ing terms for each arithmetic pra, 15;'9,) sinel} 4, 2, 1°, 25, 50, 75, 100 Give the common ratio and supply the missing terms for each sequence. 5. 3, 6, 12, 24, * Tao" 10" 10, 100, ‘Tell the first four terms of the sequence with the given formula, ‘Then tell whether the sequence is arithmetic, geometric, or neither. 9. 10.6 = 7 Give the next two terms of each sequence by using the pattern in the differences between terms, 13. 8, 9, 11, 14, 2 Tell whether each sequence is arithmetic, geometric, or neither. Then upply the missing terms of the sequence, = 20, 17, 14, 11, 2. 5,9, 13,17, V5) 25) 125, 278 poate 4. 256, 64, 16, 4, 18, 22, 26, 2, 34, 6.4, 2, -4, -8, 8. 32, ~16, 8, — d the first four terms of the sequence ther the sequence is arithmetic, g = ty = An + 3 12. = 2n +1 17. t= log (n+ 1) Chapter 1119. a, What type of sequen: 8-3-1, apse 0? bb What type of sequence is 2-8, 2-1, 21, 28, 20. a, What type of sequence is 1, 4, 16, 64, ... ? b. What type of sequence is logs 1, ch arithmetic logs 4, logs 16, logs 64, .. . 2 0 terms of each sequence by using the pattern in the lifferences between terms, B 21. 2, 4,8, 14, 2: 15, 50, 75, 100 . 22, 37, 23. 60, 48, 38, 30, 24, 24, 23, 21, 17, 9, 25. 1,3, 7, 15, 31 26. 0, 1, 4, 13, 40, 27 Aplh2adhgs8, 130 28. 1, 2, 6, 15, 31, cometric An (The wellknown sequence in Exercise 27 is called the Fibonacet sequence Lat ach term is the sum of the two terms before it.) 29. 1,3, 6, 11, 19, 31 30. 5,7, 10, 16, 27, 45, hen tll [Hint: For Exerises 29 and 30, look atthe second differences (that is, the dif. ferences of the differences between tenms).] Be 31. A triangular number can be represented by dots that are arranged in the shape of an equilateral triangle, as shown below. The first four trian humbers are given. 4. Find the next two triangular numbers, ». Find the tenth triangular number without actually drawing diagram, HA pentagonal number can be represented by dots that are arranged in the shape of a pentagon, as shown below. The fist four pentagonal numbers are given, mola, Then tell 14, t= 4. Find the Bnd the J ext two pentagonal numbers. 438, fh 4) fenth pentagonal number without draw Sequences and Series 5A diagonal of a polygon is a Tine segment joining any two nonadjacent ver tices of the polygon. If is the number of sides of a polygon (1 = 3), then let f, be the number of its diagonals 15 a, Draw a hexagon and find fy b. Find fo without drawing a decagon, 1 If n chords of a circle are drawn, then lett, be the maximum number of ‘non-overlapping regions that can be formed within the circle, as shown, 4 regions = 7 regions a. Use drawings to find ty and ts bb. Find 46 without using a drawing, Let f be the maximum number of non-overlapping regions that can be formed when n points of a circle are connected, as shown, alg 1 point 2 points 3 points 4 points 1,= region regions 1,24 regions 1,2 8 regions 8. Make careful drawings and determine fs and f, by counting the regions formed. Is the resulting sequence geometric? b. Use the pattern in the chird differences (that is, the differences of the ifferences of the differences between terms) to guess the value of ty, Graph each equation. L y= 243 4. y= logs x Solve each system. 7. 2xty=t 506 Chapier 17rd Give a formula for the nth term of each a metic sequenc 2.2, 4, 6,8 : 3. 0, 3,6, 9, find the value of f4.. 4. 4,7, 10, 13, 5 Ive for di 10, 5,0, -5, " Written Exercises i Find a formu 6 in the formula for the mth term of each arithmetic sequence. A 1. 24, 32, 40, 48, 3. -3, -10, ~17, 5.7, 11, 15, 19, 2. 30, 20, 10, 0, 4. -6, -1, 4,9, 6. 13,4, ~s, ~14, are called Find the specified term of each arithmetic sequence. 0, TAI 1A, sty Rati ‘The arithmetic meth 9. 100, 98, 96, . ; tas 10. 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, ct of 10 and 22 ML. ~2, 11, -20, . 45 thor BET. Jor tooo B. 1) =5,4=20; 42 4. 2=7,4= 8) 4 eee 1S. t5 = 24, ty = 40; 4 16. t= 60, 112 = 48; tag Th. b= =19, t= ~28; 1 18. f= 41, ns = 61; j Find the arithmetic mean of each pair of numbers, 7 20. 23, 9.1 0. :, Insert ) to, (b) three, and (c) four ithmetic means between ach pair. BS ~27, 33 2A. 15, 45 28. 11, 35 26.0, 20 Bee How many terms are in the sequence 18, 24, 30, 618? 50 How many terms are in the sequence 44, 36, 28, .. . , ~3g07 sth sh te Bow man ‘multiples of 3 are there between 100 and 1000? in the formula b How ny numbers between 50 and 500 Mio th pi are divisible by 72 reed in each a thmetic sequ 32. 40, 37, 34, 29, ive terms ath bis arithmetic "Sequences and Series 509formula 18" 38° Te Answer 0,000. Find his salary ual raises of laries form an 100. Answer : that the common ra ans that for a salary S , the next year.) 0. Answer sequence, find the value of f,, (in exponential form), 5, 10, 20, 40, 7. 18, ~6, 2, 4 xcometrie mean of each pair of numbers. b. -3, -27 rind a formula for the nth term of each geometric sequ A 12,618, 54, 2, 500, 100, 20, 4, 3, 1, V2, 2, 2V2, 4. 8 12, 18, 27, 5, 64, ~48, 36, -27, 6. 1, 0.1, -0.01, 0.001, Find the specified term of each geometric sequence, 1. 2,6, 18) 54; (09 Ae 8. 5, 10, 20, 40... 5 9. 320, 80, 20, 5, ..- 3% 40. 1, ~3, 9, -27, is 11, 40, =20, 10, -5,...5 tu 12, —10, 50, -250, 1250... 5 13. f= 18, t= 125 ts 14. 1) = -12, 6 = 96; 15, 1) = 5,5 = 805 fe 16. = 8, 4 = 7254 Rye) tg. fo 18. ab?, ab, ab, «tas of each pair of mumbers. ‘ : ». ite 2. V: 2. =18, -36 Insert the sien mumber of geometric means beeen the pairs of mmbers The; 5,80 2, Two; —4, 108 28. Four 1,2 26. Thee: £3 nce is aritl Tell whether each seq sic or geometric. Then find a formula for the nth term, B 27. the sequence of positive 28, The seq even integers eater than (wo nce of odd integers 29, 25, 33, 41, 49, 30. =17, 11, -3, 1 31, 200, -100, 50, -25 32. ete 33. 2a + 1.3043, da +5. a “The sequence of negative even 36. The sequence of positive integers that are multiples of 5 integers that give a remainder ‘of I when divided by 4 Sequences and Series 313Find a formula for the mth term of each sequence. The sequences are neithe arithmetic nor geometric. (Hint: Analyze the patterns in the numerators and denominators separately.) 38, Show thatthe sequence a, Vab, b (a,b postive) is geomet 40, The frst thee numbers ofthe sequence 8, x, 36 form an arithmetic se quence, but the last three numbers form a geometric sequence. Find all Possible values of x and y ‘The following problems involve arithmetic and geometric seq A calculator may be helpful in solving these problems. 1. Allysa has taken a job with a starting salary of $17,600 and annual raises ‘of $850. What will be her salary during her fifth year on the job? Frank has taken a job with a starting salary of $15,000 and annual raises of 4%. What will be his salary during his third year on the job? ‘The cost of an annual subscription to a magazine is $20 this year. The cost is expected to tise by 10% each year. What will be the cost 6 years from now? |. A new pair of running shoes costs $70 now. Assuming an annual 8% price increase, find the price 4 years from now. 5. A carpenter is building a staircase from the first floor to the second floor of a house. The distance between floors is 3.3 m. Each step rises 22 em, Not counting either floor itself, how many steps will there be? - The width of a pyramid decreases by 1.57 m for each successive Im of hight, If the width at a height of 1m is 229.22 m, what is the width at a height of 86 m? . A culture of yeast doubles in size every 4 hours. If the yeast population is est mated to be 3 million now, what will it be one day from now’ . An advertisement for mutual fund claims that people who invested in the fund 5 years ago have doubled their money. If the fund’s future performance is similar to its past performance, how much would a $2000 investment be worth in 40 years? Chapter 119. A pile of bricks has 85 bricks in the bottom row, 79 bricks in the second row, 73 in the third row in the top row. ‘and so on until there is only 1 brick a. How many bricks are in the 12th row? b. How many rows are there in all? 10. A projectile fired vertically upward rises 15,840 ft the first second, 15,808 ft the following second, and 15,776 ft the third second, a, How many feet does it rise the 45th si thmetic 8 Find all scone’? , How many feet and in what direction does it move during the first sec: ‘ond of the tenth minute after it has been fired”? 11, A new $12,000 automobile decreases in value by 25% its value 7 years from now? teach year. What is 12, A house purchased last year for $80,000 is now worth $96,000, Assuming that the value of the house continues to appreciate (increase) at the same rate each year, find the value 2 years from now. 13, Job A has a starting salary of $12,000 with annual inereases of $800, Job B has a starting salary of $11,000 with annual increases of 10% Which job will pay more after 3 years? after 5 years? 14, There are 12 steps in the chromatic scale from the A below middle C to the next higher A. This scale ‘ean be played by playing the white and black keys ‘of a piano in order from left to right. The frequency Alalclp}e} fal. of a note is given in hertz (Hz). For example, f the A below middle.C has a frequency of 220 Hz, yooh, which means the piano string vibrates 220 times Middle C er second, Notice that the frequency of the A above middle C is twice as great, 440 Hz. Ifthe frequencies of the notes in the chromatic scale form a geometric sequence, show that the com: mon ratio is 2"? and th frequency of middle C. snnual raises job? nal raises of year. The cost 6 years nnual 896 price 40 He second floor Sach inequality and graph the solution set. Br 5)>5 2 P+r=6 Bes 4, 5. 5—ax | equation for each figure described. pe nog (2,3) and (1, 0) Pboln with focus (0, —1) and dict y = 1 llipse Se With s-intercepts £2 and y-intercepts V3 Sequences and Series 5For each series, read eac ibol aloud and give the 5, the nth term is: expanded form, & 2? 6 T6-s/ 1. 4n 1 Bean = ) ave ean 10. Sry Tell whether or not each pair of se vies is the same, 2 > yas, 3 yy Tee SI 2 ong eee ao >, 5k and as $ Write each series in expanded form. eed to geometric, you ne A 1 Sa+ 2» x 3S 4 Yegers, a general 5 6 D4 7. 5-0) 8. 3 (itt! latogere, io 0 ne ma bs hoo n= 1 Write each series using sigma notation, a ae B2+44+64+---+ 1000 10.5 +10 +15 +--+ +250 ' BE + 234394 + 20° 12. 3-44+3-47 43-434 +3+4% 5 negative 243 9 1 iL 1 Ftd Watt htt + 199 163474114 15 4.4390 +64 18. VT4 VIE VOT ok VA 2.8-442-14 WA. 2454 10417426437 ge et . wi-tetity 4 Ber sisting of postive thee digi in 18 divisible by 5 mand 1 of positive three-dig y te sonar Betts consisting oF positive two-digit integers ending in Sequences and Series saL 29, An infinite geometric series with first term 1 and common ratio $F 30. An arithmetic series consisting of eleven terms with first term 8 and last term 508 3. Show that 5) k log 5 =| 1. Waite log (1 45+ 6) using sigma notation, Find te vate ot S (3; 1) ‘Although nearly seventy percent of the cearth’s surface is covered by water, we know much less about what life exists and how it exists in the sea than we do about life on land. Scientists who study the variety and, activity of life in the sea are called marine biologists, Some marine biologists engage in basie research. They seek and deseribe new species of plants and animals living in the sea, and they study the relation- ships between the sealife and its environ- ment, Other marine biologists undertake applied research. ‘They investigate how sealife can meet human needs, especially in providing new sources of food and pharmaceuticals. Marine biologists are as committed to conserving the resources of the sea a to utilizing them, Conservation re- 4quites knowing a species’ population, and this is done through random samp- to the size of the second sample should Ting. A sample of the population is approximately equal the ratio of the size caught, tagged, and then released. Later of the original sample to the entire pop- ‘on when a second sample is taken, some ulation, From this proportion marine of those caught will already be biologists can estimate the population The ratio of those that are found ta of the species, 522 Chapter 11is arithmetic series: sind Ss for each series, 1. 8412+ 16+ 20+ 23-64 12-2 + 2 1} hile eda peee 474543414 | a a $ with common ratio r jg of each ithmetic series. ind the su A 1.1 = 20; f= 5, fo0 = 62 2. m= 100, fy = 17, tiqo = 215 3,0 = 40, 1, 183 4. m= 50, t) = 187, fg = 40 6. 2 Qn-1) Then subtract the ney mt Se ee | | eh 7 3 G42) S Go-m Decrees j es ooo 9. The first 100 terms ofthe serie 10, ‘The Fist 100 terms ofthe series +0 — Ar 4474104134 100 + 98 + 96 + 94 + MS +19 + +88 12, 50-4 48-4 46-44 10 Find the sum of each, geometric series. 13. 1=8,7=2,4=1 15. n= 10, r= 3,4 = 1, the geomet- ' tof, and the hy, Sate 19, Find Syo if the series 24 + 12 +++ is (a) arithmetic; (b) geometric. 20. Find Sa if the series 1-4 1.1 -+-++ is (a) arithmetic; (b) geometric. Find the sum of h of the following. B 21, The first 20 postive integers ending in 3 4 +++, whose common The positive two-digit integers ending in 4 23. The positive three-digit odd integers 24, The positive three-digit integers divisible by 6 ‘The first twenty multiples of 2, starting with 2 The first twenty powers of 2, start 26. a The first ten powers of S bb, The first ten powers of 5 that are per with 2! ct squares, Sequences and Series 527Find the sum of each of the following, 27. The positive two-digit integers that are nor divisible by 3 The positive two-digit integers that are nor divisible by 5 a. Show that 2! = 2" — 1 b. How many terms are needed before the sum exceeds one million If m is an even number, show that the sum of series (A) is three times the sum of series (B). @irtedes (J @i-d |. The sum of a series is given by Sy = 8(3" ~ 1). Find the first three terms of the related sequence. Then identify the series as arithmetic, geometric ‘or neither. (Hint: $y = 11.) 2. IE Sy = Qn? + Sn, find ty ess the approximate value of the following expressions. Check your guess with a calculator . GF b. 9” &. 0.5" Use the results of Pxercise 33 (o estimate the answers for Exercise 34. 34. IF |r] <1 and nis a very large integer, find the approximate value of w(t ar D. 5, where 5, I=F The following series are neither arithmetic their patterns, you can find their su 38. 2-446-8410 100 HLF DAALSHT ARH 495 497 + 98, 37, D kt ey Solve. A calculator may he helpful, 1. The front row of a theater has 25 seats. Bach of the other rows has two more seats than the row before it. How many seals are there altogether in the first 20 rows? Kristen is given a test consisting of 15 questions. ‘The first question is worth five points, and each question after the first is worth three points more than the question before it, What is the maximum score that Kristen can obtain? Chapter ITlion? times the i 3) k your 0.8)" se 34, has two ogether in 43, Every hour a clock chimes as many times as the hour. How many times does it chime from 1 s.tt. through midnight, inclusive? 4. A ship’s clock strikes every half hour of a hour period, After the first half’ hour it strikes “one bell,” after the second half hour it strikes “two bells,”” and so on un Ail it strikes “eight bells” at the end of the 4-hour period, It then begins a new 4-hour period. How many strikes of the bell oc- cur in one day? 5, Kurt can trace his ancestors back through 10 generations. He counts his patents as the first generation back, his four grand- parents as the second generation back, and so on, How many ancestors does he have in these 10 generations’? 6. The Kemps have rented a house for the past six years. During thei first year of renting, they paid $600 per month. If their rent was inereased by 5% for each year after that, what is the total amount of money they have paid in rent over the past six years? 7. You have won a contest sponsored by a local radio station, If you are given the choice of the two payment plans listed below, which plan will pay you more? How much more? Plan A: $1 on thesfirst day, $2 on the second day, $3 on the third day, ‘and so on for two weeks. Plan B: 1¢ on the first day, 2¢ on the second day, 4 on the third day, and so on for two weeks. 8, Refer to Problem 7 and find how much each plan would pay you if the payments extended over three weeks instead of two. 9. Which of the two jobs described below will pay you the higher salary dur ing the fifth year of employment? Which will pay you the greater total amount for all five years? Job A: Make $20,000 the first year with annual raises of $1500. Job B: Make $18,000 the first year with annual raises of 10% 10, Refer to the two jobs described in Problem 9. Which job will pay you the greater total amount over a 10-year period? How much more? 11, On the first day of each year, the Ortegas invest $1000 at 6% interest com: pounded annually. Find the value of their investment after 10 years 2. The 1560 members of the Western Environmental Society have a method of quickly notifying members. The president andl treasurer each call 3 mem bers (round 1), each of whom then calls 3 other members (round whom then calls 3 more members (round 3), and so on, How many rounds of calls are needed before everyone is contacted? each of Sequences and Series 52913, The number T,=1+24+344 nis called a triangular number because it is possible to represent the number by dots arranged as an equi lateral triangle n=! fa, Find a formula for Ty in terms of 1 b, Write your formula using sigma notation. J. Add any two consecutive triangular numbers, What special kind of number is obtained? Make a conjecture and then prove it. Almost 2000 years ago, Plutarch observed that 1 more than eight times a (riangular number always gives a special kind of number, What is this kind of number? Give a convincing argument to support your answer Evaluate if x= Me to 8: lope ( Find the slope of the line 3x ~ 2y = 6. «Find the radius of the circle x2 + y? — 4x + 6y - Find the x-intercepts of the hyperbola 4x? ~ 99? = 36, For students with some programming experien Write a program that will find the sum of a series when the user enters the limits of summation and the general (erm of the series. (Hint: You ca have the user enter the general term by retyping a numbered program line before each run.) . Use the program in Exercise 1 to find the sum of each series a D Gk+1) ‘Chapter 11