AURORA SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Ballesteros, Aurora, Isabela

Science Department
Biology 1
Project: Biomolecules – Why are they important to us?
Objectives:

 Model how food is broken down to be used by the body.

 Explain the importance and use of certain biomolecules in the body.

For this project, you will be completing a set of questions (30 points), diagramming a model of the
digestive system (32 points), and turning in a written essay (38 points). BE SURE TO READ ALL
DIRECTIONS CAREFULLY.

Part 1: Element and Biomolecule Research Activity

-you will be assigned an element and research that element to complete questions 1-4
-you will choose a type of biomolecule and research that biomolecule to complete questions 5-8
Part 2: Digestive System Illustration
-you will attach the blank diagram provided to a large paper or poster
-you will use “zoom in” areas to label the mouth, salivary gland, esophagus, stomach, gall bladder,
liver, pancreas, and small intestine on the blank diagram provided
-you will trace the path of the biomolecule you chose in part 1 through the digestive system from
mouth to small intestine, using the “zoom in” areas to provide detailed information about the
biological processes happening to your biomolecule in each part of the digestive system
Part 3: Essay
-you will title your essay “The Importance of [element] from [type of biomolecule]”
Example: “The Importance of Carbon from Carbohydrates”
-you will compose an original essay of at least three paragraphs (see Essay Rubric for specifics)
-your essay will incorporate your answers from questions 1-8 in part 1 to explain the importance of
learning about elements and biomolecules in a fluid, cohesive manner

Project Checklist
SHEET NO. DATE FINISHED
/ Sheet 1: Element research questions 11-24-23
/ Sheet 2: Biomolecule research questions 11-25-23
/ Sheet 3: Biomolecule chart 11-25-23
/ Sheet 4: Digestive system chart 12-04-23
/ Poster: Digestive system illustration 12-04-23
/ Essay: “The Importance of [element] from [type of biomolecule]” -

GROUP 4 MEMBERS: (NUCLEIC ACID)

Escano, John Brent De Guzman, Rhyo Mohry
Parcasio, Rhiane Velasco, Rhyza
Nool, Kelly Misha
Vizcarra, Vandamme James
Mendoza, Aprileah Xerich
Jacinto, Fredrick
Dalauidao, Justine
Punzalan, Mae Verlene
Limos, Malcolm Davonne
Foronda, Precious
Part 1: Element and Biomolecule Research Activity
Sheet 1: Element research questions (1-4)
Directions: Answer the question(s) for the element assigned to you.

The element that is being researched is NITROGEN.

1. Function – What role does this element play in our bodies?

 Nitrogen plays a crucial role in the human body. It is essential for the synthesis of amino
acids, DNA, RNA, and ATP, among other molecules. Nitrogen is necessary for healthy food
digestion, growth, and the development of the human fetus. It is a major component of
amino acids, which are the building blocks of protein molecules, and also makes up
nucleotides, which are DNA and RNA. Furthermore, nitrogen helps in the formation of
proteins, muscles, and neurotransmitters, and it plays a role in maintaining the balance
between acidity and basicity within the human body through its role in urea production.
Thus, nitrogen is important for various physiological processes, including protein synthesis,
and growth.

2. What might happen if your body does not get enough of this element?

 Without sufficient nitrogen, your body might struggle to produce new cells, affecting growth,
repair, and various bodily functions. Nitrogen is important for synthesizing proteins and
DNA, so a deficiency could lead to impaired tissue development, weakened immune
function, and overall health issues.

3. What might happen if your body gets too much of this element?

 An excess of nitrogen from nucleic acids might lead to imbalances in bodily functions,
potentially impacting metabolic processes, the body becomes oxygen deprived and can
cause issues like gout or disruptions in kidney function due to excess uric acid production.

4. Name a type of biomolecule which contains this element. What kind of foods do you eat that
contain this biomolecule?

 Foods that contain nucleic acids include seafood, nuts, vegetables, mushrooms, yeast, beef,
broths, and soups. Seafood, such as fish, is a significant source of nucleic acids, with sardines
having the highest levels. Additionally, vegetables like Chinese cabbage, broccoli, leeks,
spinach, cauliflower, beans, and soybeans are good sources of nucleic acids. Mushrooms,
yeast,and beef are also mentioned as foods containing nucleic acids.

REFERENCES
Devaney, E. (n.d.). Foods That Contain Nucleic Acids. LEAFtv. https://www.leaf.tv/foods-that-contain-
nucleic-acids.html
Hazards of Nitrogen Asphyxiation | CSB. (2006, November 2). Www.csb.gov; U.S. Chemical Safety
and Hazard Investigation Board.
https://www.csb.gov/hazards-of-nitrogen-asphyxiation/#:~:text=If%20the%20concentration
%20of%20nitrogen
How does nitrogen affect the human body? (2022, January). Study.com.
https://homework.study.com/explanation/how-does-nitrogen-affect-the-human-body.html
How is nitrogen used in the human body and its properties - ECHEMI.com. (2009). ECHEMI;
ECHEMI.com. https://www.echemi.com/cms/1115566.html
Nitrogen Deficiency - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (2020). Www.sciencedirect.com;
Sciencedirect. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/
nitrogen-deficiency#:~:text=Nitrogen%20deficiency%20causes%20a%20decrease

Part 1: Element and Biomolecule Research Activity

Sheet 2: Biomolecule research questions (5-8)

The type of biomolecule that is being researched is NUCLEIC ACID.

5. List three specific examples of the type of biomolecule are you researching.

 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

DNA is the genetic material found in living organisms and is responsible for storing and transmitting
genetic information from one generation to the next. It is a double helix, composed of two strands of
nucleotides linked together by complementary nitrogenous bases. The four nitrogenous bases in
DNA are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). DNA is found in the nucleus of cells,
and it is replicated before cell division to ensure that each new cell has a complete copy of the
genetic material.

 Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

RNA plays various roles in the cell. It is involved in protein synthesis and gene regulation. There are
different types of RNA, including messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA
(rRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and small interfering RNA (siRNA). RNA can also be the genetic material
of some viruses.

 MicroRNA (miRNA)
miRNAs are small, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression. They bind to mRNA molecules
and prevent them from being translated into proteins. miRNAs play an important role in many
biological processes, including development, differentiation, and disease.
6. About how much of this type of biomolecule should an average adult have in their diet?

 The recommended daily intake of nucleic acids for adults is 2 grams per day
7. How does your body handle an excess amount of this type of biomolecule?

 Excess amount of nucleic acid can cause ageing and age-related degenerative disorders,
cancer; acute and chronic inflammatory conditions, severe trauma and autoimmune
disorders.
8. For each of the following parts of the digestive system, describe what happens to this type of
biomolecule. This may include physical and chemical changes. Name the enzymes which act on this
type of biomolecule and tell where the biomolecule gets absorbed into the circulatory system.
 Digestive system part Changes to biomolecule? Enzymes present?
a) Nucleic acids are physically
broken down into smaller pieces
Mouth b) none
by the teeth.

c) Nucleic acids are physically

broken down into smaller pieces
Salivary gland by the tongue and by mixing with d) none
saliva

e)Nucleic acids are transported

Esophagus through the esophagus towards f) none
the stomach via peristalsis
g) Nucleic acids are broken down
Stomach into smaller fragments h) Pepsin

i) Nucleic acids do not undergo

Gall bladder significant changes when they pass j) none
through the gallbladder
l) purine nucleoside
k) Nucleic Acid undergo a series of
phosphorylase, pyrimidine
chemical changes that break them
nucleoside phosphorylase,
Liver down into their component parts:
deoxyribonucleoside kinase,
nitrogenous bases, pentoses, and
nucleotidase, and
phosphates.
deoxyribonucleotidase.
m) The pancreas secretes digestive
enzymes, including pancreatic
ribonuclease (RNase) which breaks n) pancreatic ribonuclease
Pancreas down RNA into oligonucleotides (RNase) and pancreatic
and pancreatic deoxyribonuclease deoxyribonuclease (DNase)
(DNase)which breaks down DNA
into oligonucleotides
o) Nucleic Acid chopped up into
smaller and smaller pieces. These
tiny pieces are then absorbed into
Small intestine p) nuclease
the bloodstream and used by the
body to build new nucleic acids or
for energy

REFERENCES

Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look - Anatomy and Physiology - OpenStax. (2013).
Openstax.org. https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/23-7-chemical-
digestion-and-absorption-a-closer-look
Cheriyedath, S. (2018, November 12). Types of RNA: mRNA, rRNA and tRNA. News-Medical.net.
https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/-Types-of-RNA-mRNA-rRNA-and-tRNA.aspx
Liu, Y., Zhang, Y., Dong, P., An, R., Xue, C., Ge, Y., Wei, L., & Liang, X. (2015). Digestion of Nucleic
Acids Starts in the Stomach. Scientific Reports, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep11936
Lumen Learning. (2019). Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look | Anatomy and
Physiology II. Lumenlearning.com.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-ap2/chapter/chemical-digestion-and-absorption-a-
closer-look/
Minchin, S., & Lodge, J. (2019). Understanding biochemistry: structure and function of nucleic acids.
Essays in Biochemistry, 63(4), 433–456. https://doi.org/10.1042/EBC20180038
Mittra, I., Nair, N. K., & Mishra, P. K. (2012). Nucleic acids in circulation: are they harmful to the host?
Journal of Biosciences, 37(2), 301–312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12038-012-9192-8
Patricia, J. J., & Dhamoon, A. S. (2020). Physiology, Digestion. National Library of Medicine; StatPearls
Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544242/
Protein-Calorie Advisory Group of the United Nations System | UIA Yearbook Profile | Union of
International Associations. (n.d.). Uia.org. Retrieved November 29, 2023, from
https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100040554

Sheet 3 - Biomolecule Chart

Biomolecule type NUCLEIC ACIDS

Elements (and Ratio if

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorous
given)

Monomers Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

Storage and expression of genomic information.

Functions

Fish, crustaceans, and mollusks, Meat chicken and red meat, such as beef and pork
Examples

REFERENCES

Biology Dictionary. (2022). Nucleic Acid Elements and Monomer. Retrieved November 29, 2023,
from https://biologydictionary.net/nucleic-acid-elements-and-monomer/
ThoughtCo. (2020). Nucleic Acids - Function, Examples, and Monomers. Retrieved November 29,
2023, from https://www.thoughtco.com/nucleic-acids-373552
National Human Genome Research Institute. (n.d.). Nucleic Acids. In Genetics Home Reference.
Retrieved November 29, 2023, from https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Nucleic
Acids
Healthy Living. (n.d.). Foods That Contain Nucleic Acids. In AZ Central. Retrieved November 29, 2023,
from https://healthyliving.azcentral.com/foods-that-contain-nucleic-acids-12318798.html
 Sheet 4: Digestive System Chart
Digestive system What, if any, enzyme is used here? What does
Function
part the enzyme do?

It is used to be main entry point of The mouth is filled with saliva which helps keeping
food. It also used for the mouth moist and hydrated. It also helps in the
Mouth communication is also used as digestion process and breaking down food and is
alternative air way other than the composed of amylase, lysozyme, and lingual
nasal passage ways. lipase.

Your salivary glands lubricate your

mouth, help you swallow, aid in
digestion and help protect your They secrete an enzyme called saliva that helps in
Salivary gland teeth against harmful bacteria. You the digestion process that is made up of amylase,
have three major types of salivary lysozyme, and lingual lipase.
glands, including your sublingual,
submandibular and parotid.

Allows for the passage of material

from the mouth and throat to the
Produces no digestive enzymes but does produce
Esophagus stomach also is the main reason for
mucous for lubrication.
the material to get out of the body
when vomiting or gagging.

It stores food, it contracts and

expands to breakdown food, and Pepsin is the main gastric enzyme, Gastric lipase,
Stomach
produces enzymes and other cells and Cathepsin F.
to digest food.

Bile is a strong enzyme that assists in breaking fats

Receives and stores bile made in down. When the food you eat contains fat, the
the liver. The gallbladder sends this stomach and duodenum secrete a substance that
Gall Bladder
stored bile into the small intestine stimulates the gallbladder to contract, thereby
to aid in the digestion of f forcing bile into the digestive tract. Bile emulsifies
the fat, making it available for energy production.

Make and secrete bile and to Liver enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical
process and purify the blood reactions in your body. These chemical reactions
Liver containing newly absorbed include producing bile and substances that help
nutrients that are coming from the your blood clot, breaking down food and toxins,
small intestine. and fighting infection.
 Produce the hormone called insulin
It produces exocrine,an enzyme that helps in
Pancreas that helps in controlling blood sugar
digestion specifically proteins
levels.

It carries out most of the digestion

process absorbing almost every Peptidase , Sucrase, Maltase , Lacctase,
Small intestine
nutrient in the food in into our Lipase,Enterokinase
bloodstream.

REFERENCES

Alton Memorial Hospital. (2022). The Digestive Process: Digestion Begins in the Mouth | Health
Library | Alton Memorial Hospital. Www.altonmemorialhospital.org.
https://www.altonmemorialhospital.org/Health-Library/View-Content?
contentTypeId=134&contentId=193
Better Health Channel. (2012). Pancreas. Vic.gov.au.
https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/ConditionsAndTreatments/pancreas
Cleveland Clinic. (2018). Elevated Liver Enzymes | Cleveland Clinic. Cleveland Clinic.
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/17679-elevated-liver-enzymes
Cleveland Clinic. (2021a, August 27). Mouth: Anatomy, Function and When to Call the Doctor.
Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21765-mouth
Cleveland Clinic. (2021b, October 9). Stomach: Anatomy, Function, Diagram, Parts Of, Structure.
Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21758-
stomach
Cleveland Clinic. (2022, August 7). Salivary Glands: Function, Location & Anatomy. Cleveland Clinic.
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/23462-salivary-glands
Gallbladder. (n.d.). Muschealth.org.
https://muschealth.org/medical-services/ddc/patients/digestive-organs/
gallbladder#:~:text=Bile%20is%20a%20strong%20enzyme%20that%20assists%20in
%20breaking%20fats
Molnar, C., & Gair, J. (2015, May 14). 15.3 Digestive System Processes. Opentextbc.ca; BCcampus.
https://opentextbc.ca/biology/chapter/15-3-digestive-system-processes/#:~:text=The
%20esophagus%20produces%20no%20digestive
Publishing, B. E. (2010). The Digestive System. In Google Books. Britannica Educational Publishing.
https://books.google.com/books?
 hl=en&lr=&id=KcecAAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=info:D1tgYgf-
xk0J:scholar.google.com/&ots=UDZ6-_NQwG&sig=sx3qi0WnL6mbArtfm29ohmyeHG4

PART 3: ESSAY
MALCOLM DAVONNE C. LIMOS
11-PERIDOT
11-25-23

THE IMPORTANCE OF NITROGEN FROM NUCLEIC ACID

Nitrogen, an elemental cornerstone of life, plays an indispensable role in the

composition and function of nucleic acids within living organisms. The importance of
nitrogen within nucleic acids, particularly DNA and RNA, extends beyond mere chemical
composition; it is integral to the very essence of life processes and genetic information.

Primarily, nucleic acids DNA and RNA are polymers composed of nucleotides, each
containing a nitrogenous base. Nitrogenous bases, including adenine, guanine, cytosine,
thymine in DNA, and uracil in RNA, are fundamental components forming the genetic code.
The specific sequence and arrangement of these bases encode genetic instructions crucial for
cellular function, growth, and reproduction.

Nitrogen's role within these bases is pivotal; it serves as a bridge between nucleotides,
forming the backbone of nucleic acids. The stable bonding facilitated by nitrogen within
these bases ensures the structural integrity and stability of DNA and RNA molecules,
safeguarding the fidelity of genetic information transfer during replication and protein
synthesis.

Furthermore, nitrogen participates in hydrogen bonding between complementary base

pairs, such as adenine-thymine and guanine-cytosine, dictating the specificity and accuracy of
DNA replication and RNA transcription. This hydrogen bonding is vital in maintaining the
genetic code's fidelity and integrity, preventing errors that could lead to mutations and
genetic abnormalities.

Beyond its structural contributions, nitrogen from nucleic acids significantly

influences biological processes. It is crucial for the synthesis of proteins, enzymes, and other
essential biomolecules. Nitrogenous bases serve as a blueprint for the creation of amino
acids, the building blocks of proteins, through the process of transcription and translation.

Moreover, nitrogen's involvement in nucleic acids extends to metabolic pathways,

where nitrogenous bases can be recycled and reused, ensuring efficient utilization within the
cell. This recycling process is essential for maintaining nitrogen balance within living
organisms, as nitrogen availability often limits cellular growth and development.

In conclusion, the significance of nitrogen derived from nucleic acids cannot be

overstated. Its pivotal role in forming the genetic code, maintaining structural integrity,
facilitating accurate genetic information transfer, and contributing to vital biological
processes underscores its indispensability in the intricate web of life.

PART 3: ESSAY
JOHN BRENT ESCANO
11-PERIDOT
11-25-23

THE IMPORTANCE OF NITROGEN FROM NUCLEIC ACID

Nitrogen is an essential element in the human body, playing a crucial role in various
physiological processes, including protein synthesis and growth. It is a major component of
amino acids, which are the building blocks of protein molecules, and also makes up
nucleotides, which are DNA and RNA.If your body does not get enough nitrogen, you might
struggle to produce new cells, affecting growth, repair, and various bodily functions. A
nitrogen deficiency could lead to impaired tissue development, weakened immune function,
and overall health issues.

On the other hand, an excess of nitrogen from nucleic acids might lead to imbalances
in bodily functions, potentially impacting metabolic processes, and causing issues like gout or
disruptions in kidney function due to excess uric acid production. Foods that contain nucleic
acids include seafood, nuts, vegetables, mushrooms, yeast, beef, broths, and soups. Seafood,
such as fish, is a significant source of nucleic acids, with sardines having the highest levels.
Additionally, vegetables like Chinese cabbage, broccoli, leeks, spinach, cauliflower, beans,
and soybeans are good sources of nucleic acids. Mushrooms, yeast, and beef are also
mentioned as foods containing nucleic acids.

The recommended daily intake of nucleic acids for adults is 2 grams per day. Excess
amount of nucleic acid can cause aging and age-related degenerative disorders, cancer; acute
and chronic inflammatory conditions, severe trauma, and autoimmune disorders.

In the digestive system, nucleic acids undergo various physical and chemical changes.
In the mouth, nucleic acids are physically broken down into smaller pieces by the teeth. In the
salivary gland, they are physically broken down into smaller pieces by the tongue and by
mixing with saliva. In the esophagus, they are transported towards the stomach via peristalsis.
In the stomach, they are broken down into smaller fragments. In the gallbladder, they do not
undergo significant changes when they pass through. In the liver, they undergo a series of
chemical changes that break them down into their component parts: nitrogenous bases,
pentoses, and phosphates. In the pancreas, they are broken down into smaller pieces by
pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase) and pancreatic deoxyribonuclease (DNase). In the small
intestine, they are chopped up into smaller and smaller pieces. These tiny pieces are then
absorbed into the bloodstream and used by the body to build new nucleic acids or for energy.

PART 3: ESSAY
RHYZA ANGELINE A. VELASCO
11-PERIDOT
11-30-23

THE IMPORTANCE OF NITROGEN FROM NUCLEIC ACID

Nitrogen is a vital element that plays a significant role in the human body. It is
essential for synthesizing amino acids, DNA, RNA, and ATP, among other molecules.
Nitrogen is necessary for healthy food digestion, growth, and the development of the human
fetus. It is a vital component of amino acids, the building blocks of protein molecules, and
also makes up nucleotides, which are DNA and RNA. Also, nitrogen helps form proteins,
muscles, and neurotransmitters, and it plays a role in maintaining the balance between acidity
and basicity within the human body through its role in urea production. Thus, nitrogen is
important for various physiological processes, including protein synthesis, and growth.

Without sufficient nitrogen, our body might struggle to produce new cells, affecting
growth, repair, and various bodily functions. Nitrogen is important for synthesizing proteins
and DNA so that a deficiency could lead to impaired tissue development, weakened immune
function, and overall health issues. On the other hand, an excess of nitrogen from nucleic
acids might lead to imbalances in bodily functions, potentially impacting metabolic
processes. The body can become oxygen deprived and cause issues like gout or disruptions in
kidney function due to excess uric acid production.

Nucleic acids contain nitrogen and are found in various foods such as seafood, nuts,
vegetables, mushrooms, yeast, beef, broths, and soups. Seafood, such as fish, is a significant
source of nucleic acids, with sardines having the highest levels. Additionally, vegetables like
Chinese cabbage, broccoli, leeks, spinach, cauliflower, beans, and soybeans are good sources
of nucleic acids. Mushrooms, yeast,and beef are also mentioned as foods containing nucleic
acids. Examples of nucleic acids include Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), Ribonucleic acid
(RNA), and MicroRNA (miRNA). DNA is the genetic material found in living organisms
responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information from one generation to the next.
RNA plays various roles in the cell. It is included in protein synthesis and gene regulation.
miRNAs are small, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression.
 The recommended daily intake of nucleic acids for adults is 2 grams daily. Excess
amount of nucleic acid can cause ageing and age-related degenerative disorders, cancer; acute
and chronic inflammatory conditions, severe trauma and autoimmune disorders.

In conclusion, nitrogen plays a crucial role in the human body, particularly in forming
nucleic acids. Maintaining a balanced intake of nitrogen is important to ensure the proper
functioning of various physiological processes.

PART 3: ESSAY
KELLY MISHA M. NOOL
11-PERIDOT
11-25-23

THE IMPORTANCE OF NITROGEN FROM NUCLEIC ACID

Nitrogen, an essential element, plays an important role in the human body, especially
in the production of nucleic acids—DNA and RNA. These molecules are the basis for genetic
information and protein synthesis machinery. Nitrogen involved in the synthesis of amino
acids, DNA, RNA, ATP, etc. Nitrogen is essential for bodily functions such as digestion,
growth, and cell growth Amino acids derived from nitrogen are proteins species needed for
tissue growth, neurogenesis, and regulates body acid-base balance through urea production.
Nitrogen can disrupt cell formation, affecting growth, repair and overall body function.
Conversely, excess nitrogen from nucleic acids can interfere with metabolism, leading to
oxygen deprivation and possible health issues such as gout or kidney failure grade.

The importance of nitrogen in biomolecules is reflected in three major components:

DNA, RNA, and microRNA. Genetic Structure DNA. The two nucleotides are linked, each
containing a nitrogenous base: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. Actively involved in
protein synthesis and gene regulation Messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA),
ribosomal RNA (rRNA). There are different types Furthermore, microRNAs (miRNAs),
small but non-regulatory effect RNAs, regulate gene expression, and influence important
biological processes including development and disease progression influence.

Between this understandings, the daily nucleic acid intake of adults is 2 grams per
day. Nucleic acid-rich foods such as seafood, eggs, vegetables, mushrooms and beef provide
a way to ensure adequate nitrogen intake. Understanding that nitrogen is important in nucleic
acids helps us see how vital it is for life and good health. Hence, it's key to focus on a
balanced diet for complete wellness.
PART 3: ESSAY
RHIANE NICOLE PARCASIO
11-PERIDOT
11-31-23

THE IMPORTANCE OF NITROGEN FROM NUCLEIC ACID

Nitrogen is an essential element of life. It plays a crucial role in the structure and
function of nucleic acid, particularly in DNA and RNA. These molecules are responsible for
storing and transmitting genetic information. Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are
found in all living cells and are involved in a variety of biological activities such as protein
synthesis, growth, and development. Nitrogen is a vital component for the synthesis of key
molecules like amino acids, DNA, RNA, and ATP. It is essential for various bodily functions,
including digestion, growth, and cell growth. Amino acids, obtained from nitrogen, are the
fundamental units of proteins, which are essential for tissue growth, the development of new
neurons, and maintaining the body's acid-base balance through the production of urea.
Insufficient nitrogen can lead to impaired tissue development, weakened immune function,
and overall health issues, on the other hand, excess nitrogen can lead to imbalances in bodily
functions, potentially impacting metabolic processes, and can cause issues like gout or
disruptions in kidney function.

The DNA and shows the importance of nitrogen in nucleic acid. DNA is the genetic
material found in living organisms and is responsible for storing and transmitting genetic
information from one generation to the next. It has four nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine,
cytosine, and thymine. RNA is involved in protein synthesis and gene regulation. There are
different types of RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), small
interfering RNA (siRNA. Additionally the microRNA (miRNA), one of many types of non-
coding RNA. Along with this Adults need around 2 grams of nucleic acid per day. Eating
nucleic acid-rich foods like seafood, eggs, vegetables, mushrooms, and beef can help you
meet your daily nitrogen requirement.

In general, it can be said that Nitrogen is a vital element in life, playing a crucial role
in the structure and function of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA. These molecules store and
transmit genetic information, and are essential for protein synthesis, growth, and
development. Insufficient nitrogen can lead to impaired tissue development, weakened
immune function, and health issues, while excess nitrogen can cause imbalances in bodily
functions and potential health issues. Recognizing nitrogen's significance in nucleic acids,
the building blocks of life sheds light on its crucial role in maintaining good health.
Therefore, prioritizing a balanced diet is essential for everyone.

PART 3: ESSAY
RHYO MOHRY DE GUZMAN
11-PERIDOT
12-05-23

THE IMPORTANCE OF NITROGEN FROM NUCLEIC ACID

Nitrogen is a vital element that plays a crucial role in various physiological processes
within the human body. It is particularly important for the synthesis of amino acids, DNA,
RNA, and ATP, among other molecules. Nitrogen is essential for healthy food digestion,
growth, and the development of the human fetus. One of the primary functions of nitrogen is
its involvement in protein synthesis. Amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, contain
nitrogen. Without sufficient nitrogen, the body would struggle to produce new cells, affecting
growth, repair, and various bodily functions. A deficiency of nitrogen could lead to impaired
tissue development, weakened immune function, and overall health issues.

Nitrogen is essential for DNA, RNA, and miRNA formation. DNA stores and
transmits genetic information, while RNA is involved in protein synthesis and gene
regulation. Different types of RNA are, mRNA, IRNA, TRINA, miRINA, and SRNA. RNA
can also be the genetic material for some viruses. miRNAs are small RNAs that regulate gene
expression and play a role in various biological processes and diseases.

Excessive nitrogen from nucleic acids can disrupt bodily functions and cause
imbalances, leading to issues like gout and disruptions in kidney function. It is important to
maintain a balance in the intake of nitrogen for optimal bodily functions. Nucleic acids are
found in foods like seafood, nuts, vegetables, mushrooms, yeast, and beef. The recommended
daily intake of nucleic acids for adults is around 2 grams, which can be achieved through a
balanced diet.

Nitrogen intake must be adequate to ensure healthy biological processes, and

imbalances can lead to health problems. We may make informed food choices and improve
our health by recognizing the role of nitrogen from nucleic acids. Nitrogen is essential for
protein synthesis, growth, and the development of DNA and RNA. Nitrogen intake is
necessary to ensure proper bodily functions, while imbalances can lead to health issues. By
understanding the importance of nitrogen from nucleic acids, we can make informed dietary
choices and well-being.
PART 3: ESSAY
PRECIOUS L. FORONDA
11-PERIDOT
12-05-23

THE IMPORTANCE OF NITROGEN FROM NUCLEIC ACID

The element that is being researched is nitrogen, and its importance in nucleic acids
such as DNA and RNA is significant. Nitrogen plays a role in the human body, as it is
essential for the synthesis of amino acids, DNA, RNA, and ATP, among other molecules. It is
a major component of amino acids, which are the building blocks of protein molecules, and
also makes up nucleotides, which are the building blocks of DNA and RNA. Furthermore,
nitrogen helps in the formation of proteins, muscles, and neurotransmitters, and it plays a role
in maintaining the acid-base balance within the human body through its involvement in urea
production. Thus, nitrogen is important for various physiological processes, including protein
synthesis and growth.

If the body does not get enough nitrogen, it may struggle to produce new cells,
affecting growth, repair, and various bodily functions. Nitrogen is crucial for synthesizing
proteins and DNA, so a deficiency could lead to impaired tissue development, weakened
immune function, and overall health issues. On the other hand, an excess of nitrogen from
nucleic acids can cause imbalances in bodily functions, potentially impacting metabolic
processes. Excessive nitrogen can also lead to issues such as gout or disruptions in kidney
function due to excess uric acid production. Therefore, maintaining an appropriate balance of
nitrogen in the body is essential for optimal health.

Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are biomolecules that contain nitrogen. These
nucleic acids are found in various foods, including seafood, nuts, vegetables, mushrooms,
yeast, beef, and soups. Seafood, such as fish, is a significant source of nucleic acids, with
sardines having the highest levels. Additionally, vegetables like Chinese cabbage, broccoli,
beans, and soybeans are good sources of nucleic acids. Mushrooms, yeast, and beef are also
mentioned as foods containing nucleic acids.

In conclusion, nitrogen plays a vital role in nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA, and
its importance in the human body cannot be overstated. It is crucial for the synthesis of amino
acids, DNA, RNA, and ATP, contributing to various physiological processes, including
protein synthesis and growth. Maintaining an appropriate balance of nitrogen is essential for
optimal health, as both deficiency and excess can lead to health issues. Including nucleic
acid-rich foods in our diet helps ensure an enough intake of nitrogen and supports the body's
overall well-being.

PART 3: ESSAY
APRILEAH XERICH MENDOZA
11-PERIDOT
12-05-23

THE IMPORTANCE OF NITROGEN FROM NUCLEIC ACID

In our body, nitrogen plays a vital role including the synthesis of amino acids, DNA,
RNA and ATP, helps in proper food digestion, growth, development of human fetus, and
even in forming muscles. If our body doesn't have enough nitrogen, it can result problems
such as poor tissue development, a weaker immune system and overall health issue. On the
other hand, too much nitrogen can affect metabolic process, cause problems kike gout our
kidney issues because of too much uric acid.

Three major types of nucleic acids are DNA, which stores and transmits genetic
information through a double helix structure with adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and
thymine (T). Next one is the RNA, with types like mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, miRNA, and
siRNA, contributes to protein synthesis and gene regulation. And lastly the microRNA, a
small RNA type, regulates gene expression by preventing mRNA translation, influencing
crucial biological processes like development and disease.

To promote optimal health, it is recommended that the average adult includes around
2 grams of nucleic acids in their daily diet, following the suggested intake guidelines.
However, it is important to be cautious, as an excessive intake of nucleic acid has been linked
to various health issues, such as aging, age-related degenerative disorders, cancer,
inflammation, trauma, and autoimmune disorders. Maintaining a balanced approach to
nucleic acid consumption is essential for fostering overall well-being.
PART 3: ESSAY
FREDRICK Z. JACINTO
11-PERIDOT
12-05-23

THE IMPORTANCE OF NITROGEN FROM NUCLEIC ACID

Nitrogen is an essential element for all living organisms, playing a crucial role in
various biological processes. One of the most significant contributions of nitrogen is its
presence in nucleic acids, which are the building blocks of genetic material in all living cells.
Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic
information, which is vital for the growth, development, and functioning of organisms. The
importance of nitrogen in nucleic acids lies in its ability to form strong bonds with other
elements, allowing for the stable structure and replication of DNA and RNA.

Firstly, nitrogen is a key component of the nitrogenous bases found in nucleic acids.
These bases, namely adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine (in DNA) or uracil (in RNA),
are responsible for the genetic code. Nitrogen forms hydrogen bonds with other bases,
creating the double helix structure of DNA and the single-stranded structure of RNA. These
bonds ensure the stability and integrity of the genetic material, allowing for accurate
replication and transmission of genetic information during cell division and protein synthesis.

Furthermore, nitrogen is also present in the amino acids that make up proteins, which
are essential for the structure and function of cells. Proteins are synthesized based on the
instructions encoded in DNA and RNA. Nitrogen is required for the formation of peptide
bonds between amino acids, enabling the creation of polypeptide chains that fold into specific
three-dimensional structures. These structures determine the function of proteins, such as
enzymes, antibodies, and structural components of cells. Without nitrogen, the synthesis and
functioning of proteins would be severely impaired, leading to various physiological
abnormalities.

Lastly, nitrogen's importance in nucleic acids cannot be overstated. Its presence in the
nitrogenous bases of DNA and RNA allows for the storage and transmission of genetic
information, while its role in amino acids contributes to the synthesis and functioning of
proteins. Without nitrogen, the fundamental processes of life, such as growth, development,
and reproduction, would be impossible. Understanding the significance of nitrogen in nucleic
acids helps us appreciate the intricate mechanisms that govern life on Earth and underscores
the importance of maintaining a balanced nitrogen cycle in ecosystems.
PICTURES/PROOFS
 Element and Biomolecule Research Rubric (30/100 points)

Complet Partial Missing

e
(1 (0
(2 point) points)
points)

Question
1
Question
2 Complete Missing
Question (1 point) (0 points)
3 Question 8a)
Question 8b)
4 8c)
Question 8d)
5
8e)
Question
8f)
6
8g)
Question
8h)
7
8i)
Subtotal
8j)
8k)
8l)
8m)
8n)
8o)
8p)
Subtotal
Total

Essay Rubric (38/100 points)

Complete Partial Missing

Introduction paragraph: 10 points 9 -1 0

- 5-7 sentences that describe what will be explained in the rest point points
of the essay

Body: 10 points 9 -1 0
-5-7 sentences that explain why it is important to learn about point points
elements and biomolecules
-include SPECIFIC examples to back up your reasons

Conclusion: 10 points 9 -1 0
- 5-7 sentences that summarize the points addressed in your point points
essay.
Format: 8 points 7-1 0
 The essay should flows nicely (no fragmented or run-on points points
sentences)
Total

Diagram Poster Rubric (32/100 points)

Digestive System part Complete Partial Missing

(4 points) (3-1 (0 points)
points)
Zoom-in of
Mouth
Labeled and explained
Zoom-in of
Salivary gland
Labeled and explained
Zoom-in of
Esophagus
Labeled and explained
Zoom-in of
Stomach
Labeled and explained
Zoom-in of
Gall Bladder
Labeled and explained
Zoom-in of
Liver
Labeled and explained
Zoom-in of
Pancreas
Labeled and explained
Zoom-in of
Small intestine
Labeled and explained
Total

Rubric Score
Element/Biomolecule Rubric /30
Diagram poster Rubric /32
Essay Rubric /38

Total /100
 ”Zoom in” example

REFERENCES
Parts of the Digestive System | Biology for Majors II. (n.d.). Retrieved from:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/parts-of-the-digestive-system/
Molnar, C. (2015, May 14). 15.1 Digestive Systems. Pressbooks. Retrieved from:
https://opentextbc.ca/biology/chapter/15-1-digestive-systems/
Liu et al., 2015. Digestion of Nucleic Acids Starts in the Stomach. Scientific Reports. Retrieved from:
https://doi.org/10.1038/srep11936
18.3: Digestion and Absorption. Biology LibreTexts.(2022, June 8 Retrieved from:
https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/Human_Biology_(Wakim_and_Grew
al)/18%3A_Digestive_System/18.3%3A_Digestion_and_Absorption
22.10C: Digestive Processes Of the Small Intestine. Medicine LibreTexts. (2023, Januay 17) Retrieved
from:
https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anatomy_and_Physiology/Anatomy_and_Physiolog
by_(Boundless)/22%3A_Digestive_System/22.10%3A_The_Small_Intestine/22.10C%3A_Dige
stive_Processes_of_the_Small_Intestine