BRM File Bba 3rd Sem
BRM File Bba 3rd Sem
ON
"RESEARCH METHODOLOGY"
The assistance rendered during the study has been duly acknowledged.
No part of this work has been submitted for any other degree.
Any accomplishment requires the effort of many people, and this work is not
different. Regardless of the source, I wish to express my gratitude to those who
may have contributed to this work, even though they were anonymous.
My final thanks go out to my parents, family members, teachers and friends who
encouraged me countless times to persevere through this entire process.
Bobby Pal
S. NO. CONTENTS PAGE
NO.
1 INTRODUCTION OF SPSS
2 OBJECTIVE AND HYPOTHESIS
3 GOOGLE FORM
4 EXCEL SPREADSHEET
5 DATA FEEDING IN SPSS
1. DATA VIEW
2. VARIABLE
6 DATA ANALYSIS
I. UNIVARIATE ANALYSIS
1. FREQUENCY
2. HISTOGRAM
I. BIVARIATE ANALYSIS
1. CROSS TAB
2. CHI SQUARE
INTRODUCTION
SPSS, which stands for Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, is a widely used software
program for statistical analysis in social science research, as well as in various other fields.
Originally developed by Stanford University students in 1968, SPSS has since evolved and
become a product of IBM. The software is designed to assist researchers, analysts, and data
scientists in managing and analyzing data to extract meaningful insights.
SPSS is popular because of its simplicity, easy-to-follow command language, and well-
documented user manual. Government entities, educational institutions, survey companies,
market researchers, marketing organizations, health researchers, data miners, and many others
use it for analyzing survey data.
Features of SPSS?
The core functionalities offered in SPSS are:
Apart from the above four functionalities, SPSS also provides data management solutions. Its
data management solutions like FHIR enable researchers to perform case selection, create
derived data, and perform file reshaping.
SPSS makes the processing of complex data pretty simple. It is not easy to work with such data,
and it is also a time-consuming process.
Let us see four of the major industries where SPsSS is primarily used.
1. Market Research
Businesses want actionable insights using which they can make tough and effective business
decisions. There are tonnes of data generated by businesses, and scanning them manually is not
the right way to analyze them.
For market researchers who are looking for a reliable solution that will help them
understand their data, analyze trends, forecast, plan, and arrive at conclusions, SPSS
is the best tool out there.
By using sophisticated statistical analyses, SPSS helps market researchers get
actionable insights from your customer data. Thanks to its powerful survey data
analysis technology, it is possible to get accurate information about market trends.
Perceptual mapping, preference scaling, predictive analysis, statistical learning, and
a bunch of other advanced tools such as stratified, clustered, and multistage
sampling help with the decision-making process.
2. Education
Educational institutions have to bear the pressure of enrolling students and retaining them each
year. Not to mention the fact that they need to attract new students every year. This is where
SPSS comes in.
More than 80% of all US colleges are currently using SPSS software.
SPSS software’s ability to focus on patterns lets them identify the chances of a
student’s future success. It uses a combination of factors that tells them about
students who are at risk.
The institution’s faculty can use SPSS software to analyze a plethora of complex
data sets to uncover hidden patterns.
3. Healthcare
We need to solve a lot of issues to provide great healthcare. In healthcare institutions, outdated
practices in patient delivery and misaligned incentives for caregivers are some of the biggest
issues. This is where analytics can be a life-saver, literally at that. Applying SPSS’ statistical
analysis for healthcare delivery has a number of use cases.
When it comes to the healthcare sector, the data of patients is sacrosanct. Not only
can wrong data result in terrible outcomes, but they are also timely, sensitive, and
instant.
With the help of SPSS, healthcare organizations can implement a patient delivery
program using data. It will not only drive better patient outcomes but also reduce
the costs involved.
For data sets that have complex relationships, univariate and multivariate modeling
techniques can be used.
4. Retail
The retail industry relies heavily on analytics for everything from initial stock planning to
forecasting future trends. Customers have a lot of leverage when it comes to retail products,
thanks to the advent of social media, forums, and review sites.
Customers are taking their decisions based on the brand’s reviews online. So it is imperative
that retail businesses give the best that can be offered. Thankfully, statistical analysis is a savior
for the retail industry.
Retail businesses generate a lot of data and it needs to be collected, analyzed, and
converted into actionable insights. By using the data effectively with SPSS
software, businesses will end up providing excellent experiences for their
customers.
SPSS analysis lets retailers understand their customers, provide them with the right
solutions and deliver them using the perfect channels.
From understanding how different segments of customers behave to why they make
certain buying decisions, everything can be found with the help of SPSS analysis.
Using the previous spending and behavior patterns, SPSS statistics will profile
customers. By leveraging this data, it will come up with customer preferences and
give them an analysis of what makes customers turn from casual browsers into
shoppers.
In SPSS, users are not forced to work with syntax, even though syntax files can be saved and
modified as needed. When there are saved syntax files, it helps immensely with documentation
and also gives an idea of how the new variables were calculated and how values that were
missing were handled.
It offers reliable and fast answers
It’s dynamic and has useful tables and graphs
Since it offers a wide variety of languages, a lot of people can access
Effective data management
Doesn’t require a lot of effort to start using the software
Useful for both quantitative and qualitative data
The chances of errors are little with SPSS
One of the easiest statistical tools to analyze data
SPSS users can select the graph type which matches their data distribution
requirement
If researchers collect data using faulty or biased methods, then the resulting statistical analysis
will not give the right answers. If the gap between the sample and the actual population is
negligent, then there is no issue. But if the difference is big, then it will produce misleading
data.
When researchers do not measure the exact thing that they want to measure, then the SPSS
analysis will not fail.
One more issue with using a statistical analysis tool such as SPSS is that it ends up giving you
simple answers for complex issues.
Step I: Firstly, you are required to give a relevant & suitable topic to your
research that determines its purpose.
Purchasing Pattern of
Laptop of
Different Age Group
Research Methodology
Research Design
Research design constitutes
Google form questionnaires for
the collection and gathering
information for this survey. The
study seeks to examine and
evaluating the Animated cartoon
characters and behavior of kids in
purchase. The research design is of
Descriptive in nature. The
research has been conducted on
parents and most of the respondents
are of thirty-eight of age.
For the selection of the sample,
convenient sampling method was
adopted and an attempt has
been made to include all the age
groups of the parents and gender.
Research Methodology
Research Design
Research design constitutes
Google form questionnaires for
the collection and gathering
information for this survey. The
study seeks to examine and
evaluating the Animated cartoon
characters and behavior of kids in
purchase. The research design is of
Descriptive in nature. The
research has been conducted on
parents and most of the respondents
are of thirty-eight of age.
For the selection of the sample,
convenient sampling method was
adopted and an attempt has
been made to include all the age
groups of the parents and gender.
der
Frequen
cy
Perce
nt
Vali
d
Male 46 46.0
Femal
e
Step II: Point out some specific objectives of your research.
Objective
1. To understand different type of laptop that people
use
2. To understand usage of laptop by different age
group
3. To understand budget structure of different age
group
Step III: Create a hypothesis either H0 (Null) OR H1 (Alternate) based upon the
Objectives & selective choice of your assumption.
Hypothesis
As per responses we got , type of laptops
depend upon life style of people
Usage of laptops would higher age group
People like to spend money according to the
attributes of laptops
Google form
Step II: Customize the form accordingly, as per your research purpose
Step III: Create link and share the form to respective Participant.
Final output – URL link of research form
https://forms.gle/vgCgPbTC1b5edU2AA
EXCEL SPREADSHEET
Step I: Open Google form and click on the green Excel Icon
Step II: After transferring the Respective responses/Data, use the IF condition to
manipulate it in terms of Numbers.
(Only relevant variables should be considered while Data manipulation) *
Step III: Save the file into the system in Excel format. This file will be used in
SPSS for analysis later.
DATA FEEDING IN SPSS
Step I: Open SPSS and go to the file explorer, select the saved EXCEL file which consists
manipulated research responses of Google form.
A) DATA VIEW
Step II: Once after transferring the data, the data will be classified into two types-Data view & Variable
view by the SPSS.
B) VARIABLE VIEW
DATA ANALYSIS
1) UNIVARIATE ANALYSIS
A)FREQUENCY
Step I: Go to Analyze option at the top of Interface and select Descriptive statistics, then click on
Frequencies option.
Step II: Afterwards a new pop-up will get open, Drop down all the variables of left side to Variable column
at right side.
B) HISTOGRAM
Step III: For special formatting, select STATISTICS option (1), and apply required outputs i.e., Mean,
Median, Mode, std. deviation and soon.
Then got to the CHARTS section (2) underneath STATISTICS option, and select the suitable chart type as
per research.
(1)
(2)
1. GENDER
Female
male
total
INTERPRETATION
[Above table & Histogram, representing the Gender frequency of this research.
Hence, the highest participants are Male having 40.90% participation rate, afterwards
Female with 59.09% participation rate.
2. AGE
Frequency percent
15-20 15 68.18
20-25 5 22.72
25-30 2 9.09
total 22 100
[Above table & Histogram, representing the Age frequency of this research.]
The highest participants with 68.18% participation belong to (15-20) age group,
afterwards 27.72% of the participants belong to (20-25) age group, while 9.09% of
the participants belong to (25-30) age group.
Frequency Percent
Hp 8 36.36
Dell 3 13.63
Apple 3 13.63
Other 8 36.36
total 22 100
Which company laptop do you use?
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
hp dell apple other
[Above table & Histogram, representing the frequency that shows “Which company
laptop do you use?”.]
36.36% of participants have chosen Hp, 13.63% of participants have chosen Dell, 13.63%
of participants have chosen Apple and the remaining 36.36% of participants have chosen
other option.
Frequency Percent
Paytm/ phone pay 8 36.36
Cash 7 31.81
Net banking 7 31.81
total 22 100
[Above table & Histogram, representing the frequency that shows “Mode of
purchase of your laptop?”.]
36.36% of participants have chosen Paytm/ Phone pay, 31.81% of participants have
chosen Cash, and the remaining 31.81% of participants have chosen Net banking.
Frequency Percent
Yes 10 45.45
No 8 36.36
maybe 4 18.18
Total 22 100
[Above table & Histogram, representing the frequency that shows “Are you willing
to change your laptop?”.]
45.45% of participants have chosen YES, 36.36% of participants have chosen NO, and
the remaining 18.18% of participants have chosen MAYBE
Frequency Percent
40000-50000 7 31.81
50000-60000 9 40.90
60000-70000 2 9.09
Above 70000 4 18.18
Total 22 100
[Above table & Histogram, representing the frequency that shows “Expected
budget for laptop?”.]
31.81% of participants have chosen 40000-50000, 40.90% of participants have chosen
50000-60000, and 9.09% of participants have chosen 60000-70000 and the remaining
18.18% have chosen Above 70000 budget.
Frequency Percent
Battery backup 12 54.54
Storage 6 27.27
Desktop 1 4.54
other 3 13.63
total 22 100
[Above table & Histogram, representing the frequency that shows “What qualities
do you prefer in a laptop?”.]
54.54% of participants have chosen Battery Backup, 27.27% of participants have chosen
Storage, 4.54% of the participants chosen Dekstop and the remaining 13.63% of
participants have chosen Other option.
frequency Percent
Yes 10 45.45
No 8 36.36
maybe 4 18.18
total 22 100
[Above table & Histogram, representing the frequency that shows “Are you
satisfied with your laptop?”.]
45.45% of participants have chosen YES, 36.36% of participants have chosen NO, and
the remaining 18.18% of participants have chosen MAYBE
frequency percent
Very often 3 13.63
Rarely 17 77.27
often 2 9.09
total 22 100
[Above table & Histogram, representing the frequency that shows “How often do
you upgrade your laptop?”.]
13.63% of participants have chosen Very often, 77.27% of participants have chosen
rarely, and the remaining 9.09% of participants have chosen Often.
frequency Percent
Yes 9 40.90
No 10 45.45
Maybe 3 13.63
total 22 100
[Above table & Histogram, representing the frequency that shows “Are you willing
to change your laptop?”.]
40.90% of participants have chosen YES, 45.45% of participants have chosen NO, and
the remaining 13.63% of participants have chosen MAYBE.
1) BIVARIATE ANALYSIS
A) CROSS -TAB
Step I: Goto Analyze Option in SPSS (1), select Descriptive statistics (2) and click
on crosstabs (3).
A new pop will open, Put factor of Research in Row section & other variables
in Column section.
1
4
2 5
B) CHI-SQUARE
Step II: Onceafter doing Step, I, Click on Statistics & select chi-square (4). Then
click on the Cells button beneath Statistics, and select row & columns (5).
Cases
Count
Gender Total
Female Male
15-20 9 6 15
Age 20-25 2 2 4
25-30 1 1 2
Total 12 9 21
In male category- 80% participants belongs to (10-20) age group, whereas 10% participants belongs to
(21-30) age group and rest 10 % participants belongs to (31-40) age group accordingly,
In Female category- 50% participants belongs to (10-20) age group, whereas 41.7%participants belongs
to (21-30) age group and rest 8.3 % participants belongs to (31-40) age group.]
Chi-Square Tests
N of Valid Cases 21
a. 4 cells (66.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .86.
INTERPRETATION
Since, Pearson chi square is .247 which is higher than 0.05 i.e., (P value = .247 > 0.05) which shows
there’s no significant difference among the groups and therefore; Null (H0) Hypothesis will be accepted
2.Age * which company laptop do you use Crosstabulation
Count
15-20 3 2 6 4 15
Age 20-25 0 1 0 3 4
25-30 0 0 2 0 2
Total 3 3 8 7 21
Chi-Square Tests
15-20 5 5 5 15
Age 20-25 2 1 1 4
25-30 0 0 2 2
Total 7 6 8 21
Chi-Square Tests
maybe no yes
15-20 3 6 6 15
Age 20-25 1 1 2 4
25-30 0 1 1 2
Total 4 8 9 21
Chi-Square Tests
15-20 6 6 1 2 15
Age 20-25 1 1 1 1 4
25-30 0 2 0 0 2
Total 7 9 2 3 21
Chi-Square Tests
15-20 9 0 1 5 15
Age 20-25 2 1 1 0 4
25-30 0 0 1 1 2
Total 11 1 3 6 21
Chi-Square Tests
a. 11 cells (91.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .10.
maybe no yes
15-20 3 4 8 15
Age 20-25 1 2 1 4
25-30 0 1 1 2
Total 4 7 10 21
Chi-Square Tests
15-20 2 11 2 15
Age 20-25 0 4 0 4
25-30 0 1 1 2
Total 2 16 3 21
Chi-Square Tests
maybe no yes
15-20 2 8 5 15
Age 20-25 1 1 2 4
25-30 0 1 1 2
Total 3 10 8 21
Chi-Square Tests
1) Wikipedia
2) www.ibm.com
3) research.library.gsu.edu
4) www.analyticsvidhya.com
5) libguides.library.kent.edu
6) www.spss-tutorials.com