6.

Control Structure in C

Sushil Kumar, Assistant Professor

Computer Science & Engineering
 CHAPTER-6
Control Structure in C
Contents

1. Decision Making
2. Loops
3. Break and Continue Statement
4. Switch… case Statement
5. goto and label Statement
1. Decision Making
● Decision making is used to specify the order in which statements are executed.

● Decision making in a C program using:-

○ if statement
○ if…else statement
○ if…else if…else statement
○ nested if...else statement
○ Switch case Statement
1.1 if statement
Example: if statement
● Program to display a #include <stdio.h>
number if user enters int main()
{
negative number If user int number;
enters positive number, printf("Enter an integer: ");
scanf("%d", &number);
that number won't be
// Test expression is true if number is less than 0
displayed. if (number < 0) {
printf("You entered %d.\n", number);
}
printf("The if statement is easy.");
return 0;
}
1.2 if...else statement
● The if...else statement executes some code if the test expression is true (nonzero) and
some other code if the test expression is false (0).

Syntax of if...else

if (test Expression)
{
// codes inside the body of if
}
else
{
// codes inside the body of else
}
Example: if...else statement
// Program to check whether an integer entered by the user is odd or even
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int number;
printf("Enter an integer: ");
scanf("%d",&number);
// True if remainder is 0
if( number%2 == 0 )
printf("%d is an even integer.",number);
else
printf("%d is an odd integer.",number);
return 0;
}
1.3 if...else if....else Statement
● The if...else statement executes two different codes depending upon whether
the test expression is true or false. Sometimes, a choice has to be made from
more than 2 possibilities.

● The if...else if…else statement allows you to check for multiple test
expressions and execute different codes for more than two conditions
Syntax of if...else if....else statement.
Example: if...else if....else statement
// Program to relate two integers //checks if number1 is greater than number2.
using =, > or < else if (number1 > number2)
#include <stdio.h> {
int main() printf("Result: %d > %d",
{ number1, number2);
int number1, number2; }
printf("Enter two integers: "); // if both test expression is false
scanf("%d %d", &number1,&number2); else {
//checks if two integers are equal. printf("Result: %d < %d",number1, number2);
if(number1 == number2) }
{ return 0;
printf("Result: %d = %d“,number1,number2); }
}
1.4 Nested if else statement
● Nested if else statement is same like if else statement, where new block of if else
statement is defined in existing if or else block statement.

● Used when user want to check more than one conditions at a time.
Syntax of Nested If else Statement
Example of Nested if else Statement
2. Loops
► Loops are used in programming to repeat a specific block until some end condition is
met.

► There are three loops in C programming:

o for loop

o while loop

o do...while loop

o Nested loops
2.1 for Loop

► The syntax of a for loop is:

for (initialization Statement; testExpression; update Statement)

// codes

}
for loop Flowchart
Example: for loop
// Program to calculate the sum of for(count = 1; count <= n; ++count)
first n natural numbers
{
// Positive integers 1,2,3...n are known as
natural numbers sum += count;
}
#include <stdio.h> printf("Sum = %d", sum); return 0;

int main(){ }
int n, count, sum = 0;
printf("Enter a positive integer: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
2.2 while loop

►The syntax of a while loop is:

while (testExpression)
{
//codes
}
Example: while loop
/ Program to find factorial of // loop terminates when number is less than or
a number equal to 0
// For a positive integer n, factorial = 1*2*3...n while (number > 0) {
// factorial = factorial*number; factorial *=
number;
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){ ­­number;
int number; long factorial; }
printf("Enter an integer: "); scanf("%d",&number); printf("Factorial= %lld", factorial); return 0;
factorial = 1;
2.3 do...while loop
► The do..while loop is similar to the while loop with one important difference.

► The body of do...while loop is executed once, before checking the test
expression.

► The do...while loop is executed at least once.

do...while loop Syntax

The syntax of a do while loop is:

do

{
// codes
}
while (testExpression);
Example: do...while loop
// Program to add numbers until user enters zero
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
double number, sum = 0;
// loop body is executed at least once
do{
printf("Enter a number: "); scanf("%lf",
&number); sum += number;
}while(number != 0.0); printf("Sum = %.2lf",sum);
return 0;
}
2.4 Nested loops
► C programming allows to use one loop inside another loop

► Syntax for loop for ( init; condition; increment ) {

for ( init; condition; increment ) {

statement(s);
}

statement(s);
}
2.4 Nestedloops (Con..)
► Syntax while loop
while(condition) {

while(condition) {

statement(s);
}

statement(s);
}
3. Break And Continue Statement
► What is BREAK meant?

► What is CONTINUE meant?

Syntax of if...else if....else statement.
► The break statement terminates the loop immediately when it is encountered.

► The break statement is used with decision making statement such as if...else.

► Syntax of break statement

break;
How break statement works?
Flowchart Of Break Statement
Example: break statement
3.2 Continue Statement
► The continue statement skips some statements inside the loop.

► The continue statement is used with decision making statement such as if...
else.

► Syntax of continue Statement

► continue;
Flowchart of Continue Statement
How Continue Statement Works?
Example: continue statement
// Program to calculate sum of // If user enters negative number,
maximum of 10 numbers loop is terminated
// Negative numbers are skipped if(number < 0.0) {
from calculation
# include <stdio.h> continue;
}
int main(){ // sum = sum + number;
int i; sum += number;
double number, sum = 0.0; }
printf("Sum = %.2lf",sum);
for(i=1; i <= 10; ++i) { return 0;
printf("Enter a n%d: ",i); }
scanf("%lf",&number);
4. Switch Statement
► The if...else if…else statement allows you to execute a block code among many
alternatives. If you are checking on the value of a single variable in if...else if…else
statement, it is better to use switch statement.

► The switch statement is often faster than nested if...else (not always).

Also, the syntax of switch statement is cleaner and

easy to understand.
Syntax of switch...case
switch (n){
case constant1:
// code to be executed if n is equal to constant1; break;

case constant2:
// code to be executed if n is equal to constant2; break;

….
default:
// code to be executed if n doesn't match any constant
}
Switch Statement Flowchart
Example: switch Statement
// Program to create a simple calculator
// Performs addition, subtraction, multiplication or division
depending the input from user
# include <stdio.h>

int main() {

char operator;
double firstNumber,secondNumber; printf("Enter an
operator (+, ­, *,): ");
scanf("%c", &operator); printf("Enter two operands: ");

scanf("%lf %lf",&firstNumber, &secondNumber);

Syntax of if...else if....else statement.
switch(operator) { case '+':
printf("%.1lf + %.1lf = %.1lf",firstNumber, secondNumber, firstNumber+secondNumber); break;

case '­':
printf("%.1lf ­ %.1lf = %.1lf",firstNumber, secondNumber, firstNumber­secondNumber); break;

case '*':
printf("%.1lf * %.1lf = %.1lf",firstNumber, secondNumber, firstNumber*secondNumber); break;

case '/':
printf("%.1lf / %.1lf = %.1lf",firstNumber, secondNumber, firstNumber/firstNumber); break;

// operator is doesn't match any case constant (+, ­, *, /)

default:
printf("Error! operator is not correct");
}
return 0; }
5. goto Statement
► The goto statement is used to alter the normal sequence of a C program.
Syntax of goto Statement

goto label;
... .. ...
... .. ...
... .. ...
label:
statement;
What is Label?
► The label is an identifier. When goto statement is encountered, control of the program
jumps to label: and starts executing the code.
Example: goto Statement
// Program to calculate the sum and average of maximum of 5
number
// If user enters negative number, the sum and average of previously
entered positive number is displayed
# include <stdio.h>

int main(){

const int maxInput = 5; int i; double number, average, sum=0.0;

for(i=1; i<=maxInput; ++i){

printf("%d. Enter a number: ", i); scanf("%lf",&number);

Example: goto Statement
// If user enters negative number, flow of program moves to label jump
if(number < 0.0) goto jump;

sum += number; // sum = sum+number;

}
Jump:
average=sum/(i­1);
printf("Sum = %.2f\n", sum); printf("Average = %.2f", average); return 0; }