CHAPTER > 09

Strategies for
Enhancement in
Food Production
NEET KEY NOTES

Animal Husbandry Å Strict cleanliness and hygiene are important while milking,
Å It is the agricultural practice of breeding and raising storage and transport of the milk and its products.
livestock like buffaloes, cows, pigs, horses, cattle, sheep, Å Regulator inspections for stringent up keep and proper
camel, goat, etc. record maintenance.
Å It includes poultry farming and fisheries. Å Regular visits by a doctor would be mandatory.
Å Fisheries include rearing, catching, selling, of fish, molluscs Poultry Farm Management
(shell-fish) and crustaceans (prawns, crabs, etc).
Å Poultry is the class of domesticated fowl (birds) used for
Å More than 70% of worlds livestock population is in India and food or their eggs.
China. However, its contribution to the world farm produce
Å It mainly includes chicken and ducks and sometimes turkey
is only 25%.
and geese.
Management of Farms and Farm Å Important components of poultry farm management include
Animals n
Selection of disease free and suitable breeds
Practices employed to enhance food production from animals n
Proper and safe farm condition
targeted management of farm and farm animals such as dairy n
Proper feed and water
farm management and poultry farm management. n
Hygiene and healthcare
Dairy Farm Management Å A viral infection affecting poultry birds is bird flu. It is
Å Dairying is the management of animals for its milk and its caused by infection with bird flu virus or H5 N1 virus. It is
product for human consumption. In dairy farm deadly to birds and can easily affect humans through
management, we deal with processes and systems that consumption of their products (eggs, meat, etc) and other
increase yield and improve quality of milk. animals that come in contact with a carrier.
Selection of good breeds having high yielding potential,
Å

combined with resistance to diseases is very important.

Animal Breeding
Å It aims at increasing yields of animals and improving the
Å Cattles have to be housed well, should have proper water
desirable qualities of the product.
and be maintained disease free.
Å A breed is a group of animals related by descent and similar
Å The feeding of cattle should be carried out in a scientific
in most of characters like general appearance, features, size,
manner (quality and quantity of fodder).
configuration, etc.
Å There are two kinds of breeding, i.e. inbreeding (breeding Å The genetic mother becomes available for another round
between same breeds) or outbreeding (breeding between of superovulation. High milk-yielding breeds of
different breeds). females and high quality (lean meat with less lipid)
meat- yielding bulls have been bred successfully this
Inbreeding Outbreeding
technique to increases a herd size in short time.
Method of mating of more closely Method of mating of unrelated
related individuals within the animals for 4-6 generations. It is Bee-keeping
same breed, i.e. superior males of three types, i.e. outcrossing,
and superior females of the same cross-breeding and interspecific Å A remarkable growth in the practice of bee-keeping or
breed for 4-6 generations. hybridisation. apiculture has been observed as it is a old cottage
Advantages It increases Advantages It produces hybrids industry requiring less manpower and management
homozygosity, so it is used for with desirable characters of both skills. Also,demand for its products honey (high
developing purelines. It exposes the parents like better lactation nutritive value and indigenous medicine) and beeswax
harmful recessive genes that are period and high milk productions.
(used in the preparation of cosmetics and polishes) has
eleminated by selection. It also
helps in accumulation of superior increased significantly.
genes and elimination of less Å Bee-keeping can be practiced in any area where
desirable genes.
sufficient pasture is available. The most common species
Å Continued inbreeding reduces fertility and even of honybee is Apis indica.
productivity. This is called inbreeding depression. Å Few points are important for successful bee-keeping
Whenever this becomes a problem. Selected animals of the like-knowledge of the nature and habits of bees,
breeding population should be mated with unrelated selection of suitable location for beehives, catching and
superior animals of the same breed. This usually helps to hiving of swarms, management of beehives during
restore fertility and yield. different seasons and proper handling and collection of
Å Outcrossing is the mating of animals within same breed but honey and beeswax.
having no common ancestors up to 4-6 generations. The
offspring are called outcross. This method helps in Fisheries
increasing the milk production, growth rate in beef cattle etc. Å Fishery is another flourishing industry meeting the
Å Cross-breeding is the mating of superior male of one breed ever-increasing demand for fish, fish products and other
with the superior female of another breed. The progeny aquatic foods. It includes catching, processing and
formed by this, may themselves be used for the commercial marketing of fishes.
production or alternatively used to develop new superior Å Freshwater fishes which are very common include catla,
breeds. rohu and common carp.
Å By this technique, Hisardale (a new breed of sheep) Å Common marine fishes are hilsa, sardines, mackerel and
developed in Punjab by crossing Bikaneri ewes and Marino pomfrets and selling of fish, shellfish and other aquatic
rams. animals.
Å Interspecific hybridisation is the mating of male and female Å This industry provides employment to millions of
animals of two different related species. The progeny may be fisherman and farmers particularly in the coastal states.
of considerable economic value, e.g. mule. Å Different techniques have been applied to increase the
Å To improve the chances of successful production of hybrids, production of aquatic plants and animals such as
controlled breeding methods such as MOET (Multiple aquaculture and pisciculture.
Ovulation Embryo Transfer) technique and artificial Å Blue revolution is implemented to increase fish
insemination are applied. These methods have given better production.
results than the conventional selective hybridisation.
Å In artificial insemination, the semen is collected from the Plant Breeding
male and injected into the reproductive tract of the selected Å India‘s economy is based on agriculture and nearly
female. In this way, desirable matings are carried and it 62% of the population is employed in this sector at
helps us to overcome several problems of normal matings. various levels. As only limited land is fit for cultivation,
Å In MOET, cow is administered with FSH hormone, to induce India has to strive to increase yields per unit area from
follicular maturation and superovulation and instead of 1, existing farm lands.
they produce 6-8 eggs. After mating, all these fertilised eggs Å Plant breeding techniques led to a dramatic increase in
at 8-32 cell stage are collected and transferred to surrogate food production in 1960. This is often referred to as the
mothers. green revolution.

NEET KEY NOTES

 What is Plant Breeding? n
Sugarcane Saccharum barberi of North India had poor
sugar content and yield. Tropical canes grown in
Å Plant breeding involves purposeful manipulation of plant South India Saccharum officinarum had thicker stems
species used to create varieties, which have increased crop and higher sugar content but did not grow well in
yield, improved quality, increased tolerance to environmental North India.
stresses (extreme temperatures, salinity, drought), resistant to These two species were crossed to get sugarcane
pathogens and to insect pests. Eventually, achieving the goal varieties with high yield, thick stems, high sugar
of increase in the yield of the food. content and ability to grow in North India.
Å Plant breeding programmes are carried out in a systematic n
Millets Hybrid varieties of maize, jowar and bajra
way. The main steps in plant breeding are that are high yielding and resistant to water stress
1. Collection of variability is the collection and have been developed in India.
preservation of all the different wild varieties, species
and relatives of the cultivated species. The entire Plant Breeding for Disease
collection of plants or seeds having all the diverse alleles Resistance
for all genes in a given crop is called germplasm
collection.
Å Fungal, bacterial and viral infections in cultivated crop
species reduce the crop yield up to 20-30%, especially in
2. Evaluation and selection of parents is the identification
tropical climates.
of plants with desirable characteristics. The selected
plants are multiplied and used in hybridisation process. Å To reduce infections and to cut down the use of
3. Cross hybridisation among the selected parents to fungicides and bactericides, disease resistant varieties
obtain desired crop characters, e.g. high protein quality need to be developed.
of one parent combined with disease resistance from Å Resistance of the host plant is the ability to prevent the
another parent. This is possible by cross hybidising the pathogen from causing disease and is determined by the
two parents to produce hybrids that have genetically genetic constitution of the host plant.
combined characters in one plant. Some of the diseases caused by various pathogens
4. Selection and testing of superior recombinants is the are
selection of the plant having desired character
combination. This step requires scientific evaluation of
n
Fungi Brown rust of wheat, red rot of sugarcane and
the progeny and yield plants that are superior to both of late blight of potato.
the parents. These are self- pollinated for several n
Bacteria Black rot of crucifers.
generations till they become uniform or homozyous. n
Viruses Tobacco mosaic, turnip mosaic, etc.
5. Testing, release and commercialisation of new cultivars
The newly selected lines are evaluated for their yield and Methods of Breeding for Disease
other agronomic traits (of quality, disease resistance, etc.) Resistance
by Å Conventional breeding The steps are
n
growing these in the research fields and n
Screening germplasm for resistance sources.
n
recording their performance under ideal fertiliser application, n
Hybridisation of selected parents.
irrigation and other crop management practices. n
Selection and evaluation of the hybrids.
Final step involves testing the generated varieties in n
Testing and release of new varieties.
farmer’s fields, for at least three growing seasons, at
several locations in the country, representing all the Some Important Varieties Developed
agroclimatic zones, where the crop is usually grown. by Conventional Breeding
Å Hybrid varieties of crop plants, developed in India are Crop Variety Resistance to diseases
n
Wheat Varieties such as Sonalika and Kalyan Sona are Wheat Himgiri Leaf and stripe rust, hill bunt
high yielding and disease resistant.These were derived
Brassica Pusa Swarnim White rust
from semidwarf variety developed by Nobel laureate (Karan rai)
Norman E Borlaug, at International Centre for Wheat and
Maize Improvement (CIMMYT) in Mexico. Cauliflower Pusa Shubhra, Pusa Black rot and curl blight
Snowball K-1 black rot
n
Rice Semidwarf rice varieties were derived from IR-8
Cowpea Pusa Komal Bacterial blight
[developed at International Rice Research Institute (IRRI),
Philippines] and Taichung Native-1 (from Taiwan). Chilli Pusa Sadabahar Chilli mosaic virus, Tobacco
Jaya and Ratna were developed in India. mosaic virus and leaf curl.

NEET KEY NOTES

Å Mutation breeding is the process of breeding by artificially Å The objective of breeding for improved nutritional
inducing mutations using chemicals or radiations (gamma quality is to improve
radiations). n
protein and oil content and quality
Å Mutation is the process by which base sequence within genes n
vitamin content.
changes, resulting in the creation of a new character or trait n
micronutrients and mineral content.
not found in the parent plant, e.g. Å By using biofortification technique, we had developed
n
In mung bean, resistance to yellow mosaic virus and n
Maize hybrids with twice the amount of the amino
powdery mildew were induced by mutations.
acids, lysine and tryptophan, compared to existing
n
In bhindi (Abelmoschus esculentus), resistance to yellow maize hybrids.
mosaic virus was transferred from a wild species to the n
Wheat variety, Atlas 66, having a high protein
crop species by sexual hybridisation and a new variety of
content.
A. esculentus called Parbhani kranti was produced.
n
An iron-fortified rice variety with five times higher
Plant Breeding for Developing iron content than in commonly consumed varieties.
Vitamin-A enriched carrots, spinach, pumpkin.
Resistance to Insect Pests
n

n
Vitamin-C enriched bitter gourd, bathua, mustard,
Å Insect and pest infestations are another major cause for large
tomato.
scale destruction of crop plant and crop production.
Insect resistance in host crop plants may be due to
n
Iron and calcium enriched spinach and bathua.
morphological, biochemical or physiological characteristics. n
Protein enriched beans - broad, lablab, French and
n
Morphological pest deterrents Hairy leaves in several garden peas.
plants are associated with resistance to insect pests, The Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New
e.g. resistance to jassids in cotton and cereal leaf beetle in Delhi has released above mentioned vegetable crops
wheat. Solid stems in wheat, is not preferred by the stem rich in vitamins and minerals.
sawfly, smooth leaved and nectar less cotton varieties do
not attract bollworms. Single Cell Protein (SCP)
n
Biochemical pest deterrents High aspartic acid, low Å It refers to the source of mixed proteins extracted from
nitrogen and sugar content in maize leads to resistance to pure or mixed culture of organisms or cells.
maize stem borers. Breeding methods for insect pest It acts as a supplement or alternative source of protein
resistance are same as for disease resistance. Sources of that is not supplied by the traditional of conventional
resistance genes may be cultivated varieties, germplasm agriculture production.
collections of the crop or wild relatives. Å Several microbes have also been used as source of good
Some Crop Varieties Breed by Hybridisation proteins. Microbes like Spirulina and Methylophilus
and Selection, for Insect Pest Resistance methylotrophus are being grown on an industrial scale on
materials like waste water from potato processing plants
Crop Variety Insect pests
(containing starch), straw, molasses, animal manure and
Brassica Pusa Gaurav Aphids even sewage.
(rapeseed mustard)
Å Advantages of SCP
Flat bean Pusa Sem 2 and Pusa Jassids, aphids and
Sem 3 fruit borer n
Using waste as nutrient medium reduces
environmental pollution.
Okra (bhindi) Pusa Sawani and Pusa Shoot and fruit borer
A-4 n
Because of their high rate of biomass production and
growth, microbes can produce much bigger amount
Plant Breeding For Improved Food of protein than the larger animals, e.g. 250 gm of
Methylophilus methylotrophus produces 25 tonnes of
Quality proteins.
Å More than 840 million peoples in the world do not have
adequate food to meet their nutritional and daily food Tissue Culture
requirements and about these billion people suffer from
Å As traditional breeding techniques were slow new
micronutrient, protein and vitamin deficiencies, i.e. hidden
technology called tissue culture was developed as a fast
hunger.
and efficient systems for crop improvement.
Å Biofortification is the method of breeding crops with higher
Å Plants have a special property called totipotency which
levels of vitamins, minerals and healthier fats to improve
is the capacity to generate a whole plant from any cell.
public healths.

NEET KEY NOTES

Å Plants can be regenerated in lab from explants, i.e. any part of Å Another application of tissue culture method is the
a plant taken out and grown in a test tube, under sterile recovery of healthy plants from diseased plants. Even when
conditions in special nutrient media. the plant is infected with a virus, the meristem (apical and
Å The nutrient medium must provide, a carbon source such as axillary) remains infection free; it can be removed, grown
sucrose, inorganic salts, vitamins, amino acids and growth in vitro to obtain virus-free plants. Meristems of banana,
sugarcane, potato, etc., have been isolated.
regulators like auxins and cytokinins.
Å Somatic hybridisation is the process of in vitro fusion of
Å Micropropagation is the method of producing thousands of
protoplasts of somatic cells obtained from different
plants through tissue culture. varieties or species of plants on a suitable nutrient medium
Each of these plants will be genetically identical to the to develop a hybrid. In this process, first the cell wall of
original plant from which they were grown, i.e. they are plant cells are removed.
somaclones. The protoplasts of these cells are allowed of fuse in the
Many important food plants like tomato, banana, apple, etc., presence of PEG. Later, the fused protoplasts develop thin
have been produced on commercial scale using this method. own walls and are called as somatic hybrids, e.g. pomato.

Mastering NCERT
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

TOPIC 1 ~ Animal Husbandry, Management

of Farms and Farm Animals
1 …… is the agricultural practice of feeding, breeding 6 The management of animals for milk and its
and raising livestock. Choose the most appropriate products for human consumption is called
word to fill in the blank. (a) dairy farming (b) poultry farming
(a) Animal husbandry (c) white revolution (d) livestock improvement
(b) Cattle improvement 7 In dairy farm management
(c) Both (a) and (b) (a) livestock improvement is done
(d) Cattle farming (b) milk yield and quality is improved
2 Animal husbandry includes (c) regular inspection of animals
(a) fisheries (b) poultry farming (d) All of the above
(c) dairying (d) All of these 8 Choose the correct option.
3 Crustacean fishery is connected with exploitation of (a) More than 70% of the world livestock population is in
(a) oysters and crabs India and China
(b) mussels and squids (b) The contribution of India and china to the world farm
(c) shell and cuttle fish produce is about 25%
(d) crabs and prawn (c) Important livestock of India are cattle and buffaloes
(d) All of the above
4 Livestock refers to
(a) pet animals 9 Which of the following qualities is considered for
(b) poultry and pet animals the selection of good breeds?
(c) domestic animals which are kept for use or profit (a) High yielding potential (b) Resistance to diseases
(d) None of the above (c) Breed with pureline (d) Both (a) and (b)

5 The practices concerned with the improvement in 10 What measures should be taken for cattles, to
animal husbandry include realise the yield potential?
(a) management of farm and farm animals (a) They have to be housed well
(b) management of animals and plants at a same place (b) Feeding should be in scientific manner
(c) genetic engineering (c) Hygienic milking, storage and transport of milk
(d) None of the above (d) All of the above
11 Which of the following birds are domesticated in 14
poultry farm management?
(a) Chicken (b) Ducks
(c) Turkey and geese (d) All of these
12 Which of the following points should be kept into
consideration for management of poultry farm?
A. Selection of disease free and suitable breeds
B. Proper and safe farm conditions
C. Proper feed and water Identify improved breed shown in diagram.
D. Hygiene and healthcare (a) A–Jersey, B–Leghorn (b) A–Surti, B–Sangamneri
(a) A,B,C (b) A,C,D (c) A–Marwari, B–Sirohi (d) A–Beetal, B–Jamunapari
(c) A,B,C,D (d) None of these 15 An infectious bacterial disease of cattle, buffaloes,
13 Bird flu is a ………… disease. sheeps and goats is
(a) viral (b) bacterial (a) anthrax (b) rinderpest
(c) fungal (d) algal (c) tick fever (d) necrosis

TOPIC 2 ~ Animal Breeding, Bee-keeping and Fisheries

16 Which of the following is an aim of animal 20 Continued inbreeding
breeding? (a) reduces fertility
(a) Increasing the yield of animals (b) reduces productivity
(b) Improving the desirable qualities of the produce (c) causes inbreeding depression
(c) Producing better looking animals (d) All of the above
(d) Both (a) and (b) 21 Homozygous purelines in cattle can be obtained by
17 The term ‘breed’ refers to NEET 2017
(a) a group of animals not related by descent but similar in (a) mating of related individuals of same breed
most characteristics (b) mating of unrelated individuals of same breed
(b) a group of animals related by descent and similar in (c) mating of indviduals of different breed
most characteristics (d) mating of individuals of different species
(c) a group of animals related by descent but have almost 22 Suggest a way to overcome inbreeding depression.
different characteristics (a) Selected animals should be mated with related superior
(d) a group of animals neither related by descent nor have animals of different breed
similar characteristics (b) Selected animals should be mated with unrelated
superior animals of same breed
18 The term ‘inbreeding’ refers to
(c) Selected animals should be mated with related superior
(a) mating of more closely related individuals within the animals of same breed
same breed for 4-6 generations
(d) Selected animals should be mated with unrelated
(b) mating of unrelated animals of the same breed superior animals of different breed
(c) mating of animals within the same breed, but having no 23 Outbreeding is an important strategy of animal
common ancestors up to 4-6 generations
husbandry because it CBSE-AIPMT 2015
(d) superior males of one breed are mated with superior
(a) helps in accumulation of superior genes
females of another breed
(b) is useful in producing purelines of animals
19 A superior female, in the case of cattle is the …A… (c) is useful in overcoming inbreeding depression
that produces more milk per lactation. On the other (d) exposes harmful recessive genes that are eliminated by
hand, a superior male is the …B…, which gives rise selection
to …C… as compared to those of other males. Here, 24 When breeding is between the unrelated animals,
A to C refers to including individuals of the same breed but having no
(a) A–cow, B–bull, C–superior progeny common ancestors for 4-6 generations or between
(b) A–buffalo, B–bull, C–inferior progeny different breeds or different species, is called
(c) A–cow, B–bull, C–inferior progeny (a) outbreeding (b) inbreeding
(d) A–cow, B–bull, C–normal progeny (c) controlled breeding (d) hybridisation
25 Hissardale is a new breed of …A… developed in 33 Fill up the blanks.
Punjab by crossing …B… and …C… . I. …… A ……refers to the cross of superior males of one
Here A to C refers to breed with superior females of another breed.
(a) A–sheep, B–Bikaneri ewes, C–Marino rams II. …… B …… is a method of controlled breeding in
(b) A–chicken, B–Dorking, C–Sussex which semen from the selected male parent is injected
(c) A–chicken, B–Leghorn, C–Plymouth rock into the reproductive tract of the selected female
(d) A–cow, B–Jersey, C–Brown Swiss parent.
26 Interspecific hybridisation is the mating of NEET 2016 III. …… C …… refers to crossing between male and
(a) animals within same breed without having common female animals of two different species.
ancestors IV. …… D …… is a programme for herd improvement in
(b) two different related species animals like cattle, sheep, buffaloes, etc.
(c) superior males and females of different breeds
A B C D
(d) more closely related individuals within same breed for
4-6 generations (a) MOET Interspecific Artificial Cross-breeding
27 A mule is produced by hybridisation insemination
(a) cross-breeding (b) Cross-breeding Artificial Interspecific MOET
(b) outcrossing insemination hybridisation
(c) inbreeding (c) Artificial MOET Cross-breeding Interspecific
(d) interspecific hybridisation insemination hybridisation
28 Controlled breeding experiments are carried out using (d) Interspecific Artificial MOET Cross-breeding
(a) interspecific hybridisation hybridisation insemination
(b) artificial insemination
(c) outcrossing 34 Rearing of honeybees for obtaining honey and
(d) intraspecific hybridisation beeswax is called
(a) pisciculture (b) sericulture
29 MOET stands for
(c) apiculture (d) aquaculture
(a) Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer technology
(b) Multiple Ovary and Embryo Transfer technology 35 Most common honeybee species in India
(c) Multiple Ovulation Embryo Test technology (a) Apis indica (b) Apis florea
(d) Method of Egg Transfer (c) Apis mellifera (d) Apis dorsata
30 In MOET procedure, to induce follicular maturation 36 Which of the following given point is important for
and superovulation which of the following hormones successful bee-keeping?
are administered to the cow? (a) Knowledge of the nature and habits of bees
(a) Follicle stimulating hormone (b) Selection of suitable location for keeping the
(b) Progesterone beehives
(c) Androgen (c) Catching and hiving of swarms (group of bees) and
(d) Oxytocin their management during different seasons
(d) All of the above
31 During MOET at which of the following stages,
embryo is transferred to surrogate mothers 37 Keeping beehives in crop field during flowering
(a) Unfertilised ovules
period
(b) 2-celled stage (a) improve honey and wax yield
(c) Fertilised egg (b) improves crop yield
(d) 8-32 celled stage (c) pollination efficiency
(d) All of the above
32 In which of the following techniques high milk giving
breeds of females and high quality meat giving bulls 38 Name the industry that includes catching, processing
have been bred successfully to increase herd size or selling of aquatic animals.
short time? (a) Fisheries (b) Apiculture
(a) MOET (c) Sericulture (d) None of these
(b) Artificial insemination 39 Which of the following is not a freshwater fishes?
(c) Interspecific hybridisation (a) catla (b) rohu
(d) Induced mutation (c) common carp (d) mackerel
40 Edible fishes found in marine water habitat is/are 42 Which of the following activities has contributed
(a) sardines towards increased production of aquatic organisms?
(b) pomfrets (a) Pisciculture and sericulture
(c) Hilsa (b) Pisciculture and aquaculture
(d) All of the above
(c) Pisciculture and blue revolution
41 Among the following edible fishes, which one is a (d) Blue and green revolution
marine fish having rich source of omega-3 fatty
43 The byproducts obtained from fisheries are
acids? NEET 2016
(a) Mystus (a) isinglass, oil, shagreen and fishmeal
(b) Magur (b) eggs, meat, oil and leather
(c) Mrigala (c) isinglass and eggs
(d) Mackerel (d) None of the above

TOPIC 3 ~ Plant Breeding and Single Cell Protein

44 Green revolution in India was possible due to (c) A–Testing of parents; B–Selection of superior
(a) exploitation of high yielding varieties recombinants
(b) intensive cultivation (d) A–Evaluation and selection of parents; B–Selection and
(c) better irrigation, fertilisers and pesticide facilities testing of superior recombinants
(d) All of the above 48 Which of the following is considered as the root of
45 Green revolution depended mainly on plant breeding any breeding programme?
techniques for high yielding and disease resistant (a) Genetic variability
varieties in (b) Cross hybridisation
(a) wheat (b) rice (c) maize (d) All of these (c) Hybrid vigour
(d) Heterosis
46 ……… is the purposeful manipulation of plant
species in order to create plant types that are better 49 In plant breeding programmes, the entire collection
suited for cultivation, give better yield and are disease (of plants/seeds) having all the diverse alleles for all
resistant. Fill up the blanks. genes in a given crop is called NEET 2013
(a) Aquaculture (a) selection of superior recombinants
(b) Plant breeding (b) cross-hybridisation among the selected parents
(c) Animal husbandry (c) evaluation and selection of parents
(d) Apiculture (d) germplasm collection
47 Following are the steps to produce a new genetic 50 Which of the following is the main aim of evaluation
variety of crop. of germplasm in plant breeding programme?
Collection of germplasm. (a) To identify plants with desirable combination of
characters
↓
(b) For effective exploitation of the natural genes
A
(c) To look for harmful mutated gene
↓ (d) For collection of variability
Cross-breeding /Hybridisation
51 In case of plant breeding, cross hybridisation is a time
↓ consuming and tedious process because
B (a) pre-existing genetic variability is collected from wild
↓ varieties, species and relatives of the cultivated crop
Testing, release and commercialisation species
of the new cultivars (b) it involves the selection of plants among the progeny of
Choose appropriate option for A and B. the hybrids with desired combination of characters
(a) A–Selection of parents; B–Testing of superior (c) it involves emasculation and bagging techniques to
recombinants transfer desired pollen grains to the stigma of desired
(b) A–Evaluation of parents; B–Selection of superior plant
recombinants (d) None of the above
52 During selection and testing of superior 63 Saccharum officinarum variety of sugarcane had
recombinants, selected superior plants are (a) thin stems and higher sugar content
self-pollinated for several generation. Why? (b) thick stems and higher sugar content
(a) So that they reach a state of uniformity (homozygosity) (c) thick stems and poor sugar content
(b) So that the characters will not segregate in the progeny (d) thin stems and poor sugar content
(c) Both (a) and (b) 64 The genetic ability of a plant to prevent pathogens
(d) Selected superior plants are not self-pollinated but from causing disease is called
cross-pollinated
(a) resistance (b) prevention
53 After India independence, one of the main challenges (c) pathology (d) None of these
facing the country was
65 Which one of the following is a bacterial disease?
(a) improving science and technology
(a) Tobacco mosaic
(b) producing enough food for increasing population
(b) Turnip mosaic
(c) production of disease resistance varieties of crops
(c) Black rot of crucifer
(d) Both (b) and (c)
(d) Late blight of potato
54 Semidwarf variety of wheat was developed by
66 Hairy root disease of dicot plants is caused by
(a) Norman E Borlaug (b) MS Swaminathan
(a) Agrobacterium tumefaciens AIIMS 2019
(c) WY Cheung (d) Fontana
(b) Agrobacterium rhizogene
55 Semidwarf variety of wheat was developed at (c) Bacillus thuringiensis
(a) International Centre for Wheat and Maize Improvement (d) Meloidogyne incognita
Brazil
(b) International Centre for Wheat and Maize Improvement 67 Method(s) of breeding plants for acquiring disease
Mexico resistance is/are
(c) International Centre for Wheat and Rice Improvement (a) conventional breeding techniques
Japan (b) mutation breeding
(d) International Centre for Wheat and Gram Improvement (c) tissue culture
Mexico (d) Both (a) and (b)
56 Example of high yielding and disease resistant wheat 68 The conventional method of breeding for disease
variety is resistance includes
(a) Sonalika (b) IR-8 (c) Ratna (d) Jaya (a) screening of germplasm for resistant sources.
57 Semidwarf varieties of rice were derived from (b) hybridisation of selected parents.
(a) IR-8 and Taichung Native-I (c) induction of mutation.
(b) Atlas 66 (d) Both (a) and (b)
(c) Kalyan Sona 69 Himgiri developed by hybridisation and selection for
(d) Jaya and Ratna disease resistance against rust pathogens is a
58 International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) is variety of
situated at (a) chilli (b) maize
(a) New York (USA) (b) Tokyo (Japan) (c) sugarcane (d) wheat
(c) Manilla (Philippines) (d) Hyderabad (India) 70 Some crop varieties bred by hybridisation and
59 Where Taichung Native-1 was developed? selection for disease resistance to fungi, bacteria and
(a) Taraiva (b) Tokyo (c) Tallinn (d) Taiwan viral disease are shown below. Fill up the blanks
A to D.
60 Jaya and Ratna are varieties of
(a) maize (b) wheat (c) rice (d) millet Resistance to
Crop Variety
diseases
61 Saccharum barberi and Saccharum officinarum are
A Himgiri Leaf and stripe rust,
varieties of hill bunt
(a) sugarcane (b) maize (c) wheat (d) rice Brassica Pusa Swarnim (Karan rai) B
62 The sugarcane growing in North India and having a Cauliflower Pusa Shubhra, Pusa Black rot and curl
poor sugar content and yield is Snowball K-1 blight black rot
(a) Saccharum officinarum Cowpea C Bacterial blight
(b) Saccharum barberi Chilli D Chilli mosaic virus,
(c) Both (a) and (b) tobacco mosaic
(d) None of the above virus and leaf curl
 (a) A–Wheat, B–White rust, C–Pusa Komal, D–Pusa 79 Hairy leaves of many plants are associated with
Sadabahar resistance to …… .
(b) A–Pusa Sadabahar, B–Black rust, C–Pusa Komal, (a) insect pests (b) bacteria
D–Wheat
(c) virus (d) bollworm
(c) A–Rice, B–White rust, C–Pusa Karan, D–Wheat
(d) A–Maize, B–Brown rust, C–Pusa Karan, D–Millet 80 Solid stem in wheat exhibits non-preference by
(a) jassids
71 Triticale is the first man-made cereal crop.
(b) fruit borer
Mention the type of hybridisation through which it (c) stem borer
was produced AIIMS 2018
(d) stem sawfly
(a) intervarietal hybridisation
(b) interspecific hybridisation 81 In cotton, smooth leaf and the absence of nectar repel
(c) intergeneric hybridisation (a) sawfly (b) bollworms
(d) intravarietal hybridisation (c) beetle (d) jassids

72 Consider the following measures that could be taken 82 In maize, the presence of high aspartic acid, low
to successfully grow chickpea in an area where nitrogen and sugar content protect them from
bacterial blight is common. AIIMS 2018 (a) aphids
(a) Spray with bordeaux mixture (b) fruit borers
(b) Use of disease-free seeds only (c) jassids
(c) Use of varieties resistant to the disease (d) stem borers
(d) All of the above 83 Some released crop varieties bred by hybridisation
73 The process by which genetic variations are created and selection, for insect pest resistance are given in
through changes in the base sequences within genes is the table. Fill up the blanks.
(a) plant breeding (b) interspecific hybridisation Crops Varieties Insect pests
(c) outcrossing (d) mutation
Brassica A Aphids
74 The process of breeding by artificially inducing
B Pusa Sem 2, Pusa Sem-3 Jassids, aphids and fruit
mutations with chemicals or radiations is called borer
(a) artificial breeding (b) chemical breeding
C Pusa Sawani, Pusa A-4 Shoot and fruit borer
(c) synthetic breeding (d) mutation breeding
75 In mutation breeding, mutations are induced by using (a) A–Pusa Karan, B–Flat bean, C–Bhindi
radiation like (b) A–Pusa Gaurav, B–Flat bean, C–Okra
(a) Gamma rays (b) X-rays (c) A–Pusa Shubhra, B–Wrinkled bean, C–Pea
(c) UV-rays (d) All of these (d) A–Pusa Komal, B–Smooth bean, C–Bhindi

76 In mung bean, resistance to yellow mosaic virus and 84 Which of the following are not disease resistant
powdery mildew were brought about by varieties?
NEET (Odisha) 2019 (a) Pusa Gaurav (b) Pusa Sem-2
(a) mutation breeding (c) Pusa Sawani (d) All of these
(b) biofortification 85 Hidden hunger is best indicated as
(c) tissue culture (a) inability of majority of people to buy enough fruits,
(d) hybridisation and selection vegetables, legumes, fish and meat and thus suffer from
77 Resistance to yellow mosaic virus in bhindi was deficiency of vitamin, protein, etc.
transferred from a wild species and resulted in new (b) people are unable to buy healthy drink item and thus
variety of A. esculentus called suffer from deficiency
(a) Golden Kranti (b) Sonalika (c) people are unable to buy junk food thus suffer from
(c) IR-8 (d) Parbhani Kranti deficiency
(d) All of the above
78 The host crop plants may be resistant to insect pests
due to the 86 Majority of people suffer from malnutrition because
(a) morphological characteristics their food does not contain essential micronutrients
(b) biochemical characteristics specially
(c) physiological characteristics (a) iron (b) iodine and zinc
(d) All of the above (c) vitamin-A (d) All of these
87 The deficiency of essential micronutrients in food Choose the correct option.
may (a) I, II and IV (b) All of these
I. increase risk for disease. (c) II, III and IV (d) None of these
II. reduce mental ability. 92 One of the alternate sources of protein for animal and
III. reduce lifespan. human nutrition is
Choose the correct option. (a) single cell protein
(a) I, II and III (b) I and III (b) proteomix
(c) Only I (d) I and II (c) double cell protein
88 Biofortified crops are (d) All of these
(a) crops with increased yield 93 Single cell protein is an alternative protein source for
(b) crops with disease resistance animal and human nutrition formed from certain
(c) herbicide resistant crops beneficial microorganisms like
(d) crops with high nutritive value (a) Spirulina
89 What objectives are undertaken during crop-breeding (b) Methylophilus methylotrophus
for improved nutritional quality? (c) Both (a) and (b)
(a) Improve protein and oil content and quality (d) None of the above
(b) Improve content of micronutrients and minerals 94 Microbes like Spirulina, can also be grown on
(c) Improved vitamin content industrial scale as source of good
(d) All of the above (a) fat (b) carbohydrate
90 A biofortified wheat variety is (c) minerals (d) All of these
(a) Altas 66 (b) IR-8 95 Single cell protein reduces
(c) Kalyan Sona (d) Sonalika (a) environmental pollution
91 The Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New (b) greenhouse effect
Delhi has released several fortified vegetable crops (c) global warming
that are rich in vitamins and minerals. They are (d) production and growth of crop
I. Vitamin-A enriched carrot, spinach, pumpkin. 96 250 g of Methylophilus methylotrophus bacterium has
II. Vitamin-C enriched bitter gourd, bathua, mustard and been used to produce
tomato. (a) 15 tonnes of proteins
III. Iron and calcium enriched spinach and bathua. (b) 25 tonnes of proteins
IV. Protein enriched broad beans, French bean, garden (c) 35 tonnes of proteins
pea. (d) 50 tonnes of proteins

TOPIC 4~ Tissue Culture

97 The technique of regeneration of whole plant from 100 What are the requirements in tissue culture?
any part of a plant by allowing it to grow on a suitable (a) Hormones like auxin, cytokinin, agar-agar AIIMS 2019
culture under aseptic sterile conditions in vitro is (b) Inorganic salt, vitamin, amino acid only
called (c) Carbon source like sucrose only
(a) tissue culture (d) All of the above
(b) plant culture 101 To meet the demands of the society, in vitro
(c) micropropagation production of a large number of plantlets in a short
(d) somatic hybridisation duration is practiced in floriculture and horticulture
98 Which one is used in tissue culture? JIPMER 2018 industry today. It is called
(a) Explant (b) Somaclones (a) somatic hybridisation (b) micropropagation
(c) Hybridisation (d) None of these (c) hybridoma technology (d) somaclonal variation
99 The capacity of a cell explant to grow into a whole 102 A technique of micropropagation is
plant is called CBSE-AIPMT 2015
(a) callus (b) tissue culture (a) somatic hybridisation (b) somatic embryogenesis
(c) cellular totipotency (d) All of these (c) protoplast fusion (d) embryo rescue
 )

103 The plants produced from tissue culture are 108 Somatic hybrids are produced by the fusion of …… .
genetically identical to the original plant from which (a) protoplasts of two cells
they are grown so they are called (b) cytoplasm of two cells
(a) somaclones (b) clones (c) nucleus of two cells
(c) para clones (d) None of these (d) DNA of two cells
104 Virus free plants can be formed by AIIMS 2019 109 The embryo which develops from somatic cell is called
(a) meristem culture (b) callus culture (a) somatic embryo
(c) somatic cell culture (d) protoplast fusion (b) reproductive embryo
105 Meristem culture is practiced in (c) sterile embryo
(a) floriculture (b) aquaculture (d) None of the above
(c) horticulture (d) pisciculture 110 The process of fusion of protoplast of somatic cells
106 To obtain virus-free healthy plants from a diseased obtained from different varieties or species of plant
one by tissue culture technique, which part/parts of on a suitable nutrient medium in vitro to develop a
the diseased plant will be taken? CBSE-AIPMT 2014 somatic hybrid is called
(a) Apical meristem only (a) somatic hybridisation
(b) Palisade parenchyma (b) cross hybridisation
(c) Both apical and axillary meristems (c) intravarietal hybridisation
(d) Epidermis only (d) interspecific hybridisation
107 A protoplast is a cell CBSE-AIPMT 2015 111 Pomato is a somatic hybrid of
(a) without plasma membrane (b) without nucleus (a) potato and onion (b) potato and tomato
(c) undergoing division (d) without cell wall (c) potato and brinjal (d) brinjal and tomato

NEET
SPECIAL TYPES QUESTIONS
I. Assertion and Reason 114 Assertion (A) Interspecific crosses are rare in nature
and intergeneric crosses almost unknown.
■ Direction (Q. Nos. 112-121) In each of the following
Reason (R) Interspecific cross combine undesirable
questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is given followed
features of both the parents.
by corresponding statement of Reason (R).
Of the statements, mark the correct answer as 115 Assertion (A) Protoplast culture is an important
(a) If both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of technique of somatic hybrids.
A Reason (R) Protoplast culture technique results in the
(b) It both A and R are true, but R is not the correct production of somatic hybrids.
explanation of A 116 Assertion (A) Virus-free plants can be produced by
(c) If A is true, but R is false meristem tissue culture.
(d) If A is false, but R is true Reason (R) In virus infected plant, only apical
112 Assertion (A) Bird flu disease is the disease of poultry. mesistem is free of virus.
Reason (R) It is caused by a bacterium. 117 Assertion (A) Inbreeding produces pureline.
113 Assertion (A) In tissue culture, whole plant can be Reason (R) It causes homozygosity.
produced from any plant cell. 118 Assertion (A) Hybrid vigour (heterosis) is the
Reason (R) Plant cells possess totipotency which phenotypic superiority of hybrid over both of its
allow any viable plant cell to differentiate into parents.
somatic embryo that can give rise to different cells of Reason (R) Characters of both the parents get
plants. expressed in the hybrid progeny.
119 Assertion (A) Biofortification is the most practical (b) In case of artificial insemination, the semen can be used
approach to improve the health of the people immediately or can be frozen for later use
suffering form hidden hunger. (c) Controlled breeding experiments are carried out using
artificial insemination and multiple ovulation embryo
Reason (R) Biofortification is used to increase transfer technology
nutrient value of crops. (d) All of the above
120 Assertion (A) Aquaculture practice is economically 127 Which of the following statements are not the main
very beneficial. objective of animal breeding?
Reason (R) It involves breeding, rearing, harvesting (a) Improved growth rate
and management of useful aquatic plants and animals. (b) Increased production of milk, meat, egg, wool, etc.
(c) Superior quality of milk, meat, eggs, wool, etc.
121 Assertion (A) Light is an essential component of
(d) Improved resistance to various diseases
poultry farm management.
Reason (R) Exposure to 14-16 hours of light ensures 128 Go through the given statements and choose the
optimum production of eggs. correct statement.
(a) Hilsa, sardines, mackerel are freshwater fishes
(b) Catla and common carp are marine fishes
II. Statement Based Questions (c) Blue revolution is concerned with fisheries
122 Select the incorrect statement. NEET 2019 (d) Both the term aquaculture and pisciculture are used for
(a) Inbreeding is essential to evolve purelines in any rearing fishes only
animals 129 Which of the following statements are correct?
(b) Inbreeding selects harmful recessive genes that reduce (a) Hybrid breeding have led to the development of several
fertility and productivity high yielding varieties resistant to water stress
(c) Inbreeding helps in accumulation of superior genes and (b) A group of animals related by descent and similar in
elimination of undesirable genes most characters are called a breed
(d) Inbreeding increases homozygosity
(c) The agriculture practice of breeding and raising
123 Select the incorrect statement regarding inbreeding. livestock is called animal husbandry
NEET (Odisha) 2019 (d) All of the above
(a) Inbreeding helps in the elimination of deleterious 130 Read the following statements. Choose the option for
alleles from the population
correct statement.
(b) Inbreeding is necessary to evolve a pureline in any
animals (a) Pusa Gaurav is a maize variety resistant to aphids
(c) Continued inbreeding reduces fertility and leads to (b) Pusa A-4 is okra variety resistant to aphids
inbreeding depression (c) Himgiri is a wheat variety resistant to hill bunt
(d) Inbreeding depression cannot be overcome by (d) Parbhani Kranti is resistant to rust disease
outcrossing
131 Which statements are correct about Atlas-66?
124 Mark the incorrect statement for inbreeding. (a) It has high protein content
AIIMS 2019 (b) It has been used as a donor for improving cultivated
(a) Inbreeding depression increases productivity wheat
(b) Inbreeding depression can be overcome by outcrossing (c) Both (a) and (b)
(c) Produces purelines (d) Protina, Shakti and Rattan are three improved and
(d) Increases homozygosity biofortified hybrids of Atlas-66
125 Which of the following statements is correct for 132 The parameters carried out for managing dairy farm
cross-breeding? are
(a) Refers to the cross of superior male of one breed with I. selection of both the male and female animals having
superior female of another breed high yielding potential and resistance to diseases.
(b) Is used to produce purelines
II. regular visits by a veterinary doctor.
(c) Causes reduction in fertility
(d) Is best for amimals below average in milk productivity, III. each animal should be fed with a balance diet.
growth rate, etc. IV. pay attention to good animal management and general
supervision.
126 Which of the following statements given below are
correct? Which of the above statements are correct?
(a) The progeny of cross-breeding may be used for (a) I and II (b) I, II and III
commercial production (c) II, III and IV (d) All of these
133 Animal husbandry deals with 137 Read the given statements.
I. breeding of livestock buffaloes, cows, sheep, camels, I. Beehives are mostly kept close to crop fields of
etc. that are useful to humans. sunflower.
II. rearing, catching, selling, etc. of fish, molluscs and II. Bee-keeping is a labour-intensive method.
crustaceans. III. Beeswax is used in cosmetic industry.
III. breeding plants for human use. IV. Apis indica is the most common bee species.
Which of the statements given above are correct? Choose the incorrect statement.
(a) I and II (b) I and III (a) II and III (b) Only II
(c) II and III (d) All of these (c) Only IV (d) None of these
134 Consider the following statements (I-IV) and select 138 Read the given statements. Which of them are correct
the option which includes all the correct ones only. about testing, release and commercialisation of new
I. Single cell Spirulina can produce large quantities of cutlivars.
food rich in protein, minerals, vitamins, etc. I. The newly selected lines are evaluated for their yield,
II. Body weight-wise the microorganism Methylophilus quality and disease resistance.
methylotrophus may be able to produce several times II. The evalution is done by recording their performance
more proteins than the cows per day. under ideal fertiliser, irrigation, etc.
III. Common button mushrooms are a very rich source of III. After evaluation, crops should be grown in farmer’s
vitamin-C. fields for at least three growing seasons.
IV. A rice variety has been developed which is very rich in IV. The crop is evaluated in comparison to the best
calcium. CBSE-AIPMT 2012 available local crop cultivar.
(a) III and IV (b) I, III and IV (a) I and II (b) I, II and III
(c) II, III and IV (d) I and II (c) Only I (d) All of these
135 Strategic steps for inbreeding are 139 When the breeders want to incorporate desired
I. identify superior male and superior female of the same characters into the crop plants. They should
breed. I. increase and improve yield.
II. identified animals are then mated in pairs. II. increase tolerance to salinity.
III. evaluate the progeny obtained from the mating to III. resistance to pathogen viruses, fungi and bacteria.
identify superior males and females. IV. increased tolerance to insect pests.
IV. in cattle, superior female is the cow or buffalo that Choose the correct option.
produce more milk per lactation and superior male is (a) I and II (b) I, II and III
the bull that gives rise to superior progenies. (c) II, III and IV (d) All of these
V. superior progenies obtained are further mated.
140 Given below are four statements (I-IV). Which two of
Arrange the above given steps in correct sequence the following statements are correct?
and select the correct answer.
I. It is estimated that more than 70% of the world
(a) I → III → II →IV → V
livestock population is in India and China.
(b) I → II → III → IV → V
(c) III → I → II → IV → V II. Maintaining cleanliness and hygiene (both of the cattle
(d) III → II → I → V → IV
and the handlers) is important while milking, storage
and transport of the milk and its products.
136 Read the given statements about outcrossing. III. Outbreeding is the breeding between animal of the
I. It is the breeding between animals within the same same breed only.
breed which do not have common ancestors on either IV. Crosses between different breeds are called
side of their pedigree up to 4-6 generations. inbreeding.
II. It is done to increase milk production and growth rate Choose the correct option
in animals. (a) I and II
Which of the statement (s) given above is/are correct? (b) III and IV
(a) Only I (b) Only II (c) I and IV
(c) I and II (d) None of these (d) II and III
141 Mutation breeding is carried out by III. Matching Type Questions
I. inducing mutations in plants by high energy rays.
145 Match the following columns.
II. screening the plant for resistance.
III. selecting the desirable plant for multiplication and Column I Column II
(Category of animals) (Examples)
breeding.
A. Meat animals 1. Beef, sheep and cattle
Choose the correct option.
(a) I and II (b) I and III B. Poultry animals 2. Cows and buffaloes
(c) II and III (d) All of these C. Milk animals 3. Chickens, turkeys and ducks
142 Read the given statements. D. Domesticated animal 4. Horse and camels
I. High aspartic acid, low nitrogen and sugar content in Codes
maize leads to resistance to maize stem borers. A B C D A B C D
II. Pusa Sadabahar is a food variety resistant to chilli (a) 1 3 2 4 (b) 3 2 4 1
mosaic virus. (c) 2 4 1 3 (d) 4 1 3 2
III. Norman E Borlaug developed a semidwarf variety of
146 Match the following columns.
wheat.
IV. Germplasm collection is the collection of all sexual Column I Column II
genes of an individual. (Breeding types) (Features)

Choose the incorrect statements. A. Outcrossing 1. Exposes harmful recessive genes that are
usually eliminated by selection
(a) I and IV (b) II and III
(c) Only IV (d) II, III and IV B. Cross-breeding 2. Mating of animals belonging to different
breeds
143 Which of the following statement (s) is/are correct? C. Interspecific 3 Mating of animals of same breed but
I. The shift from grains to meat diets creates more hybridisation having no common ancestors on either
demand for cereals. side of their pedigree for 4-6 generations

II. SCP provides a protein rich supplement. D. Inbreeding 4 Mating of animals of different species
III. SCP can be produced by using bacteria, blue- green Codes
algae and fungi. A B C D A B C D
IV. SCP helps to minimise environmental pollution. (a) 1 2 3 4 (b) 4 3 2 1
V. 3-10 kg of grains are required to produce 1 kg of meat (c) 3 2 4 1 (d) 2 4 3 1
by animal farming. 147 Match the following columns.
Choose the correct option. Column I Column II
(a) I, II and III (Terms) (Related to)
(b) Only III A. Blue revolution 1. Fish
(c) Only IV B. Green revolution 2. Agriculture
(d) All of the above C. White revolution 3. Milk
144 Consider the following statements. Which of
them are the advantages of tissue culture/ Codes
micropropagation? A B C A B C
(a) 1 2 3 (b) 2 3 1
I. A large number of plants can be grown in short time. (c) 3 2 1 (d) 1 3 2
II. Disease free plants can be recovered from diseased
148 Match the following columns.
plants.
III. Genetically variable plants can be produced. Column I Column II
(Terms) (Features)
IV. Somatic hybrids such as pomato can be raised.
A. Pisciculture 1. Rearing of fishes
Choose the correct option.
B. Aquaculture 2. Rearing and management of
(a) I, II and III economically useful aquatic plants
(b) II, III and IV and animals
(c) I, II and IV C. Apiculture 3. Concerned with maintenance of
(d) All of the above honeybees
 Codes 152 Match the following columns.
A B C A B C
(a) 3 2 1 (b) 2 3 1 Column I Column II
(c) 2 1 3 (d) 1 2 3 (Plants) (Nutrient present)

149 Match the following columns. A. Carrot, spinach and pumpkin 1. Protein
B. Bitter gourd, mustard and tomato 2. Iron and calcium
Column I Column II
(Breeding types) (Used for) C. Spinach and bathua 3. Vitamin-C
A. MOET 1. It is done to increase milk D. Broad bean, lablab, French-bean 4. Vitamin-A
production, growth rate in beef cattle and garden pea
B. Interspecific 2. For herd improvement
hybridisation Codes
C. Cross-breeding 3. The progeny may be of considerable A B C D
economic value (a) 4 2 3 1
D. Outcrossing 4. The progeny hybrid animals may be (b) 3 2 1 4
used for commercial production (c) 2 1 4 3
Codes (d) 4 3 2 1
A B C D 153 Match the following columns.
(a) 2 4 3 1
Column I Column II
(b) 2 3 4 1
(Plants) (Improved variety name)
(c) 3 4 1 2
(d) 4 1 2 3 A. Cotton 1. Erectiferum and Erectoids

150 Match the following columns. B. Rice 2. NP-836

C. Wheat 3. Reimi and Jagannath
Column I Column II
(Plant diseases) (Infectious agents) D. Barley 4. Indore-2

A. Brown rust of wheat 1. Xanthomonas oryzae Codes

B. Bacterial blight 2. Phytophthora infestans A B C D A B C D
(a) 1 2 3 4 (b) 4 3 2 1
C. Red rot of sugarcane 3. Puccinia graminis tritici
(c) 3 4 1 2 (d) 2 1 4 3
D. Late blight of potato 4. Colletotrichum falcatum
154 Match the following columns.
Codes Column I Column II
A B C D A B C D (Organisations) (Location)
(a) 4 1 3 2 (b) 1 4 2 3 A. Indian Agricultural 1. Hyderabad
(c) 2 4 1 3 (d) 3 1 4 2 Research Institute (IARI)
151 Match the following columns. B. International Crop 2. New Delhi
Research Institute for Semi
Column I Column II Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)
(Plants) (Name of improved variety)
C. National Environmental 3. Shimla
A. Wheat 1. Pusa Sadabahar Engineering Research
B. Cauliflower 2. Pusa Komal Institute (NEERI)
C. Cow pea 3. Pusa Shubhra D. Central Potato Research 4. Nagpur
D. Chilli 4. Himgiri Institute (CPRI)

Codes Codes
A B C D A B C D
(a) 4 3 2 1 (a) 4 2 1 3
(b) 3 2 1 4 (b) 2 1 4 3
(c) 2 1 4 3 (c) 3 2 1 4
(d) 1 4 3 2 (d) 1 2 3 4
CHAPTER 09 > Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production 235

NCERT Exemplar
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

155 The chances of contacting bird flu from a properly 163 Use of certain chemicals and radiation to change the
cooked (above 100° C) chicken and egg are base sequences of genes of crop plants is termed
(a) very high (a) recombinant DNA technology
(b) high (b) transgenic mechanism
(c) moderate (c) mutation breeding
(d) gene therapy
(d) negligible
156 A group of animals which are related by descent and 164 The scientific process by which crop plants are
share many similarities are referred to as enriched with certain desirable nutrients is called
(a) crop protection (b) breeding
(a) breed (b) race
(c) biofortification (d) bioremediation
(c) variety (d) species
157 Inbreeding is carried out in animal husbandry 165 Lysine and tryptophan are
because it (a) proteins
(b) non-essential amino acids
(a) increases vigour
(c) essential amino acids
(b) improves the breed
(d) aromatic amino acids
(c) increases heterozygosity
(d) increases homozygosity 166 The term ‘totipotency’ refers to the capacity of a
158 Sonalika and Kalyan Sona are varieties of (a) cell to generate whole plant
(b) bud to generate whole plant
(a) wheat (b) rice
(c) seed to germinate
(c) millet (d) tobacco
(d) cell to enlarge in size
159 Which one of the following is not a fungal disease?
167 An explant is
(a) Rust of wheat (b) Smut of bajra
(c) Black rot of crucifers (d) Red rot of sugarcane (a) dead plant
(b) part of the plant
160 In virus-infected plants, the meristematic tissues in
(c) part of the plant used in tissue culture
both apical and axillary buds are free of virus
(d) part of the plant that expresses a specific gene
because
(a) the dividing cells are virus resistant 168 The biggest constraint of plant breeding is
(b) meristems have antiviral compounds (a) availability of desirable gene in the crop and its wild
(c) the cell division of meristems is faster than the rate of relatives
viral multiplication (b) infrastructure
(d) viruses cannot multiply within meristem cell(s) (c) trained manpower
(d) transfer of genes from unrelated sources
161 Several South Indian states raise 2-3 crops of rice
annually. The agronomic feature that makes this 169 Micropropagation is
possible is because of (a) propagation of microbes in vitro
(a) shorter rice plant (b) propagation of plants in vitro
(b) better irrigation facilities (c) propagation of cells in vitro
(c) early yielding rice variety (d) growing plants on smaller scale
(d) disease resistant rice variety 170 Protoplast is
162 Which one of the following combination would a (a) another name for protoplasm
sugarcane farmer look for in the sugarcane crop? (b) an animal cell
(a) Thick stem, long internodes, high sugar content and (c) a plant cell without a cell wall
disease resistant (d) a plant cell
(b) Thick stem, high sugar content and profuse flowering
171 More than 70% of livestock population is in
(c) Thick stem, short internodes, high sugar content,
disease resistant (a) Denmark (b) India
(d) Thick stem, low sugar content and disease resistant (c) China (d) India and China
172 To isolate protoplast in plants, one needs 177 Given below are a few statements regarding somatic
(a) pectinase (b) cellulase hybridisation.
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) chitinase I. Protoplasts of different cells of the same plant are fused.
173 Which one of the following is a marine fish? II. Protoplasts from cells of different species can be fused.
(a) Rohu (b) Hilsa III. Treatment of cells with cellulase and pectinase is
(c) Catla (d) Common carp mandatory.
174 The agriculture sector of India employs IV. The hybrid protoplast contains characters of only one
(a) 50% of the population (b) 70% of the population parental protoplast.
(c) 30% of the population (d) 60% of the population Choose the correct option.
175 33% of India’s Gross Domestic Product comes (a) I and II (b) I and III (c) I and IV (d) II and III
from 178 Fungicides and antibiotics are chemicals that
(a) industry (a) enhance yield and disease resistance
(b) agriculture (b) kill pathogenic fungi and bacteria, respectively
(c) export (c) kill all pathogenic microbes
(d) small-scale cottage industries (d) kill pathogenic bacteria and fungi, respectively
176 A collection of all the alleles of all the genes of a 179 Which one of the following products of apiculture is
crop plant is called used in cosmetics and polishes?
(a) germplasm collection (b) protoplasm collection (a) Honey (b) Porp oil
(c) herbarium (d) somaclonal collection (c) Wax (d) Royal jelly

Answers
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1 (a) 2 (d) 3 (d) 4 (c) 5 (a) 6 (a) 7 (d) 8 (d) 9 (d) 10 (d)
11 (d) 12 (c) 13 (a) 14 (a) 15 (a) 16 (d) 17 (b) 18 (a) 19 (a) 20 (d)
21 (a) 22 (b) 23 (c) 24 (a) 25 (a) 26 (b) 27 (d) 28 (b) 29 (a) 30 (a)
31 (d) 32 (a) 33 (b) 34 (c) 35 (a) 36 (d) 37 (d) 38 (a) 39 (d) 40 (d)
41 (d) 42 (b) 43 (a) 44 (d) 45 (d) 46 (b) 47 (d) 48 (a) 49 (d) 50 (a)
51 (c) 52 (c) 53 (b) 54 (a) 55 (b) 56 (a) 57 (a) 58 (c) 59 (d) 60 (c)
61 (a) 62 (b) 63 (b) 64 (a) 65 (c) 66 (b) 67 (d) 68 (d) 69 (d) 70 (a)
71 (c) 72 (d) 73 (d) 74 (d) 75 (d) 76 (a) 77 (d) 78 (d) 79 (a) 80 (d)
81 (b) 82 (d) 83 (b) 84 (d) 85 (a) 86 (d) 87 (a) 88 (d) 89 (d) 90 (a)
91 (b) 92 (a) 93 (c) 94 (d) 95 (a) 96 (b) 97 (a) 98 (a) 99 (c) 100 (d)
101 (b) 102 (b) 103 (a) 104 (a) 105 (a) 106 (c) 107 (d) 108 (a) 109 (a) 110 (a)
111 (b)

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112 (c) 113 (a) 114 (c) 115 (d) 116 (c) 117 (a) 118 (a) 119 (a) 120 (a) 121 (a)
122 (b) 123 (d) 124 (a) 125 (a) 126 (d) 127 (d) 128 (c) 129 (d) 130 (c) 131 (c)
132 (d) 133 (a) 134 (d) 135 (b) 136 (c) 137 (b) 138 (d) 139 (d) 140 (a) 141 (d)
142 (c) 143 (d) 144 (c) 145 (a) 146 (c) 147 (a) 148 (d) 149 (b) 150 (d) 151 (a)
152 (d) 153 (b) 154 (b)
‡ NCERT Exemplar Questions
155 (d) 156 (a) 157 (d) 158 (a) 159 (c) 160 (c) 161 (c) 162 (a) 163 (c) 164 (c)
165 (c) 166 (a) 167 (c) 168 (a) 169 (b) 170 (c) 171 (d) 172 (c) 173 (b) 174 (d)
175 (b) 176 (a) 177 (d) 178 (b) 179 (c)
CHAPTER 09 > Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production 237

Answers & Explanations

9 (d) High yielding potential under the climatic conditions process semen from chosen male is injected into
of that area and resistance to diseases are two most reproductive tract of chosen females. By this desirable
important quality to be considered while selection of matings are performed.
good breeds. 29 (a) MOET stands for Multiple Ovulation Embryo
13 (a) Bird flu is a viral disease affecting poultry birds. It Transfer technology. It is the programme for herd
resembles influenza and caused by a virus H5 N1 . improvement in animals like cattles, sheeps, rabbits,
buffaloes, mares, etc.
14 (a) The improved breeds shown in the diagram are
Jersey (A) and Leghorn (B). Jersey is an exotic cattle 30 (a) In MOET, the selected cow is administered with a
breed from Island of Jersey in english channel. Leghorn hormone having follicle stimulating hormone like activity
is a Mediterranean breed of chicken. Other options like to induce follicular maturation and superovulation. Due
Sangamneri, jamunapari and sirohi are breeds of goat. to this instead of one egg, which they normally yield per
Marwari is a horse breed and beetal is a type of insect. cycle, they produce 6-8 eggs.
15 (a) Anthrax is an infectious bacterial disease found in 31 (d) During MOET fertilised eggs at 8-32 cells stages,
cattle, buffaloes, sheeps and goats. Other options like are recovered non-surgically and transferred to
tick fever is a protozoan poultry disease. Necrosis is a surrogate mothers. The genetic mother is available for
form of premature cell death. Rinderpest is an infectious another round of superovulation. This technology has
disease of cattle caused by virus. been demonstrated for cattle, sheep, rabbits, buffaloes,
mares, etc.
17 (b) The term ‘breed’ refers to a group of animals related
37 (d) Keeping beehives in crop fields during flowering
by descent and similar in most characters like general
period increases pollination efficiency and improves the
appearance, features, size, configuration, etc.
total yield, which is beneficial in terms of crop yield
18 (a) Inbreeding refers to the mating of more closely and honey yield.
related individuals within the same breed for 4-6 38 (a) Fisheries is an industry devoted to the catching,
generations. The breeding strategy is as processing or selling of fish, shell fish (prawns and
follows–superior males and superior females of the molluscs) or other aquatic animals such as crabs,
same breed are identified and mated in pairs. The lobster, edible oyster, etc.
progeny obtained from such matings are evaluated and
superior males and females among them are identified 42 (b) Pisciculture and aquaculture has contributed towards
for further mating. increased production of aquatic organisms. Aquaculture
involves production of useful aquatic plants and animals
21 (a) When closely related animals of same breed are such as fishes, prawns, shrimps, lobsters, crabs,
crossed continuously for few successive generations, it molluscs (edible and pearl oysters) by proper utilisation
results in increase of homozygosity. Thus, homozygous of small and large bodies of water. The production of
purelines in cattles can be obtained by this method. fishes is called pisciculture. It involves proper
23 (c) Outbreeding is an important strategy of animal utilisation of fresh water, brackish water and coastal
husbandry because it is useful in overcoming inbreeding areas. Quick growing fishes are selected for this
depression. It is the breeding of stocks or individual purpose.
animals that are not closely related with each other. 43 (a) The by products of fisheries are as follows
Inbreeding depression is the condition in which the l
Isinglass – Gelatinous substance obtained from the
fertility and the productivity of animals is reduced due air bladder of perches and salmons used for
to the continuous inbreeding in same species. Thus, clarification of wine and beer.
outbreeding helps to restore the fertility and yield.
Answers & Explanations
l
Fishoil – It is extracted from the liver of sharks, etc.,
24 (a) Outbreeding refers to the mating of unrelated and has medicinal value.
animals belonging to l
Manure or fishmeal – It is obtained from non-edible
l
Individuals of the same breed but having no common (waste) part of fishes, i.e. fins and tails. It is a good
ancestors on either side for at least source of protein and given to poultry as food.
4-6 generations (outcrossing). l
Shagreen – It is the skin of sharks and rays having
l
Individuals of the different breeds (cross-breeding). pointed scales used in polishing wood and other
l
Individuals of different species (interspecific materials.
hybridisation). 44 (d) During the mid 1960s, Green revolution in India was
26 (b) The interspecific hybridisation is the mating or cross witnessed, i.e. a rapid increase in the production of
between male and female animals of two different agricultural products (particularly wheat). It was
related species belonging to same genus. This combines possible due to the introduction of high yielding
the desirable features. varieties, increased irrigation facilities, application of
28 (b) Controlled breeding experiments are carried out fertilisers and pesticides, multiple cropping and better
using artificial insemination (and MOET). In this agricultural management.
 45 (d) Green revolution was dependent mainly on plant 72 (d) All measures can be taken to cultivate disease free
breeding techniques for development of high yielding chickpea crop. Bacterial blight of chickpea is caused by
and disease resistant varieties of wheat, rice and maize. bacterium Xanthomonas campestris. The stem and the
This was all done by the efforts of Prof. MS leaves of infected plant give blighted or burnt up
Swaminathan who is also called as the father of green appearance. Control measures include roguing 3-years
revolution in India. crop rotation, disease-free seeds, spray of copper
48 (a) Genetic variability is the root of any breeding fungicides (bordeaux mixture) and use antibiotics
programme. Pre-existing genetic variability is collected besides sowing disease resistant varieties.
from wild varieties, species and relatives of the 73 (d) Mutation is the process by which genetic variations
cultivated crop species and preserved for later are created through changes in the base sequence within
evaluation. genes. It results in the creation of a new character or
50 (a) The main aim of germplasm evaluation in plant trait not found in the parental type.
breeding programme is to identify the plants with 75 (d) Mutations to create a new character or trait can be
desirable combination of characters. artificially induced through the use of chemicals (like
The identified plants are then propagated and used in hydrazine, methyl methane sulphonate, etc.) or
the process of hybridisation to create improved progeny radiations (like X-rays, UV-rays and γ-rays, etc). These
or purelines. agents are called as mutagens.
62 (b) The sugarcane, Saccharum barberi was originally 79 (a) Hairy leaves of many plants are associated with
grown in North India, but had poor sugar content and resistance to insect pests. For example, resistance to
yield. jassids in cotton and cereal leaf beetle in wheat.
63 (b) Tropical cane grown in South India is Saccharum 84 (d) All options are not the disease resistant varieties.
officinarum had thicker stems and higher sugar content. These all are insect pest resistant varieties. Pusa Gaurav
Both varieties of sugar cane, i.e. Saccharum barberi and is the variety of Brassica which resistant to aphids, Pusa
Saccharum officinarum were suceessfully crossed to get Sem-2 is the variety of flat bean and resistant to jassids,
sugar cane varieties combining the desirable qualities of aphids and fruit borer, while Pusa Sawani is the variety
high yield, thick stem, high sugar and ability to grow in of okra which is resistant to shoot and fruit borers.
the sugar cane areas of North India. 85 (a) Hidden hunger is indicated as the lack of protein,
65 (c) Black rot of crucifer is a bacterial disease. Tobacco vitamins and micronutrients deficiencies in the food.
mosaic and turnip mosaic are viral diseases and late This is because not all people can afford to buy
blight of potato is caused by fungi. adequate vegetable, fruits, legumes, fish and meat.
Thus, more than 840 million people in the world
66 (b) Hairy root disease of dicot plants is caused by suffering from hidden hunger.
Agrobacterium rhizogene. Agrobacterium
86 (d) Majority of people suffer from hidden hunger or
tumefaciens causes stem gall of coriander.
malnutrition because their food does not contain
Bacillus thuringiensis is soil dwelling Gram positive essential micronutrients particularly iron, iodine, zinc
bacterium, now being using as pesticide against cotton and vitamin-A.
stem borer insect.
88 (d) Biofortified crops are the crops with high nutritive
Meloidgyne incognita causes root knot disease in value. These crops have high levels of vitamins and
tomato and brinjal. minerals or higher proteins and healthier fats. They are
67 (d) Plant breeding is carried out by the conventional developed by the process of biofortification.
breeding techniques or by mutation breeding. The 90 (a) Atlas 66 is a biofortified wheat crop having high
conventional method of breeding for disease resistance amount of amino acid and protein content.
is that of hybridisation and selection. Mutation breeding
92 (a) One of the alternate sources of protein for animal
Answers & Explanations

is defined as the process of breeding by artificially

inducing mutations using chemicals (like aniline) or and human nutrition is single cell protein. It is the
radiations like (gamma radiation). production of edible proteins on a large scale by
cultivation of microorganisms.
68 (d) The conventional method of breeding for disease
resistance includes screening of germplasm for resistant 93 (c) Single cell proteins are formed from certain
sources and hybridisation of selected parents. Whereas, beneficial microorganisms like
induction of mutation is done under mutation breeding Bacteria — Methylophilus methylotrophus
technique. Cyanobacteria — Spirulina.
71 (c) Intergeneric crosses are made between plants 94 (d) Microbes are being grown on an industrial scale as
belonging to different genera of the same family. The source of good protein. Blue-green algae like Spirulina
hybrids produced by this method are both scientifically as can be grown easily on materials like waste water from
well as agronomically significant. For example, Triticale potato processing plants (containing starch), straw,
the first man made cereal crop is an allopolyploid, which molasses, animal manure and even sewage, to produce
was produced by intergenic hybridisation between wheat large quantities and can serve as food rich in protein,
(Triticale) and rye (Secale). minerals, fats carbohydrate and vitamins.
95 (a) The microorganisms used in the production of SCP tissues are used in the production of diseased free plants
use substrates like sewage, animal manure, etc., which by tissue culture.
cause pollution. Therefore, by utilisation of such kind of 107 (d) A protoplast is a cell without cell wall . It is a cell
substrates in the production of SCP helps in reduction that had its cell wall completely or partially removed
of environmental pollution. using either mechanical or enzymatic means.
96 (b) 250 g of microorganism like Methylophilus 108 (a) Somatic hybrids are produced by the fusion of
methylotrophus, because of its high rate of biomass protoplasts of two cells, each having a desirable
production and growth, can be expected to produce character.
25 tonnes of protein.
111 (b) Pomato is a somatic hybrid obtained by a mating
98 (a) Explant is used in plant tissue culture. It is an between potato and tomato whereas bomato is a somatic
excised plant part which has the potential to give rise to hybrid between brinjal and tomato.
whole new plant, e.g. leaves, shoot, roots, nodes, etc.
112 (c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false. Reason can be
The plants obtained through this techniques are
corrected as
morphologically and genetically similar to each other
and to their parents plant. Bird flu is a disease of poultry caused by a virus H5 N1 .
The virus enters the human body through contact with
99 (c) Cellular totipotency is the ability of a explant to give sick birds or their products.
rise to a complete plant, when cultured in a suitable
culture medium at appropriate temperature and aeration 113 (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is
conditions. the correct explanation of Assertion.
In tissue culture, somatic embryos or embryoids are
100 (d) The requirements of tissue culture are growth non-zygotic embryo like structures that develop in vitro
hormones (auxin, cytokinin), agar-agar, inorganic salts, cultures from somatic cells of any type of tissue.
vitamins, amino acids, carbon source like sucrose, etc.
In plants tissue culture, the medium on which explants Here ‘totipotency’ property of plants cells is used, which
are cultured is known as nutrient or culture medium. It allow whole plant to be produced from any one plant cell.
acts as a source of important nutrient required for 114 (c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false. Reason can be
proper development of explant. corrected as
102 (b) Somatic embryogenesis is a technique of In interspecific crosses, male and female animals of the
micropropagation. It is the growing of plants from different related species are mated. The resultant
meristematic tissue of somatic cells of plants on suitable progeny may combine desirable features of both the
nutrient media under controlled conditions. parents are infertile. Thus, are rare in nature.
103 (a) Somaclones are plants produced from tissue culture The same applies to intergeneric crosses. It is the
which are genetically identical to the original plant from crossing of two different animals/plants of different
which they are grown. Somaclones are produced by genus. It is almost unknown in nature as the gametes
micropropagation technique of tissue culture. show species specificity.
104 (a) Virus free plants can be formed by meristem cutlure. 115 (d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true. Assertion can
The reason behind this is that virus cannot propagate in be corrected as
rapidly dividing cells, so meristematic zones of plant Protoplast culture is an important technique of tissue
always remain virus free. culture and this technique results in the production of
somatic hybrid plants.
For other options,
l
Protoplast fusion technique is used for making 116 (c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false. Reason can be
somatic hybrids. corrected as
l
Somatic cell culture technique is used to propagate Virus-free plants can be produced from the virus
plants from somatic cells using nutrient medium and infected plants by means of meristem tissue culture. In a
Answers & Explanations

combination of hormones. diseased plant, both the apical and axillary meristems
are free of virus.
l
Callus culture is undifferentiated mass of tissue.
Growing callus from plant organs is called callus 117 (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is
culture. the correct explanation of Assertion.
105 (a) In floriculture, the practice of meristem culture is Inbreeding is breeding between animals of the same
used. Floriculture refers to large scale production of breed for 4-6 generations. Continued inbreeding causes
flowers for economic purposes. Other options like homozygosity which produces purelines.
aquaculture and pisciculture are related to fisheries. 118 (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is
106 (c) In virus infected plant, both apical and axillary the correct explanation of Assertion.
meristems are free of virus and use for the healthy plant Heterosis (Hybrid vigour) is the phenotypic superiority
cultivation because of rapid cell divisions and strong of the hybrid over both of its parents in one or more
interferon activity in this region. These tissues form a traits. In other words, when two unrelated individuals or
protective impermeable covering around themselves, lines are crossed, the performance of F1 hybrid is often
which is non-penetrable by any pathogen. Hence, these superior to both its parents.
 119 (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is 128 (c) Only statement in option (c) is correct, while the other
the correct explanation of Assertion. statements are incorrect and can be corrected as
Biofortification is breeding of crops with higher levels l
Hilsa, sardines, mackerel are marine fishes.
of vitamins and minerals or higher protein and l
Catla and common carp are freshwater fishes.
healthier fats. l
Only the term pisciculture is used for rearing fishes
This increase nutrient value of crops. Since billions of only.
people in the world suffer from nutrient deficiencies or
130 (c) Only statement in option (c) is correct. Rest other
hidden hunger. Biofortification of crops is the most
statements are incorrect. These can be corrected as
practical approach to improve the health of these
people.
l
Pusa Gaurav is variety of Brassica, resistant to aphids.
120 (a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason
l
Pusa A-4 is okra variety resistant to shoot and fruit
is the correct explanation of Assertion. borer.
Aquaculture is the breeding, rearing, harvesting and
l
Parbhani kranti is resistant to yellow mosaic virus.
management of economically useful aquatic organisms 131 (c) Statements in option (a) and (b) are correct for Altas
like fishes, shellfish, molluscs, crustaceans and other 66. It is a soft wheat that has been used since 1953 as a
aquatic plants. It is done to procure food and other genetic source of higher protein in wheat. It has been
commercial products, restore habitats and replenish the used as a donor for cultivated wheat.
depleted stocks, etc. Statement in option (d) is incorrect. The correct form of
121 (a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason this statement is
is the correct explanation of Assertion. Protina, Shakti and Rattan are three lysine rich maize
Light is an essential component of poultry farm hybrids developed in India.
management because it determines the quantity of egg 133 (a) Statements I and II are correct for animal husbandry.
production. An exposure to 14-16 hours of light period Statement III is incorrect and can be corrected as
during daytime ensures optimum production of eggs. Animal husbandry does not deal with breeding plants for
122 (b) Statement in option (b) is incorrect. It can be human use. It is a component of plant breeding
corrected as programmes.
Inbreeding does not select harmful recessive genes. It 134 (d) Out of the given statements I and II are correct, while
exposes harmful recessive genes that reduce fertility III and IV are incorrect. The correct form of these
and productivity and these are eliminated by selection. statements is
Statement in other options are correct. l
Common button mushrooms are a very rich source of
123 (d) Statement in option (d) is incorrect. It can be vitamin-B
corrected as l
A rice variety has been developed, by IARI which is
Inbreeding depression can be overcome by rich in iron.
outcrossing. In this method, mating of animals within 135 (b) Option (b) represents the correct answer.
the same breed, but no common ancestor for 4-6 Inbreeding involves
generations. l
Identification of superior males and superior females
Statements in other options are correct. of the same breed.
124 (a) Statement in option (a) is incorrect about l
Mating of the superior animals.
inbreeding. It can be corrected as l
Progeny obtained from such mating are evaluated and
Inbreeding depression decreases the productivity. assessed for the desirable traits.
Continued inbreeding, usually reduces fertility of l
It should be kept in mind that a superior cow or
animals and even their productivity. This condition is
buffalo is that which gives more milk per lactation.
called as inbreeding depression.
Answers & Explanations

Similarly, a superior bull is that which gives rise to

125 (a) Only statement in option (a) is correct, while other superior progeny as compared to those of other bulls.
are incorrect. These can be corrected as l
This process of mating of superior progenies is
Mating of individuals from entirely different breed is continued for 4-6 generations.
called cross-breeding. It is the method of breeding
137 (b) Only statement II is incorrect, while the rest are
superior male of one breed with superior female of
correct. The incorrect statement can be corrected as
another breed in order to combine the desirable
qualities of two different breeds in the progeny. Bee-keeping is not a labour-intensive method.
127 (d) Statements in option (a), (b) and (c) are correct, but 140 (a) Statements I and II are correct, while III and IV are
(d) is incorrect. It can be corrected as incorrect. The correct form of these statement are
Animal breeding involves crosses between useful
l
Outbreeding is the breeding between the animals of
animal breeds aiming to increase the yield of animals the same breed but no common ancestors or different
and to improve the desirable qualities of the product. It breeds or different species.
has no concern with the development of resistance l
Crosses between the same breeds are called
against diseases. inbreeding.
142 (c) Only statement IV is incorrect. The correct form of breeding. Use of radiations is not involved in other three
this statement is options.
Germplasm collection is the entire collection of plants 164 (c) Biofortification is the scientific process by which
or seeds having all the diverse alleles for all genes in a crop plants are enriched with higher levels of vitamins
given crop. and minerals or higher protein and healthier fats.
Rest other statements are correct. It is the most practical means to improve public health.
144 (c) Statements I, II and IV represent the advantages of 166 (a) The capacity of a cell or an explant to grow and
tissue culture/micropropagation, while statement III is develop into a whole plant is called ‘totipotency’.
incorrect and can be corrected as 167 (c) Any part of a plant used in tissue culture, which is
taken out and grown in a test tube under sterile
Genetically, similar plants can be produced by the
conditions in a special nutrient media is called an
method of tissue culture.
explant. A whole plant can be generated from an
155 (d) The chances of contacting bird flu from a properly explant.
cooked (above 100°C) chicken and egg are negligible.
Highly pathogenic strains of avian influenza can be 168 (a) The biggest constraint of plant breeding (conventional)
found inside and on the surface of eggs. In an infected is the availability of limited number of disease resistance
bird, it may spread to all the parts including the meat. genes that are present and identified in various crop
However, proper cooking at or above 70°C, prior to varieties or wild relatives.
eating, will inactivate the virus in the egg as well as in 169 (b) Micropropagation is propagation of plants in vitro to
the meat. achieve a large number of plants in very short duration.
156 (a) A group of animals that are related by descent and This results in the production of genetically identical
are similar in most characters like general appearance, plants and is widely used in forestry and floriculture.
features, size, configuration, etc., are said to belong to a 170 (c) A protoplast is a plant, bacterial or fungal cell whose
breed. cell wall is completely or partially removed using either
157 (d) Inbreeding increases homozygosity, i.e. state of mechanical or enzymatic means.
possessing two identical alleles, one inherited from each 172 (c) Both option (a) and (b) are correct. As the cell wall
parent. It is necessary if we want to evolve a pureline in of plant cells consists of pectin and cellulose which can
any animal. be removed by digestion with combination of enzymes
158 (a) Sonalika and Kalyan Sona are outstanding semi pectinase and cellulase to isolate the protoplast.
dwarf varieties of wheat possessing good yield potential 173 (b) Hilsa, sardines, mackerel and pomfrets are some of
and disease resistant. These were developed in 1963. the marine fishes.Catla, rohu and common carp are
159 (c) Black rot of crucifers is not a fungal disease. It is freshwater fishes.
caused by a bacteria, Xanthomonas campestris. Other 176 (a) Germplasm collection is the entire collection of
three diseases are caused by fungal pathogens. plants/seeds having all the diverse alleles for all genes
161 (c) Several South Indian states raise 2-3 crops of rice in a given crop.
annually. The agronomic feature that makes this 177 (d) Statements II and III are correct, while I and IV are
possible is early yielding rice variety. These varieties incorrect and can be corrected as
are a group of crops created intentionally during the l
Protoplasts from two different varieties of plants are
green revolution to increase global food production. fused in the somatic hybridisation.
162 (a) In the sugarcane crop, a sugarcane farmer looks for l
The hybrid protoplast contains characters of both
a combination of thick stem, long internodes, high sugar parental protoplast.
content and disease resistance. In practice, Saccharum
barberi and Saccharum officinarum are being crossed to 179 (c) Beeswax is the most common product of apiculture
develop such a combination. which finds many uses in industry, cosmetics and
polishes of various kinds.
163 (c) It is possible to induce mutations artificially in crop
plants through the use of chemicals or radiations (like Honey is a food of high nutritive value and also finds
gamma radiations), and then selecting and using those use in the indigenous systems of medicine. Royal jelly,
plants that have the desirable character as a source of is the queenbees extraordinary source of food. It is rich
further breeding. This process is called mutation in nutrition values and is believed to be a potent
antioxidant. Prop oil is not a product of apiculture.