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Observation as a tool for collecting data

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 Volume 8, Issue 5(1), May 2019
International Journal of Multidisciplinary
Educational Research

Published by
Sucharitha Publications
48-12-3/7, Flat No: 302, Alekya Residency
Srinagar, Visakhapatnam – 530 016
Andhra Pradesh – India
Email: [email protected]
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ISSN: 2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR – 6.014; IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286
VOLUME 8, ISSUE 5(1), MAY 2019

OBSERVATION AS A TOOL FOR COLLECTING DATA

Smritirekha
Ph.D Research Scholar
Regional Institute of Education (NCERT)
Bhubaneswar

Abstract
A researcher is required to collect information or evidences from the
sources for meeting objectives of his research study. He therefore uses a variety
of tools and techniques to collect information and data necessary for his research
study. Observation, as one of these tools and techniques help a researcher to
collect lively and rich information from the sources available by utilizing his
senses of observation. In the task of observation, the researcher adopts variety of
observational techniques and tools for performing his observational task in a
number of ways or for making his observation a natural or controlled according
to the requirement of his research study. The present article will help to discuss
few questions. What is observation technique? How can it be employed in
collecting data for research study? What are the types of observation? What are
the qualities of a good observer? How to proof reliability and validity of the
observed data? What are the merits and demerits of observation as a tool?

Keywords: Observation; Tool; Evidences; Reliability; Validity.

1. Meaning and Definition

For seeking answers to the research questions, a researcher is required to collect
information or evidences from sources. There are various tools and techniques to
gather information and observation is one of them. Observation is a data
collection tool which is used by the researcher for collecting live data with the
help of his/her senses of observation in the controlled or naturalistic situations of
the occurrence of events. A researcher collects lively and rich
information/evidences from the available sources by making use of his/her senses
of observation. There are variety of observational techniques and tools that a
researcher may use for performing his observational task depending on the needs
of his research study.

1.1 Features and functions of the technique of observation

a) Observation may be regarded as one of the most suitable and natural
methods which is used by the researcher in the process of inquiry and
investigation.

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b) Observation provides the researcher with a unique and rare opportunity

to collect first hand information by making use of his/her own senses for
looking, judging and interpreting the things instead of relying on others.
c) Observation as a data collection tool can be used in a wide variety of
behavioural science researches such as experimental and quasi
experimental, descriptive and normative survey, quantitative and
qualitative etc.
d) It offers the researcher with a unique chance to gather ongoing and live
information in their natural ways and in their natural set up of a social
and cultural environment regarding a thing, event, person or
phenomenon.
e) There can be dual opportunity for the researcher for investigating and
enquiring into the nature of the things, phenomenon or behaviour by
getting freedom to observe them in their natural set up or in controlled
conditions as per the requirement of the study.
f) Observation can also be used during introspection to investigate what is
going on in the minds of the subjects and can deal with the external
behaviour of persons in appropriate situations controlled or uncontrolled.
g) It is concerned with what is observed and noted by the researcher
himself/herself through the marking schedules, rating proforma,
observation notes or recording devices.
h) It is a process of systematically recording of all what is being observed in
a situation by the researcher without interacting with the subjects of the
study.
i) Observation is considered as the best approach and appropriate
techniques in the situations where the subjects of the study are unwilling
or hesitate or unable to provide appropriate data needed by the
researcher.
j) In comparison to other techniques of collecting data, observation as a
data collection tool provides more reliable and valid data to the
researcher because there are so many things in the behaviour and
environment of the people that could only be ascertained by the
researcher through observation.

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2. TYPES OF OBSERVATION

2.1 Participant, Semi Participant and Non-Participant Observation

This classification is done on the basis of the type of role played by the observer
or the researcher for collecting information being a participant or a non-
participant in the process of observation.
a) Complete participant observation: Here the researcher acts as a
complete participant where he tries to participate with the group of the
subjects he is going to observe. He/she merge his/her identity with the
identity of the group by doing all that which is needed to be like one of

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them. He/she does this for gaining their confidence and observe the
things he/she needs for his/her study. In the process, he/she may face lots
of difficulties like on the one hand, the researcher is required to hide
his/her identity and on the other hand he/she has to continue observing
the subjects and recording what is being observed from time to time.
He/she may get suspected by the subjects of the study and may become
the victim of their anger and antagonism and it may lead to failure of
his/her mission.
b) Complete non-participant observation: Here, the researcher or
investigator doesn't act as a participant rather he/she just act as an
observer but he/she may either act covertly or overtly depending on the
requirements of the study. The researcher may act covertly implies that
he/she may place himself/herself in such a position that the observation
of the activities of the subjects can be done in the natural set up without
letting them know that they are under observation through audio-video
recording, satellite surveillance etc.
In the overt form, the researcher acts as an observer by making his/her
intension absolutely clear to the subjects under study.
c) Semi participant observation: This type of observation lies between the
complete participant and complete non-participant observation as the
researcher here tries to get involved with the subjects under study, takes
part in their activities and ways of behaving and living with full
awareness of the subjects that they are under observation and the
researcher is not one of them. So, neither the subjects nor the investigator
remain in dark about each other's presence and intension.

2.2 Structured and Non-structured Observation

This classification is done on the basis of structured composition of the questions
in the observation schedule.
a) Structured Observation: The researcher, in this type of observation,
make everything structured which provide a direction or structure for
observing a thing, event or phenomenon. These structured observations
are systematic and organized in nature in their processing as they help
researcher to decide beforehand what is to be observed, how it is to be
observed and how the data are to be recorded and controlled. The
researcher is needed to make use of some other well planned instruments
like checklists, rating scales etc. for noting down what is being observed.
Here the researcher plays a passive non-intrusive role and doesn't
participate with the subjects of the study and observes the things
mechanically.

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b) Unstructured Observation: The researcher is required to observe the

things, events or phenomenon naturally in the naturalistic situations of
their occurrence without making any interference or disturbance from
his/her presence. In this type observation, nothing is predetermined and
structured beforehand where the researcher's goal is to understand and
analyze the complexities of a particular situation without causing any
disturbance or interference by imposing rigid structure over it.
2.3 Controlled and Uncontrolled Observation
This classification is based on the nature of exercising control over the observed
situations and variables under study.
a) Controlled observation: In experimental studies in Behavioural
sciences, the researcher tries to make observations under carefully
organized controlled conditions by employing necessary measures to
control some situations and variables under study as the researcher has to
find out the cause and effect relationships among the variables which can
only be achieved by exercising control over extraneous variables and by
purposively manipulating the concerned variables.
b) Uncontrolled observation: Uncontrolled observations are conducted by
the researcher to observe the things, events and phenomenon in their
natural set up of their occurrence rather than controlling the situations
and variables under study.

2.4 Individual and Group Observation

This categorization is done on the basis of the number of subjects observed at a
time.
a) Individual observation: In research designs like case study and single
subject study, the researcher adopts individual observation either in
structured format or non-structured format purely depending upon the
needs of the study and the availability of the resources.
b) Group observation: Group observation is utilized in order to study the
behaviour of a group, the study of way of living, behaving, social
interactions, social and cultural life of a group, community and tribes etc.
It can both be structured and non structured. Sometimes group of
observers are involved in the process of observation which may provide
a reasonably reliable results.

3. Qualities Required for Being a Good Observer

A. Learning the Habits of an Observer
Know the difference between observing and looking. Observing and looking
may require the use of the eyes but many people use the terms interchangeably as

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they don't know the difference between the actions to be carried out during
observation and looking.

 An observer should know the difference between looking and observing

as looking is when he sees the things without the motive of using it later
where he doesn't commit anything to memory or tries to make meaning
of what he sees while observing is seeing what is around him and
keeping it in his mind so that he can make meaning out of it or pose
questions about it.
 Deduction, as a method used by the observer when he separates the
important detailed information from the unnecessary ones after he has
observed something. In deduction, he uses his careful observation to
come to a conclusion.
Be mindful of your surroundings. A good observer observes his surroundings
instead of just taking them for granted. He should notice almost everything at one
go because it will help him developing his own senses and power of observing
the things very minutely. He should not miss any of the things which may help
him in his study because a small thing can make wonders.

Pay attention to detail. A good observer should start noticing the details of
things he passes through. Paying attention to things that might seem insignificant
make him conscious of his surroundings. This can make him a better observer.
The more he purposefully notices the things, the quicker it will become a habit.
Noticing minute details is essential for an observer.

Refrain from judgment. To be a good observer, he should maintain neutrality

while observing the things. Observers shouldn't include personal feelings or
judgment because those things are based on biasness. When personal feelings,
preconceived notions, and prejudices of observers get involved, the results
received will be biased and inaccurate. He sees an object distorted by their
perception. A good observer ignores his personal feelings and sees things for
what he is to accomplish this, start by taking a step back. Staying neutral helps
him see things for what they really are.

Slow down. To be a good observer, he must slow down rushing through his day
leaves no time to observe the world around him. He should not be in hurry while
observing because he may miss the things which are of great importance.

B. Practicing Observation Skills

Improve your memory. Remembering details is very important on the part of a
good observer. This includes remembering each and every moment of

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observation. Since brain filter a lot of that unnecessary information out that's why
the observer should make a conscious effort to start committing simple details to
memory which will help him improving his memory while making him a better
observer.
Eliminate distractions. One reason that observers are not as observant as they
should be is because they get distracted due to a lot of reasons like crowd, cell
phones etc.
Keep a field journal. Observation is a very scientific approach to the world. By
keeping a field journal, you are recording your observations. This can be about
anything; the important thing is to observe everything around you and strengthen
your observation skills.

4. Reliability and Validity of Observation

It is necessary for the successful observation as a technique of data collection that
all that is observed and recorded by the observers should be sufficiently reliable
and valid. At last, the researcher is required to proof the reliability and validity of
his observation.

4.1 Establishment of reliability: Reliability means consistency. Therefore, the

researcher is required to find out the consistency in the results or measurement of
observations. But in order to establish the reliability of the observed or recorded
data, the researcher may adopt some following techniques:
1) The researcher may go through observational findings of different
observers observing and recording the same event or phenomenon. He
may also refer to the previous studies occurred on the same phenomenon
or subjects. He may then compare and conclude according to the formula
that “the greater the amount of inter-observer agreement, the greater the
amount of reliability for the observed or recoded data or information.”
2) He may check if the same event or phenomenon was observed or
recorded at different times for estimating the test-retest reliability.
3) It is true that observational research is time-consuming. It is necessary to
observe the behaviour for several times for establishing reliability at the
end. In addition, there is also a true concern that the observer’s presence
may change behaviour being observed but as time goes on and the
subjects are more likely to grow habitual to his/her presence and act
normally. It is in the researcher’s best interest to observe for a long
period of time according to the requirement of the concerned study.

4.2 Establishment of validity: Validity refers to the accuracy of the observed

results. It can be established by the following means:

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1) It is normal that the subjects try to behave in a way different to their

original nature which may result into low validity of the observational
findings. In order to get rid of these problems, the researcher is always
advised to take the observations without letting the subjects know that
they are under observations and then compare the results when the
observations work is carried out in full awareness of the subjects.
2) The task of observation should be carried out by more than one observer
for providing more accuracy to the findings of observation.
3) It should be always kept in mind that the validity of an observation study
gets increased only if the researcher tries to keep the setting as natural as
possible. The subjects should not be allowed to be unduly affected either
by his presence or with the way of his using measuring or recording
devices.
4) For the establishment of content validity, the content of the observations
(what behaviour and acts are to be observed) should be well known to
the observer. If there are more than one observer for the observation of
the same phenomenon, then the subjects and contents of observation
must be understood by all of them in a uniform way.
5) Construct validity can be established by seeing or judging that the
drawing of a particular type of inference about the behaviour or nature of
the subject is workable or not workable with the sample of behaviour
chosen (in the observation schedule) for the observation work carried out
by the observers. For example, if certain behaviour were considered to be
evidence of anger, construct validity is required to demonstrate a
relationship between the behaviour and underlying construct (Best and
Kahn, 2006: 308).

5. Merits of Employing Observation Technique

Observation as a technique for data collection may be found to have many a
number merits on its part. Merits or advantages of observation technique can be
summarized as follows:
1) We may come across various situations where it can be realized that
observation technique is the best one to serve the purpose in an effective
way. A few such situations are given below:
i. To study about the interaction in a group such as classroom
interaction, conference or workshop proceedings etc.
ii. Evaluating the achievements or work performance of the
students/workers/professionals.
iii. Studying about any specific habit of a population.
iv. Studying the working pattern, living conditions, social norms
and cultural patterns of a community, group or institution.

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v. Studying the behaviour or personality traits of an individual.

2) Observation technique is also appropriate in some cases when,
i. Full or appropriate answers cannot be elicited with the use of
questionnaire or interview schedule,
ii. Respondents are uncooperative.
iii. Respondents are unaware about the proper answers of the
questions asked.
iv. Respondents are either unwilling or uncomfortable to answer
questions mainly when the questions are related to sensitive
issues like opinion about prejudices, biases, interactions with the
members of other caste, gender, religion, ethnic groups etc.
v. Matters involving sensitive and secretive social issues.
3) Observation technique is also helpful in the situation where there are
barriers of language. When there is some lack of understanding or insight
among the subjects for the appropriate responding to the questionnaires
or interview schedule, the researcher may take the help of observation
technique to collect appropriate information necessary for the study.
4) Observation technique is a technique which widens possibility for the
researcher to study the behaviour and know about the nature of an
episode, event or thing in it very natural and original form. The
researcher gets the information about event the way it occurs or
performed spontaneously by the persons concerned in their real life
happenings in their real world. Therefore, it maintains accuracy of the
data.
5) Observation technique gives researcher a space to have control and
arrangements regarding the collection of data. He doesn’t depend upon
the subjects of the study for providing the research data. It enables the
observer to capture some aspects of behaviour that might escape
attention, code and recode observed behaviour right at the time of its
occurrence. It also provides full authenticity to the data observed or
recorded.
6) Since we can have repeated observation regarding a particular
behavioural characteristic or occurrence of a certain phenomenon and the
task of observation may be carried out by a single observer or a team of
observers at different number of times, there is a greater scope for proper
verification and validation of the information or data obtained through
observation.
7) It is an economical instrument in terms of time, money and labour. A
huge amount of information can be collected about the behaviour of a
single subject or a number of subjects at a time or study a phenomenon
within the time limit and resources.

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8) Observation technique is useful for collecting both quantitative and

qualitative data by carefully observing the things, behavioural activities
and events of the environmental surroundings of the subjects of the
study.
9) Observation can be effective tool for collecting data in behavioural
sciences study especially related to the study of human behaviour. This is
the only reliable and valid tool that can be helpful in investigating human
behaviour. The observer needs to study the behaviour of an individual in
its present state and draw inferences on the basis of the observation of his
present behaviour. One doesn’t need to take his past behaviour or
previous history into account for the investigation of his behaviour as
happens with the methods like psychoanalysis and case study. Therefore,
the difficulties faced in finding out the past are almost saved through the
use of observation as a tool for the collection of data.
10) Use of observation as a tool of research study may also help in providing
sufficient data and information for the researcher to developing some
appropriate research hypotheses for further research with some directions
or ends in his view.

6. Demerits of Using Observation Technique

There are some demerits and shortcomings of using observation technique for
collecting data in behavioural sciences narrated below:
1) The use of observation technique can bring desired outcomes only when it is
used and applied appropriately by a researcher or observer. For this purpose,
the researcher needs to be skilled and trained in the necessary art and skill of
observation. Lack of such skill may create difficulty for the researchers in
using observation as a research tool.
2) The subjects under observation are intelligent enough in knowing that what is
going with them in spite of the best efforts of the observer to make the task
of observation a secret one. When they take notice of being observed, then
their behaviour does not remain natural as it should be. There remains
nothing for the researcher to observe to meet the objectives of the research
study.
3) Biases and subjectivity on the part of the researcher may hamper the
reliability and validity of the use and application of observation as a data
collection technique. It may happen in some cases as described below:
i. Subjective factors related with the thinking, liking and motives of the
researcher/observer may give direction to the processes and product of
observation. The researcher/observer may give colour the things in his own
way.

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ii. Similarly, the researcher may intentionally not record all what is being
observed or he may not try to remember many of the aspects of the things
being observed by him intentionally or unintentionally.
iii. Most of the times a researcher maintains partial and revengeful attitude
towards the subjects of observation which may colour and distort the results
of observation. Therefore, the favourable and dear ones are always assessed
and estimated on quite higher notes and the unfavourable and disliked ones
are looked down upon one point or the other.
iv. The researcher/observer always expects a certain type of behaviour or
occurrence of a certain type of events from the subjects or phenomena
observed irrespective of the fact that they actually demonstrate it or not.
Expectations may pose a great hurdle in the internal reliability and validity of
the observational findings.
4) It is impossible for the researcher/observer to know what is going on in the
minds of the subjects because he is supposed to observe it through external
signs of behaviour. There is every chance that the subject may play hide and
seek and use his all expertise to hide his feelings, emotions and real inner
personality. Therefore, overdependence upon the external signs of behaviour
may make data or information through observation technique a failure in the
investigation of the true nature of the individual concerned.
5) The behaviour of the subject observed is depended on the particular time,
place and on the particular individual or group of individuals involved. It
may lack repeatability as each natural situation can occur only once and it
may become one of the serious limitations of the observation techniques.
6) One of the serious limitations of the observation technique is its inability to
establish a proper cause and effect relationship. In case we observe two
phenomena, we cannot infer which the cause is and which the effect is.
7) Through observation technique the researcher can only take into account the
observation of the external or observable behaviour of the subject. The
internal aspect of one’s behaviour or inner mechanism of one’s personality
remains untouched and totally un-explored through the use of observation
technique. As a result of which observation technique fails to investigate
one’s total behaviour and aspects of personality.
8) Even after giving due attention and concentration for the observation of a
thing, event or phenomenon, it becomes a difficult task for the
researcher/observer to draw a single appropriate inference for the observed
behaviour or phenomenon. It is difficult to interpret from a huge collection of
data.
9) The other limitation of observation technique is that it is difficult to observe
many things occurring at the same time in the behaviour of the subject or the
events occurring in the observed environment. All the attention,

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concentration and energy are then directed to gain information about the
ongoing observed behaviour or events and therefore, the task of simultaneous
recording at this time becomes an extra burden. If one does not record the
observed phenomena side by side, one is to miss a few important things or
links afterwards which may affect the process of proper observation.
10) The researcher or observer is required to go to the field of observation for
observing the behaviour or events of observation. It is a time taking process.
It may take a long time to carry on observation of the behaviour of concerned
subjects or phenomenon for collecting the needed research data. This may
need a lot of time, money and efforts.

7. Conclusion
We have discussed both merits and demerits of observation as tool for collecting
data. However, we shouldn’t underestimate the significance and usefulness of
observation as a technique of data collection in a variety of quantitative and
qualitative research studies. But it depends on the sincerity, seriousness, abilities,
determination and skills of the researcher/observer; he can find ways and means
for the collection of necessary data regarding the observed behaviour or
phenomenon. Thus, it is necessary for the researcher to keep himself attentive
about the risk of reactivity and observer biases. He should always try to make
maximum benefit of this technique in meeting the purpose of his study in the
best possible way.

Declaration of Conflicting Interest

The Author declares that there is no conflict of interest. Paper/ article have not
been published elsewhere. The printer, publisher and the editorial board are not
responsible for the authenticity of the paper/article.

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