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Chapter-5 Cellular Concept

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Chapter-5 Cellular Concept

Uploaded by

spandansahil15
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cellular Concept

Cell Area: Refer to chapter 5 of D P agarawal

In a cellular system, the most important factor is the size and the shape of a cell.
A cell is the radio area covered by a transmitting station or a BS. All MSs in that
area are connected and serviced by the BS. Therefore, ideally, the area covered by
a BS can be represented by a circular cell,with a radius R from the center of the
BS [Figure 5.1(a)]. There are many factors that cause reflections and refractions
of the signals, including elevation of the terrain, presence of a hill or valley or a
tall building, and presence of particles in the air. The actual shape of the cell is
determined by the received signal strength in the surrounding area. Therefore, the
coverage area may be a little distorted [Figure 5.1(b)]. An appropriate model of a
cell is needed before a cellular system can be analyzed and evaluated.
Cellular frequency reuse
concept
Each cellular base station is allocated a group of
radio channels to be used within a small
geographic area called a cell.

The same group of channels may be used to


cover different cells that are separated from
one another by distances large enough to keep
interference levels within tolerable limits.

The design process of selecting and allocating


channel groups for all of the cellular base
stations within a system is called frequency
reuse or frequency planning

Figure illustrates the concept of cellular frequency reuse,


where cells labeled with the same letter use the same
group of channels.
 Due to the fact that the hexagonal geometry of Figure has exactly six
equidistant neighbors and that the lines joining the centers of any cell
and each of its neighbors are separated by multiples of 60 degrees,
there are only certain cluster sizes and cell layouts which are
possible.

 The geometry of hexagons is such that the number of cells per cluster,
N, can only have values which satisfy the following equation
 N=i2+ij+j2

 where i and j are non-negative integers.

 To find the nearest co-channel neighbors of a particular cell, one must


do the following:

(1) move i cells along any chain of hexagons and then


(2) turn 60 degrees counter-clockwise and move / cells.
For example N=?,
 To understand the frequency reuse concept, consider a cellular
system which has a total of S duplex channels available for use.

 If each cell is allocated a group of k channels (k < S), and if the S


channels are divided among N cells into unique and disjoint channel
groups which each have the same number of channels, the total
number of available radio channels can be expressed as

S = kN

 The N cells which collectively use the complete set of available


frequencies is called a cluster. If a cluster is replicated M times within
the system, the total number of duplex channels, C, can be used as a
measure of capacity and is given

C = MkN = MS

 The factor N is called the cluster size and is typically equal to 4, 7, or


12.
Example
 We consider a cellular system in which total
available voice channels to handle the traffic are
960. The area of each cell is 6 km2 and the total
coverage area of the system is 2000 km2.
Calculate (a) the system capacity if the cluster
size, N (reuse factor), is 4 and (b) the system
capacity if the cluster size is 7. How many times
would a cluster of size 4 have to be replicated to
cover the entire cellular area? Does decreasing
the reuse factor N increase the system capacity?
Explain.
 Consider the advanced mobile phone system in which an
S/I ratio of 18 dB is required for the accepted voice
quality. What should be the reuse factor for the system?
Assume Y= 4. What will be the reuse factor of the Global
System of Mobile (GSM) system in which an S/I of 12 dB is
required?
The following figure shows a cellular architecture. Is
there some specific reason why it could have been
designed this way?
Q6. Prove the following for a hexagonal cellular system with radius R, reuse distance D,
and given the value of N:
(a) N = 3, prove D = 3R.
(b) N = 4, prove D =√12R.
(c) N = 7, prove D =√21R.
Q7. calculate the co-channel interference ratio in the worst case for the forward channel, given N = 7, R = 3
km, and γ = 2.
(a) Directional antenna 120
(b ) Directional antenna 60
Q8. What is meant by handoff interval and handoff region? Explain their usefulness
with appropriate diagrams.
Q9. What are the differences between adjacent channel interference and co-channel
interference? Explain with suitable diagrams.
Q10. What are the advantages of cell sectoring? Explain with suitable diagrams
• The term hand-off does not mean a physical change in the assigned channel but
rather than a different base station handles the radio communication task.
• Hand-off is a process of automatically transferring the call to a new frequency
channel belonging to a new base station, when the cellular mobile phone moves
into a different frequency zone so that the conversation can be continued in a new
frequency zone without dialing.
• The processing of hand-off is an important task in a cellular telephone system.
• In the hand-off strategies higher priority is given to the hand-off request than the
call initiation request in the cellular system.
• The procedure of hand-off should be performed successfully and it should not be
repeated frequently.
• The system designers must specify the optimum signal level at which the hand-off
is to be initiated.
•The minimum signal level Prminimum is first decided for maintaining the call. Then the slightly
stronger signal levels used as a hand-off Prthreshold threshold for maintaining the call.

•The difference between these two levels of the signal is denoted by a symbol delta, Δ and it is given
by,
Δ = Prthreshold−Prminimum

•As the value of delta is very critical, it should not be too small or too large.

•If the value of delta is too small, then the call may lost due to weak signal and if
the value of delta is too large ,then unnecessary hand-off may take place at any time.

•Before initiating the hand-off, it is always necessary to ensure that the reduction in
the measured signal level is not due to the momentary signal fading and that the mobile is actually
moving
Hard Handoff:
When there is an actual break
in the connectivity while
switching from one Base
Station to another Base
Station. There is no burden on
the Base Station and MSC
because the switching takes
place so quickly that it can
hardly be noticed by the users.
The connection quality is not
that good. Hard Handoff
adopted the ‘break before
make’ policy.

Soft Handoff:
In Soft Handoff, at least one of
the links is kept when radio
signals are added or removed
to the Base Station. Soft
Handoff adopted the ‘make
before break’ policy. Soft
Handoff is more costly than
Hard Handoff.

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