21EE54 POWERELECTRONICS

MODULE-5(a)
DC-DC COVERTER

STRUCTURE

Introduction
Objectives
PrincipleofStep-down Chopper
PrincipleofStep-up Chopper
Classificationof Choppers
ImpulseCommutated Chopper
Recommendedquestions
Outcomes
FurtherReadings

INTRODUCTION

Chopperisastatic device.
• Avariabledcvoltageisobtainedfromaconstantdcvoltage source.
• Alsoknownasdc-to-dcconverter.
• Widelyusedformotorcontrol.
• Alsoused inregenerativebraking.
• Thyristor converter offers greater efficiency, faster response, lower maintenance, smaller size
and smooth control.

Choppers areofTwo Types

Step-down choppers.
Step-up choppers.
Instepdownchopperoutputvoltageislessthaninputvoltage. In step
up chopper output voltage is more than input voltage

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OBJECTIVES

 To explain the design, analysis techniques, performance parametersand

characteristics of DC-DC converters,operation of various chopper
commutation circuits.

PrincipleofStep-downChopper

Astep-downchopperwithresistive load.
• Thethyristorinthe circuitactsasaswitch.
• WhenthyristorisON,supplyvoltage appearsacrosstheload
• WhenthyristorisOFF,thevoltageacrosstheloadwillbezero.

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Methodsof Control
• Theoutput dcvoltagecanbevaried bythe following methods.
– Pulsewidthmodulationcontrol orconstantfrequencyoperation.
– Variablefrequencycontrol.

PulseWidthModulation
• tONisvariedkeepingchoppingfrequency‘f’&choppingperiod ‘T’ constant.
• Outputvoltageisvaried byvaryingthe ONtimetON

VariableFrequencyControl
• Choppingfrequency‘f’isvaried keepingeither tON ortOFFconstant.
• Toobtain fulloutput voltagerange,frequencyhastobevaried overawiderange.
• Thismethod producesharmonicsintheoutput andforlargetOFFloadcurrentmay become
discontinuous

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Step-downChopperwithR-LLoad

WhenchopperisON,supplyisconnectedacrossload. Current
flows from supply to load.

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When chopper is OFF, load current continues to flow in the same direction through FWD due to
energy stored in inductor ‘L’.
Loadcurrentcanbecontinuousordiscontinuousdependingonthevaluesof‘L’anddutycycle
‘d’
Foracontinuouscurrentoperation,loadcurrentvariesbetweentwolimitsImaxandImin
When current becomes equal to Imax the chopper is turned-off and it is turned-on when current
reduces to Imin.

PrincipleofStep-upChopper

Step-upchopperisused toobtainaloadvoltagehigherthan theinputvoltageV.

ThevaluesofLandCarechosendependingupontherequirementofoutputvoltageandcurrent. When
the chopper is ON, the inductor L is connected across the supply.
The inductor current ‘I’ rises and the inductor stores energy during the ON time of the chopper,
Ton. When the chopper is off, the inductor current I is forced to flow through the diode D and
load for a period, tOFF.

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Thecurrenttendstodecreaseresultinginreversingthepolarityofinduced EMFinL. Therefore

voltage across load is given by

Alargecapacitor‘C’connectedacrosstheload,willprovideacontinuousoutputvoltage.
• DiodeDpreventsanycurrent flowfromcapacitorto thesource.
• Stepup choppersareused forregenerativebrakingof dcmotors.

(i)ExpressionForOutputVoltage

PerformanceParameters
• Thethyristor requiresa certainminimum timetoturnONandturnOFF.
• Dutycycle d can be varied onlybetween a min. &max. value, limitingthe min. and max. value of
the output voltage.
• Rippleintheloadcurrent dependsinverselyonthechoppingfrequency,f.
• Toreducethe loadripplecurrent, frequencyshould be ashighaspossible.

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ClassificationofChoppers

Choppersareclassifiedas
• ClassA Chopper
• ClassBChopper
• ClassCChopper
• ClassD Chopper
• ClassEChopper

1. ClassAChopper

WhenchopperisON,supplyvoltageVisconnectedacrossthe load.
• WhenchopperisOFF,vO=0andtheloadcurrentcontinuestoflowinthesamedirection through the
FWD.
• Theaveragevaluesofoutputvoltageand currentarealways positive.
• ClassAChopper isafirst quadrantchopper .
• ClassAChopperisastep-downchopperinwhichpoweralwaysflowsformsourcetoload.
• Itisusedtocontrolthe speedofdc motor.
• Theoutput current equations obtained in step downchopperwith R-L load can be used to study
the performance of Class A Chopper.

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2. Class B Chopper

When chopper is ON, E drives a current through L and R in a direction opposite to that shown in
figure.
• DuringtheONperiod ofthechopper, theinductance L storesenergy.
• WhenChopperisOFF,diodeDconducts,andpartoftheenergystoredininductorLis returned to the
supply.
• Averageoutputvoltageispositive.
• Averageoutputcurrentis negative.

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• ThereforeClass BChopperoperatesinsecondquadrant.
• Inthischopper,powerflowsfromloadtosource.
• ClassBChopperisusedforregenerativebrakingofdcmotor.
• ClassBChopperisastep-up chopper

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(i)ExpressionforOutputCurrent

3. Class C Chopper

ClassCChopperisacombinationofClassAandClassBChoppers.
• Forfirstquadrant operation, CH1isONorD2 conducts.
• Forsecondquadrant operation, CH2isONorD1 conducts.
• WhenCH1isON, theload currentispositive.

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• Theoutputvoltageisequalto ‘V’&theloadreceivespowerfromthesource.
• WhenCH1isturnedOFF,energystoredininductanceLforcescurrenttoflowthroughthe diode D2
and the output voltage is zero.
• Currentcontinuestoflowinpositive direction.
• WhenCH2istriggered,thevoltageEforcescurrenttoflowinoppositedirectionthroughLand CH2 .
• Theoutputvoltageis zero.
• On turning OFF CH2 , the energystored in the inductance drives current through diode D1 and
the supply
• OutputvoltageisV,the inputcurrentbecomesnegativeandpowerflows fromloadtosource.
• Averageoutputvoltageispositive
• Averageoutputcurrentcantakebothpositiveandnegative values.
• ChoppersCH1&CH2shouldnotbeturnedONsimultaneouslyasitwouldresultinshort circuiting the
supply.
• ClassC Choppercanbeusedboth fordcmotorcontrol andregenerativebrakingofdc motor.
• ClassCChopper canbeusedasastep-up orstep-down chopper

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4. Class D Chopper

ClassDisatwoquadrant chopper.
• When both CH1 and CH2 are triggered simultaneously, the output voltage vO = V and output
current flows through the load.
• When CH1 and CH2 are turned OFF, the load current continues to flow in the same
directionthrough load, D1 and D2 , due to the energy stored in the inductor L.
• OutputvoltagevO=- V.
• AverageloadvoltageispositiveifchopperONtimeismorethantheOFFtime
• Averageoutputvoltage becomesnegativeiftON <tOFF.
• Hencethedirectionofloadcurrentisalwayspositivebutloadvoltagecanbepositiveor negative

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5. Class E Chopper

ClassEisafourquadrantchopper
• When CH1 and CH4 are triggered, output current iO flows in positive direction through
CH1and CH4, and with output voltage vO = V.
• Thisgivesthefirstquadrantoperation.
• When both CH1 and CH4 are OFF, the energy stored in the inductor L drivesiO through D2and
D3 in the same direction, but output voltage vO = -V.
• Thereforethe chopperoperatesinthefourthquadrant.
• WhenCH2andCH3aretriggered,theloadcurrentiOflowsinoppositedirection&output voltage vO =
-V.
• SincebothiOand vOarenegative,thechopper operatesinthird quadrant.
• When both CH2 and CH3 are OFF, the load current iO continues to flow in the same direction
D1 and D4 and the output voltage vO = V.
• Thereforethe chopperoperatesinsecondquadrantas vOispositivebut iOis negative.

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EffectOf Source&Load Inductance

• Thesourceinductanceshouldbeassmallaspossibletolimitthetransient voltage.
• Alsosourceinductancemaycausecommutationproblem forthe chopper.
• Usuallyaninput filterisusedtoovercome theproblem ofsourceinductance.
• Theloadripplecurrentisinverselyproportionalto loadinductanceandchopping frequency.
• Peakloadcurrentdependsonloadinductance.
• Tolimit theload ripplecurrent,asmoothinginductor isconnectedin serieswith the load.

Recommendedquestions

1. Explaintheprincipleofoperationofachopper.Brieflyexplaintime-ratiocontrolandPWMas applied
to chopper
2. Explain the working of step down shopper. Determine its performance factors, VA, Vo rms,
efficiency and Ri the effective input resistane
3. Explain the working of step done chopper for RLE load. Obtain the expressions for minimum
load current I1max load current I2, peak – peak load ripple current di avg value of load current
Ia, the rms load current Io and Ri.
4. Give the classification of stem down converters. Explain with the help of circuit diagram one-
quadrant and four quadrant converters.
5. The step down chopper has a resistive load of R=10ohm and the input voltage is Vs=220V.
When theconverterswitchremain ONits voltage drop is Vch=2Vand the choppingfrequencyis 1
KHz. If the duty cycle is 50% determine a) the avg output voltage VA, b) the rms output voltage
Vo c) the converter efficiency d) the effective input resistance Ri of the converter.

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6. Explaintheworkingofstep-upchopper.Determineitsperformancefactors

GenericSkills/Outcomes
 Discussthe principle of operationof single phase andthree phaseDC–DC
converters

FurtherReading
1. “PowerElectronics” -M.H.Rashid3rd edition,PHI/Pearsonpublisher2004.

2. “PowerElectronics”-M.D.Singhand KanchandaniK.B.TMHpublisher,2ndEd. 2007.

3. “ThyristorizedPowerControllers”-G.K.DubeyS.R.Doradla,A.JoshiandRmkSinha New
age international (P) ltd reprint 1999.

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MODULE-5(b)
DC-ACCONVERTERS
Structure

Introduction
Objectives
Classificationof Inverters
PrincipleofOperation
HalfbridgeinverterwithInductiveload
FourieranalysisoftheLoadVoltageWaveform
Performanceparametersof inverters
SinglePhaseBridgeInverter
SinglePhaseBridge InverterwithRLLoad
Comparisonofhalfbridgeandfullbridgeinverters
PrincipleofOperationof CSI
VariableDClinkInverter
Recommendedquestions
Outcomes
FurtherReadings

INTRODUCTION

The converters which converts the power into ac power popularly known as the inverters. The
application areas for the inverters include the uninterrupted power supply (UPS), the ac motor
speed controllers, etc.
The inverters can be classified based on a number of factors like, the nature of output waveform
(sine, square, quasi square, PWM etc), the power devices being used (thyristor transistor,
MOSFETs IGBTs), the configuration being used, (series. parallel, half bridge, Full bridge), the
type of commutation circuit that is being employed and Voltage source and current source
inverters.
The Thyristorised inverters use SCRs as power switches. Because the input source of power is
pure de in nature, forced commutation circuit is an essential part of Thyristorised inverters. The
commutation circuits must be carefully designed to ensure a successful commutation of SCRs.
The addition of the commutation circuit makes the Thyristorised inverters bulky and costly. The
size and the cost of the circuit can be reduced to some extent if the operating frequency is
increased but then the inverter grade thyristors which are special thyristors manufactured to
operate at a higher frequency must be used, which are costly.

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OBJECTIVES:
 Toexplainthedesign,analysistechniques,performanceparametersand
characteristics of DC-AC converters

ClassificationofInverters

There are different basis of classification of inverters. Inverters are broadly classified as current
sourceinverterandvoltagesourceinverters.Moreoveritcanbe classified onthebasisofdevices
used(SCRorgatecommutationdevices),circuitconfiguration(halfbridge orfullbridge),nature of
output voltage (square, quasi square or sine wave), type of circuit (switched mode PWM or
resonant converters) etc.

PrincipleofOperation

1. TheprincipleofsinglephasetransistorisedinverterscanbeexplainedwiththehelpofFig. The
configuration is known as the half bridge configuration.
2. The transistor Q1 is turned on for a time T0/2, which makes the instantaneous voltage across
the load Vo = V12.
3. If transistor Q2 is turned on at the instant T0/2 by turning Q1 off then -V/2 appears across the
load.

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HalfbridgeinverterwithInductiveload

Operationwithinductiveload:

Let usdividetheoperationintofourintervals.Westart explanationfromthesecondlimeinterval II to t2

because at the beginning of this interval transistor Q1 will start conducting.

Interval II (tl - t2): Q1 is turned on at instant tl, the load voltage is equal to + V/2 and the
positive load current increases gradually. At instant t2 the load current reaches the peak value.
ThetransistorQ1isturnedoffatthisinstant.Duetothesamepolarityofloadvoltageandload

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currentthe energyisstoredbytheload.ReferFig.8.3(a).

Interval III (t2- t3): Due to inductive load, the load current direction will be maintained same
even after Q1 is turned off. The self induced voltage across the load will be negative. The load
currentflowsthroughlowerhalfofthesupplyandD2asshowninFig.8.3(b). Inthisintervalthe stored
energy in load is fed back to the lower half of the source and the load voltage is clampedto -V/2.

IntervalIV(t3 -t4):

At the instant t3, the load current goes to zero, indicating that all the stored energy has been
returned back to the lower half of supply. At instant t3 ' Q2 ‘is turned on. This will produce a
negative load voltage v0 = - V/2 and a negative load current. Load current reaches a negative
peak at the end of this interval. (See Fig. 8.4(a)).

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IntervalI(t4 to t5)or(t0to t1)

Conduction period of the transistors depends upon the load power, factor. For purely inductive
load, a transistor conducts only for T0/2 or 90 o. Depending on the load power factor, that
conductionperiodofthe transistorwillvarybetween90to1800(1800for purelyresistiveload).

FourieranalysisoftheLoadVoltageWaveformofaHalfBridgeInverter

Assumptions:
• Theloadvoltagewaveform isaperfect squarewavewith azeroaveragevalue.
• Theloadvoltagewaveformdoesnot dependonthetypeof load.
• an,bnandcnarethe Fourier coefficients.
• өnisthedisplacementangle forthenth harmonic component ofoutput voltage.
• TotaldcinputvoltagetotheinverterisVvolts.

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RMSoutputvoltage

RMSvalueoffundamentalcomponentofoutput voltage

Performanceparametersofinverters

Theoutputofpracticalinverterscontainsharmonicsandthequality ofaninverterisnormally evaluated in

terms of following performance parameters:
• Harmonicfactorofnthharmonic.
• Totalharmonic distortion.
• Distortion factor.
• Lowestorderharmonic.
Harmonicfactorofnthharmonics HFn:
The harmonic factor is a measure of contribution of indivisual harmonics. It is defined as theratio
of the rms voltage of a particular harmonic component to the rms value of fundamental
component.

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Total harmonic distortion, THD: It is a measure of closeness in shape between a waveform and
its fundamental component (sinusoidal waveform). THD = 0 means sinusoidal wave.

DistortionFactor,DF
DFindicatestheamountofHDthatremainsinaparticularwaveformaftertheharmonicsofthat
waveform have been subjected to the second order attenuation (i.e. divided by n2)

Lowest-orderharmonic,LOH
LOH is that harmonic component whose frequency is closest to the fundamental one. Its
amplitude is normally > 3% of the fundamental component. High LOH is desired.

SinglePhaseBridgeInverter

A single phase bridge inverter is shown in Fig.8.7. It consists of four transistors. Thesetransistors
are turned on and off in pairs of Q1, Q2 and Q3 Q4.
In order to develop a positive voltage + V across the load, the transistors Q1, and O2 are turned
on simultaneously whereas to have a negative voltage - V across the load we need to turn on the
devices Q3 and Q4.
Diodes D1, D2, D3, and D4 are known as the feedback diodes, because energy feedback takes
place through these diodes when the load is inductive.

Operationwithresistiveload
With the purely resistive load the bridge inverter operates in two different intervals In one cycle
of the output.

ModeI (0-T0/2):

Thetransistors 01 and O2 conduct simultaneouslyin this mode.The load voltage is +Vand load
current flows fromAto B. The equivalent circuit for mode 1 is as shown in Fig. 8.8 (A).At t =
To/2 , 0, and Q2 are turned off and Q3 and Q4 are turned on.

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Att=T0/2,Q3andQ4areturnedon andQ1and Q2areturnedoff.Theloadvoltageis –V and load
current flows from B to A. The equivalent circuit for mode II is as shown in Fig. 9.5.1(b). At t
= To, Q3 and Q4 are turned off and Q1 and Q2 are turned on again.
• Astheloadisresistiveitdoesnotstoreanyenergy.Thereforethefeedbackdiodesarenot effective
here.

• Thevoltageandcurrent waveformswithresistive loadareasshowninFig.

TheimportantobservationsfromthewaveformsofFigas follows:
(i) Theload currentisinphasewiththeload voltage
(ii) Theconductionperiodforeachtransistoris1tradiansor1800
(iii) Peakcurrentthrougheachtransistor=V/R.
(iv) Averagecurrentthrougheachtransistor=V/2R
(v) Peakforwardvoltageacrosseachtransistor=Vvolts.

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SinglePhaseBridgeInverterwithRL Load

The operation of the circuit can be divided into four intervals or modes. The waveforms are as
shown in Fig.
IntervalI(t1–t2):

At instant tl, the pair of transistors Q1 and Q2 is turned on. The transistors are assumed to be
ideal switches. Therefore point A gets connected to positive point of dc source V through Q, and
point B gets connected to negative point of input supply.

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TheoutputvoltageVo==+VasshowninFig8.11(a).Theloadcurrentstartsincreasing exponentially due
to the inductive nature of the load.
TheinstantaneouscurrentthroughQ1andQ2isequaltotheinstantaneousloadcurrent.The energy is
stored into the inductive load during this interval of operation.

IntervalII(t2-t3) :

• At instant t2 both thetransistors Q1and Q2 areturned off. But the load current does not reduce
to 0 instantaneously, due to its inductive nature.
• So in order to maintain the flow of current in the same direction there is a self induced voltage
across the load. The polarity of this voltage is exactly opposite to that in the previous mode.
• Thus output voltage becomes negative equal to- V. But the load current continues to now inthe
same direction, through D3 andD4 as shown in Fig. 8.11(b).
• Thus the stored energy in the load inductance is returned back to the source in this mode. The
diodes D1 to D4 are therefore known as the feedback diodes.
• The load current decreases exponentially and goes to 0 at instant t3 when all the energy stored
ill the load is returned back to supply. D3 and D4 are turned off at t3·

IntervalIII(t3–t4)

• Atinstantt3'Q3andQ4areturnedonsimultaneously.Theloadvoltageremainsnegative equal to - V
but the direction of load current will reverse and become negative.
• The current increases exponentiallyin the negative direction.And the load again stores energy)
in this mode of operation. This is as shown in Fig.

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IntervalIV(t4to t5)or (t0to t1)

• At instant t4 or to the transistors Q3 and Q4 are turned off. The load inductance tries to
maintain the load current in the same direction, by inducing a positive load voltage.
• This will forward bias the diodes D) and D2. The load stored energy is returned back to the
input dc supply. The load voltage Vo = + V but the load current remains negative and decrease
exponentially towards 0. This is as shown in Fig. 8.12(b).
• Att5 ort1 theload currentgoestozero andtransistorsQ1and Q2can beturned on again.

Conductionperiod of devices:

• The conduction period with a very highly inductive load, will be T014 or 90 0 for all the
transistors as well as the diodes.
• The conduction period of transistors will increase towards To/2.or 1800 with increase in th1
load power factor. (i.e., as the load becomes more and more resistive).

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Comparisonofhalfbridgeandfullbridgeinverters

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PrincipleofOperationofCSI

The circuit diagram of current source inverter is shown in Fig. The variable dc voltage source is
converted into variable current source by using inductance L.

The current IL supplied to the single phase transistorised inverter is adjusted by the combination
of variable dc voltage and inductance L.
ThewaveformsofbasecurrentsandoutputcurrentioareasshowninFig.8.15.Whentransistors Q1 and
Q2 conduct simultaneously, the output current is positive and equal to + IL. When transistors Q3
and Q4 conduct simultaneously the output current io = - IL.
Butio=0when thetransistorsfrom samearm i.e.Q(Q4 orQ2Q3conductsimultaneously.

TheoutputcurrentwaveformofFig.isa quasi-squarewaveform.Butitispossibleto
Obtain a square wave load current by changing the pattern of base driving signals. Such
waveforms are shown in Fig.

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Load Voltage:

• The load current waveform in CSI has a defined shape, as it is a square waveform in this case.
But the load voltage waveform will be dependent entirely on the nature of the load.
• The load voltage with the resistive load will be a square wave, whereas with a highlyinductive
load it will be a triangular waveform. The load voltage will contain frequency components at the
inverter frequency f, equal to l/T and other components at multiples of inverter frequency.
• TheloadvoltagewaveformsfordifferenttypesofloadsareshowninFig.

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VariableDClinkInverter

The circuit diagram of a variable DC-link inverter is shown in Fig. This circuit can be divided
into two parts namely a block giving a variable DC voltage and the second part being the bridge
inverter itself.

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ThecomponentsQ,Dm,LandCgiveoutavariableDCoutput.LandCarethefilter components. This

variable DC voltage acts as the supply voltage for the bridge inverter.

The pulse width (conduction period) of the transistors is maintained constant and the variation in
output voltage is obtained by varying the DC voltage.
The output voltage waveforms with a resistive load for different dc input voltages are shown in
Fig.
Weknowthatforasquarewaveinverter,thermsvalueofoutputvoltageisgivenby, V0 ( rms)
= Vdc volts
HencebyvaryingVdc,wecanvaryV0(rms)
Oneimportant advantage ofvariable DC link invertersis that it is possible to eliminateor reduce
certain harmonic components from the output voltage waveform.
Thedisadvantageis that anextraconverterstageisrequiredtoobtain avariableDCvoltagefrom a fixed
DC. This converter can be a chopper
ThreePhaseDC-ACInverters:
ThreePhaseDC-ACConvertersThreephaseinvertersarenormallyusedforhighpower applications.
The advantages of a three phase inverter are:
 Thefrequencyoftheoutputvoltagewaveformdependsontheswitchingrateofthe
switches and hence can be varied over a wide range.
 Thedirectionofrotationofthemotorcanbereversedbychangingtheoutputphase
sequence of the inverter.
 Theacoutput voltagecan becontrolledbyvaryingthe dclink voltage.

The general configuration of a three phase DC-AC inverter is shown in Figure 1. Two types
ofcontrol signals can be applied to the switches:

 180o conduction

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 120oconduction

180-DegreeConductionwithStarConnectedResistiveLoad
Theconfigurationofthethreephaseinverterwithstarconnectedresistiveloadisshownin Figure 2. The
following convention is followed:
Acurrentleavinganodepoint a,borcandenteringtheneutralpoint nisassumedtobepositive. All the
three resistances are equal, Ra= Rb= Rc= R
In this mode of operation each switch conducts for 180o. Hence, at anyinstant of time three switches
remain on. When is S1 on, the terminal a gets connected to the positive terminal of input DC source.
Similarly, when S4 is on, terminal a gets connected to the negative terminal of input DC source.
There are six possible modes of operation in a cycle and each mode is of 60 o duration and the
explanation of each mode is as follows:

Mode 1: In this mode the switches s5,s6 and s1 are turned on for time interval 0< ωt< π/3 As a result
of this the terminals a and c are connected to the positive terminal of the input DC source and the
terminal b is connected to the negative terminal of the DC source. The current flow through Ra,Rb
and Rc is shown in Figure 3a and the equivalent circuit is shown in Figure 3b. The equivalent
resistance of the circuit shown in Figure 3b is

ThecurrentdeliveredbytheDCinputsourceis

Thecurrentsandareiaandib

Keepingthecurrentconventioninmind,thecurrentisib

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Havingdeterminedthecurrentsthrougheachbranch,thevoltageacrosseachbranch is

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.
Mode 2: In this mode the switches s6,s1 and s2 are turned on for time interval π/3< ωt< 2π/3. The
currentflowandtheequivalentcircuitsareshownin Figure4aandFigure4brespectively.Following the
reasoning given for mode 1, the currents through each branch and the voltage drops are given by

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Mode3: Inthismodetheswitchess1,s2 ands3 areturned onfortimeinterval2π/3<ωt<π..The current

flow and the equivalent circuits are shown in Figure 5a and figure 5b respectively. The
magnitudes of currents and voltages are:

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For modes 4, 5 and 6 the equivalent circuits will be same as modes 1, 2 and 3 respectively. The
voltages and currents for each mode are:

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Theplotsofthephasevoltages(Van,Vbn andVcn)andthecurrents(Ia,Ib andIc)areshowninFigure

6.Havingknownthephasevoltages,thelinevoltages canalsobedetermined as:

TheplotsoflinevoltagesarealsoshowninFigure6andthephaseandlinevoltagescanbe expressed in
terms of Fourier series as:

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Recommendedquestions

1. Whatarethedifferencesbetweenhalfand fullbridge inverters?

2. Whatarethepurposesoffeedbackdiodesin inverters?
3. Whatarethearrangementsforobtainingthreephaseoutput voltages?
4. Whatarethemethodsforvoltagecontrolwithintheinverters?
5. WhatarethemethodsofvoltagecontrolofI-phaseinverters?Explainthembriefly.
6. WhatarethemaindifferencesbetweenVSIandCSI?
7. Withaneatcircuitdiagram,explainsinglephaseCSI?
8. The single phase half bridge inverter has a resistive load of R= 2.4 Ω and the dc input voltage
is Vs=48V Determine a) the rms output voltage at the fundamental frequency Vo1 b) The output
powerPoc)theaverage andpeakcurrentsofeachtransistord)thepeakreverseblockingvoltage Vbr of
each transistor e) the THD f) the DF g) the HF and DF of the LOH.

GenericSkills/Outcomes
 Discussthe principle of operationof single phase andthree phaseDC–AC
converters

FurtherReading
1. “PowerElectronics”-M.D.SinghandKanchandaniK.B.TMHpublisher,2ndEd. 2007.

2. “Thyristorized PowerControllers” - G. K. Dubey S. R. Doradla,A. Joshi and Rmk Sinha

New age international (P) ltd reprint 1999.

3. “PowerElectronics”-CynilW.Lander3rdedition,MGH2003.

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