan of ah Sere ola weapldi swings ecco magic ha pout nes pp Gettgr tcc gee eee rere en were face nr weday Sete aa Working of Cot pe Synch te See pe ays stem a forel oy comer Be eta fay rusnieocorspeing Slt ‘SuinfeiycoconleuatomeTraconhawnaca Terres he naa whe pesto wb ae seh se rts ef Comal bute Te ops Eig Sic ae te eee pe swe ar Pf vroecsty nde ed pt fo yousnf warmer ort) “fen he rr of waste ete yan AC sung fl eer encore {emer rour vue neediest coe Tse teeing of, 85, pelt ar sis of contol warsferner(S}, Sy and S,) and due wt, volags of 5; and San ident x pane i formed inte gp of contol tansormer.Intiscondton, when the tenvlansformer oor outs avoiagisindacedn soot ‘ligand is proportionate caine of he ange betvecs ‘hems raneminer rotor and enol warsarme oe. The ined velage inthe rotor winding of eotel arsforet "prsns the er inthe positon of oad shaft and bene tis "Bown as eorvaage an is ive bythe egution VR E209 so) 20 Where, ~ Angulatdsplacement betwen oor of vnc wane an ontl fanart. ‘Fst ter bef eecial == {ore Wor be inl position (Le ‘Now et the transmit’ roiot is foted by an ale © frome positon ote desired poten And eth contol | sansformer route by an angle of om is ml posi the same detn. Then, the net angular separation Between theroto i en, 9050-0 fo aie “The voag a ior wing f oil taisformer i Y.-B cos90 0-0) s) F090 -(@-eystae) =) HE, (00) sa) Wo) or mal dfeccebebean rote pstins (i OF sal yalus ef © =). We have sis(® ~«) = 0-6), eee, -® Vee (0a) sito) (uv) From abo quo iti observed hat he en alge ‘eproporinl oditerece nang oon ober eto. “he rroris eliminated, the ond hats oughta ‘he desired poston ie, (0) byamplifing he enor lige td feding ito «seve which derived the Toads, ‘Srorkng othe plified enor supplied to i. From egation (O)tisoberedtat when a= 099-90" andbence be enor ‘elag, Y= (ey the lad shaft contlled and brought 1 is dese positn). 4,10. SPECIAL RESISTANCE THERMOM- ETERS ° ‘058. rite short notes on special resistance there ‘mometers. ‘Ans : The cosucto of special resistance themometes ‘erase waer design wich possesses the characteristics of ‘nes cmbind wih theal oot Fverample an ul Sit of mike f copper or platinum i ranged between tao Protesting sess an teenie tangent the Sed Plas protection sews es shown i gue, ‘gue: Sparen Tnrnameter “Tae speci esistance thermometers is very Fst SPECTRUM ALLAN JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS | HHHHAEID espone beau of espe desi Scanned with CamScanner