Co-ordination CO-ORDINATION.

For each of the following describe where it is situated and how its functions are performed.
a) Sensory neurone b Ans. a sensory neurone!
a
Synapse.
A Sensory neurone is found between a receptor and the central nervous system i.e. brain or
spinal cord. It conducts impulses from the sense organs to the brain or the spinal cord. The dendrites of
the spinal cord
found in the receptor organ, where Sensory information can be picked up.
nervous impulses along until they reach the brain or spinal
Sensory neurone
are
This is transmitted as
the axon cord.
De b) Motor neurone Synapse:
between
neurones
of the axon of the
A synapse is a junction
where the terminal branches
neurones are in close
association with the dendrites of an adjacent neurone. It can be found in the
in the grey matter of the brain or spinal cord. It enables impulses to be trans mitted from the axon of the
neurone to the dendron of another neurone, thus bridging the gap between neurones. The impulses are
transmitted
chemical means.
by
CO-ORDINATION
Describe structure and function of motor
neurone.
Ans. Motor neurone consists of small masses of cytoplasm with central nucleus, one or more branching
cytoplasmic filaments called
dendrites.
Dendrites
G
are short in structure in ed motor neurone. They conduct impulse towards the cell body.
A single long fibre, called an axon Conducts impulses away. In motor neurone axon is at long. The
impulse passes from the nerve muscle, which acts as effector.
cell to a
The axon is called the motor fibre.
an
Q. How does a decision taken in the brain eventually affect the organ of the body?
From the brain impulses are passed through the medulla oblongata across a synapse to an intermediate
neurone and then to a motor neurone. Impulses then travel along the motor neurone to the effector and
the appropriate response is thus brought about.
CO-ORDINATION
what is reflex action? Give two examples.
Ans. Reflex action
is
rapid, automatic response to a stimulus, by an organ or system of organs, which does not involve the
brain for its initiation. Example.
Can Contract or
© The iris of the eye, dilate the pupil in response to changing light intensity without our being aware that
it is happening.
(2) Blinking action of particle touches the cornea is protects the eyes.
Q. In what ways
neurone
an eye when a foreign reflex action which
neurones pass impulse to other
Ans. A nervous impulse is passed from one neurone to another by means
fibres from
dendrites or
One
neurone are
of a synapse. Branching
applied to the cell body of another. There is no cytoplasmic connection between the two and the impulse
is transmitted by the secretion of a
chemical into a
microscopic space which exists between the termination of the fibre and the membrane of the cell body.
D. When
a
CO-ORDINATION
person's hand accidentally touches a hot object it is quickly withdrawn. Explain whe causes this
response.
One
un
arm,
Ans. of
expectedly touches
a hor object the hand is rapidly removed from the source of the heat. Heat or pain receptors in the skin
are Stimulated and fire off impulses which travel along the sensory fibres in a nerve
of the The sensory fibres enter the spinal cord via a the dorsal root, their cell bodies producing the
swelling known as the dorsal root ganglion. In the grey matter of the spinal cord, the impulses pass from
the sensory neurone to a relay neurone across synapse.
a
The relay neurone in turn, makes a
motor neurones. The
Synapse with one or
a
more
impulses are thus transmitted to the motor fibres which leave the spinal cord through the ventral root
nerve in which the sensory impulse and pass in travelled to
a muscle, the biceps. The impulse causes the muscle to contract, so removing the hand from the painful
stimulus and preventing damage to the tissues.
5
CO-ORDINATION
what are the functions of brain
Ans. 1. The brain receives impulses from all the
Sensory organs of the body.
2. As a result of sensory impulses, brain Sends aff motor impulses to the glands and muscles, causing
them to function accordingly
3.9n its
association centres it correlates
the various stimuli from the different sense
organs.
areas
4. The association centres and motor Co-ordinate bodily activities so that the mechanisms and chemical
reactions of the body work efficiently together.
so that behaviour can be
5. 9t stores information modified according to past experience.
Q. Explain function of the following parks of brain. Ans-a)
-9) Hypothalamus It Controls blood pressures. heart rate and peristaltic movements in alimentary canal.
91- contains
osmo receptors and thermal receptors to detect Changes in concentration and temperature of blood to
help regulate water balance and temperature to maintain a constant environment in body.
Co-ordination
6 cerebral hemisphere: It controls all vauntary actions. Cerebral cortex divided into region Containing
specialised groups of neurones responsible for generating semations such as touch, vision, hearing,
taste and smell. Responsible for intelligence, reasoning, processing and storage of information.
c) cerebellum: It controls and coordinates muscles to maintain balance.
0
d) medulla oblongata. It controls voluntary functions such as heart and breathing rates, blood circulation
etc.
Ans.
EYE
How does eye protect itself against its drying
up?
The eye lids.
can cover and so protect the eye. Regular blinking serves to distribute fluid over the surface of the eye
and prevents its drying up.
Cover
Q. How does eye protect itself against pathogens? Ans. The eyelids can
and so protect the eye. The tear- glands open under the eye- lids. They secrete a solution of sodium
hydrogen carbonate and sodium chloride solution and keep the exposed Surface of the conjunctiva and
cornea moist. They also wash away dust and other particles. An engyme which is present in tear fluid
has
action
on bacteria.
a destructive
6. Explain effect of light intensity on the pupil of eye.
Ans. When the circular muscles of the iris contract, the size of the pupil is reduced and less light is
admitted. In this way rods and cone cells present in the retina is protected from damage by light of high
intensity.
Contraction of radial fibres widen the pupil. So admitting more light. In poor light the wider aperture of the
pupil helps to increase the brightness of the image.
Co-ordination. EYE.
stereoscopic vision? Explain its advantage.
D. What is
¸·Â.
Each eye form its
an
own image of a
object under observation
So that two sets of
impulses are sent to the brain. Normally the
brain correlates these
so that we gain a
Single impression of the object.
Since
each
eye sees
C
slightly different! aspect of the same object, the combination of these two images produces the sensation
of Solidity and the three dimensional properties of the object. If the eyes are not aligned normally
eyes
are nor
the two impressions from the properly correlated and we see double. Advantage:
The two eyes give us stereoscopic vision, This enables us to see three dimensional objects and to get a
better perception of sime, depth and distance of the object from us
Q. What is meant by the term pupil reflex?
Ans. Pupil reflex refers to changes in the size of the pupil
as a result of the changes in light intensity The pupil becomes larger in light of low intensity and smaller
when light is of high intensity. This is a reflex action controlled by the radial and circular
muscles in the iris.
'
Explain image formation in the retina.
Light from an external object enters the eye. The curved surface of the cornea, the lone. and the
humours, refract the light and focus it so that points of light from the
object produce points of light
on the retina.
The image thrown on to the retina is real, upside down, and smaller than the object. The light sensitive
cells are stimulated by the light falling on them, and impulses are fired aff in the nerve fibres. These
impulses pass along the
result, an optic nerve to the brain where as a impression is formed of the nature, size, colour and
distance of the object.
Melina
The inversion of the image on the is corrected in the optical centre of the brain to form impression of an
upright object.
Q. How does eye adapt itself seeing distant and nearby object.
Ans. Distant object:
The lens is surrounded by an elastic capsule and tends to contract, becoming thicker in the centre, but
the eye fluids pushing out on the sclera maintain a tension in the suspensory ligament that stretches the
lens into a thinner shape. Thus the lens is adapted for seeing distant objects.
Nearby object :
when
round
a nearby object is to be observed, the ciliary muscles running the ciliary body contract and so reduce the
diameter and reduces the tension in the
kension win the suspensory ligament and thicker lens has a shorter focal length and light from close
object can be brought to a focus.
6
Aqueous humour,
-selera
Cornea
Pubil
Choroid Retina
-optic nerve.
Dris
Fovea
Blindspor
Rechis muscle
Conjunctiva ciliary muscle vitreous humour
Section of different parts of eye.