Scribd
Upload
62 views

Ex - No 7 - Lab Manual

This document discusses unsymmetrical fault analysis on power systems. It describes the theory and modeling of different types of unsymmetrical faults including single line-to-ground, line-to-line, and double line-to-ground faults. Sample problems are also provided to calculate the fault current and MVA for these fault types using given system parameters and fault impedances.

Uploaded by

Thala Ajith
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
62 views

Ex - No 7 - Lab Manual

This document discusses unsymmetrical fault analysis on power systems. It describes the theory and modeling of different types of unsymmetrical faults including single line-to-ground, line-to-line, and double line-to-ground faults. Sample problems are also provided to calculate the fault current and MVA for these fault types using given system parameters and fault impedances.

Uploaded by

Thala Ajith
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 11

Ex.

No: UNSYMMETRICAL FAULT ANALYSIS


Date:

AIM:
To become familiar with modeling and analysis of power system under faulted
condition and to compute the fault level, post fault voltages and currents for different types of
unsymmetrical faults.

OBJECTIVES:

• To conduct fault analysis on a given system using available software and obtain fault
analysis report with fault level and current at the faulted point and post-fault voltages
and currents in the network for the following faults.
a) Three phase to ground b) Line to ground
c) Line to line d) Double line to ground
• To study the variation in fault level and currents in the system when it is
interconnected to neighboring systems.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB

THEORY:

The method of fault analysis explained for symmetrical fault can be extended to
unsymmetrical fault also, such as

1. Pre-fault and post-fault values are represented by super script 0 and f respectively.
2. Positive, Negative and Zero sequence voltages and currents are indicated by
subscripts +,- and 0 respectively.
3. Phase value of voltage and current are indicated by subscripts p and individually by
subscript a, b and c.
4. Subscripts following +, - and 0 represent the bus code.
SINGLE LINE-TO-GROUND FAULT:

The single line-to-ground fault is usually referred as “short circuit” fault and occurs when one
conductor falls to ground or makes contact with the neutral wire. The general representation of a
single line-to-ground fault is shown in figure 1 where F is the fault point with impedances Zf.
Figure 2 shows the sequences network diagram. Phase a is usually assumed to be the faulted
phase, this is for simplicity in the fault analysis calculations.

Figure 1 Figure 2

Since the zero-, positive-, and negative-sequence currents are equals as it can be observed in
figure . Therefore,

With the results obtained for sequence currents, the sequence voltages can be obtained from

By solving Equation
If the single line-to-ground fault occurs on phase b or c, the voltages can be found by the
relation that exists to the known phase voltage components,

as

LINE-TO-LINE FAULT:

A line-to-line fault may take place either on an overhead and/or underground


transmission system and occurs when two conductors are short-circuited. One of the
characteristic of this type of fault is that its fault impedance magnitude could vary over a wide
range making very hard to predict its upper and lower limits. It is when the fault impedance is
zero that the highest asymmetry at the line-to-line fault occurs

The general representation of a line-to-line fault is shown in Figure , where F is the fault
point with impedances Zf. Figure shows the sequences network diagram. Phase b and c are
usually assumed to be the faulted phases; this is for simplicity in the fault analysis calculations
It can be noticed that

And the sequence currents can be obtained as

If Zf = 0,

The fault currents for phase b and c can be obtained as

The sequence voltages can be found as

Finally, the line-to-line voltages for a line-to-line fault can be expressed as


DOUBLE LINE-TO-GROUND FAULT:

A double line-to-ground fault represents a serious event that causes a significant


asymmetry in a three-phase symmetrical system and it may spread into a three-phase fault
when not clear in appropriate time. The major problem when analyzing this type of fault is the
assumption of the fault impedance Zf , and the value of the impedance towards the ground Zg.

The general representation of a double line-to-ground fault is shown in Figure , where F


is the fault point with impedances Zf and the impedance from line to ground Zg . Figure shows
the sequences network diagram. Phase b and c are assumed to be the faulted phases, this is for
simplicity in the fault analysis calculations

It can be observed that

The positive-sequence currents can be found as


An alternative method is,

If Zf and Zg are both equal to zero, then the positive-, negative-, and zero-sequences can be
obtained from

The current for phase a is

The total fault current flowing into the neutral is

The resultant phase voltages from the relationship given in Equation can be expressed as

And the line-to-line voltages are


PROBLEM
1. Two synchronous machines are connected through three-phase transformers to the transmission
line as given in figure. The ratings and reactance of the machines and transformers are :
Machines 1 and 2: 100 MVA; 20 KV; X’’ d = X1 = X2 = 20%; X0 = 4%; Xn = 5%
Transformers 1and 2 : 100 MVA ; 20 Y / 345 Y KV; X = 8%
Both transformers are solidly grounded on two sides on a chosen base of 100 MVA, 345 KV in
the transmission line circuit. The line reactances are X 1 = X2 15% and X0=50%. The system is
operating at nominal voltage without pre fault currents when a bolted (Z f =0) single line-
toground fault occurs on phase 'a' at bus 3. Determine fault current.
2. Determine the fault current, fault MVA when a L-L fault occurs between phases b and c at
bus (4) and the fault impedance is j0.15 p.u.
Positive sequence reactance = j0.1075 p.u.
Negative sequence reactance = j0.1075 p.u.
Zero sequence reactance = j0.1533 p.u.
3. Determine the fault current, fault MVA when a LLG fault occurs between phases b and c
at bus (4) and the fault impedance is j0.15 p.u.
Positive sequence reactance = j0.1075 p.u.
Negative sequence reactance = j0.1075 p.u.
Zero sequence reactance = j0.1530 p.u.

PROGRAM
clc
clear all
Z133 =input('enter the positive sequence impedance');
Z033 =input('enter the zero sequence impedance');
Z233 = input('enter the negative sequence impedance');
Zf = input('enter the fault impedance'); disp('(a)
Balanced three-phase fault at bus 3'); Ia3F =
1.0/(Z133+Zf)
disp('(b) Single line-to-ground fault at bus 3');
I03 = 1.0/(Z033 + 3*Zf + Z133 + Z233);
I012=[I03; I03; I03]; %sctm
global sctm a
=cos(2*pi/3)+j*sin(2*pi/3);
sctm = [1 1 1; 1 a^2 a; 1 a a^2]; Iabc3
= sctm*I012
disp('(c) Line-to-line fault at bus 3');
I13 = 1.0/(Z133 + Z233 + Zf);
I012 = [0; I13; -I13]; Iabc3
= sctm*I012
disp('(d) Double line-to-ground fault at bus 3');
I13 = 1/(Z133 + Z233*(Z033+3*Zf)/(Z133+Z033+3*Zf));
I23 = -(1.0 - Z133*I13)/Z133;
I03 = -(1.0 - Z133*I13)/(Z033+3*Zf);
I012 = [I03; I13; I23];
Iabc3 = sctm*I012
RESULT:

You might also like