Practical Programming

The C Language :
Common Programming
Concepts
David Bouchet
[email protected]
1
Integer Types

Signed Integers
(signed) char // 8 bits
(signed) short // 16 bits
(signed) int // 32 bits
(signed) long // 64 bits
(signed) long long // 64 bits

Unsigned Integers
unsigned char // 8 bits
unsigned short // 16 bits
unsigned int // 32 bits
unsigned long // 64 bits
unsigned long long // 64 bits

Sizes are given for 64-bit architectures (LP64 data model on Linux). 2
Floating-Point Types

IEEE 754 Standard

float // 32 bits (single precision)
double // 64 bits (double precision)

3
Other Types

Similar to Unsigned Integers

size_t // 64 bits Used for size measurement
(e.g. sizes of arrays, array indexes)

Absence of Type
● Used as function return type when no

void return value is expected.

● Can be used as function parameter type

when no parameters are passed into the

function.
4
Variables

General syntax for declaration, definition and initialization

<type> <identifier> = <value>;

Examples

5
Constants

General syntax for declaration, definition and initialization

const <type> <identifier> = <value>;

Example

6
Enumerations
Declaration
enum <enum_name> Example
{
const_1;
const_2;
// ...
const_N;
}

enum <enum_name>
{
const_1 = 0;
const_2 = 15;
// ...
const_N = 3;
}
7
Functions

8
The main() Function

The main() function is the entry point of the program.

It should return an ‘int’ value.
● If no error occurred → Should return 0

● If any error occurred → Should return a value different from 0

We can also use labels defined in <stdlib.h>:

● EXIT_SUCCESS

● EXIT_FAILURE

9
Formatting and Printing Data (1)

c = A
c = 65
c = 0x41
h = 100
i = 200
l = 300
f = 400.000000
d = 500.000000
string = hello

See printf(3)
10
Formatting and Printing Data (2)

c = A
c = 65
c = 0x41
h = 100
i = 200
l = 300
z = 400

See printf(3)
11
Conditions and Relational Operators
No Boolean Type!
Conditions use integers
● 0 is equivalent to FALSE

● ≠ 0 is equivalent to TRUE

a == 5 => 1
a != 5 => 0
a > 5 => 0
a >= b => 0
a < b => 1
a <= b => 1
!a => 0
!c => 1

12
The if, else if and else Statements
a is positive.
a is not null.
The condition is TRUE.

if (condition)
{
// ...
}

else if (condition)
{
// ...
}

else
{
// ...
}

The else and else if statements are optional. 13

The for Statement

for (init; condition; post)

{
// ... n = 0
} n = 1
n = 2
(-3) * (-3) = 9
(-2) * (-2) = 4
(-1) * (-1) = 1
0 * 0 = 0
1 * 1 = 1
2 * 2 = 4
3 * 3 = 9

14
The while Statement

while (condition)
{
// ... (-3) * (-3) = 9
} (-2) * (-2) = 4
(-1) * (-1) = 1
0 * 0 = 0
1 * 1 = 1
2 * 2 = 4
3 * 3 = 9

15
The do...while Statement

do
{
// ... (-3) * (-3) = 9
} while (condition); (-2) * (-2) = 4
(-1) * (-1) = 1
0 * 0 = 0
1 * 1 = 1
2 * 2 = 4
3 * 3 = 9

16
The break and continue Statements

The break and continue statements can

be used in loop bodies
(e.g. for,
for while,
while do...while)
do...while

● break:
break Terminates the loop.
● continue:
continue Goes to the next iteration.

17
The switch...case Statement

switch (value)
{
case const_1:
// ...
break;

case const_2:
// ...
break;

// etc.

default:
// ... a is not null.
} a is not one hundred.

18
Type Casting

i = 35

19
Type Casting

i = 35
f1 = 35.000000

20
Type Casting

i = 35
f1 = 35.000000
f2 = 35.000000
--------------

21
Type Casting

i = 35
f1 = 35.000000
f2 = 35.000000
--------------
f1 = 17.000000

22
Type Casting

i = 35
f1 = 35.000000
f2 = 35.000000
--------------
f1 = 17.000000
f2 = 17.000000

23
Type Casting

i = 35
f1 = 35.000000
f2 = 35.000000
--------------
f1 = 17.000000
f2 = 17.000000
f3 = 17.500000

24
Type Casting

i = 35
f1 = 35.000000
f2 = 35.000000
--------------
f1 = 17.000000
f2 = 17.000000
f3 = 17.500000
f4 = 17.500000
--------------

25
Type Casting

i = 35
f1 = 35.000000
f2 = 35.000000
--------------
f1 = 17.000000
f2 = 17.000000
f3 = 17.500000
f4 = 17.500000
--------------
f1 = 325.534210
i = 325

26
Overflow

27
Overflow

c = 1

28
Overflow

c = 1
uc = 1
---------

29
Overflow

c = 1
uc = 1
---------
c = -128

30
Overflow

c = 1
uc = 1
---------
c = -128
uc = 128
---------

31
Overflow

c = 1
uc = 1
---------
c = -128
uc = 128
---------
c = -1

32
Overflow

c = 1
uc = 1
---------
c = -128
uc = 128
---------
c = -1
uc = 255
---------

33
Overflow

c = 1
uc = 1
---------
c = -128
uc = 128
---------
c = -1
uc = 255
---------
c = -127
---------

34
Overflow

c = 1
uc = 1
---------
c = -128
uc = 128
---------
c = -1
uc = 255
---------
c = -127
---------
uc = 4
---------

35
Overflow

c = 1
uc = 1
---------
c = -128
uc = 128
---------
c = -1
uc = 255
---------
c = -127
---------
uc = 4
---------
uc = 255
36
Types Matter

facto_int(20) = -2102132736
facto_uint(20) = 2192834560
facto_ulong(20) = 2432902008176640000

37
Readable ?

38