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CMT650 CASE STUDY

TOPIC: GREEN CHEMISTRY IN CHEMICAL PROCESS/

NAME
1. ANNAMIRAH ULON AZMI (2019294994)
2. NUR FATIHAH BINTI KHAIRONEZAM (2019602846)
3. SITI NUR AZILA BINTI KHOLID (2019218774)
4. SYAUQINA NAJWA BINTI SALEMIN (2019628142)
5. ANIS AMIRA BINTI BADROL HISHAM (2019685518)

TITLE: VEHICLES NOT EMIT GASES

First of all, and importantly, we would want to thank and honour the Almighty God for

providing us the strength to complete this work with His favour. We would have not come this

far if it was not for His blessing. Our group, which consists of Annamirah Ulon Azmi, Nur

Fatihah binti Khaironezam, Siti Nur Azila binti Kholid, Syauqina Najwa binti Salemin and

Anis Amirah binti Badrol Hisham, cannot finish this job without the efforts and cooperation

given by each one of us. We constantly put in a lot of effort to deliver a quality assignment

while taking full responsibility for it.

As a result, we would like to express our gratitude to Dr. Sailfuldin, our lecturer, since

without his guidance, our assignment could not have been completed in such a thorough

manner. He constantly offers encouragement and direction on how to do our assignments with

the goal of getting good results. We were immensely motivated to work on this project by him.

He taught us in this course, and we'd like to thank him for that.

Lastly, we want to express our sincere gratitude and a particular word of thanks to

everyone who helped us with this task. We would like to extend our sincere gratitude to our

loving parents, friends and classmates for their unfailing support.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT................................................................................................................ i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................ ii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................................................. iii

INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 1
a. The background of study ..................................................................................................... 1
b. Purpose of study ................................................................................................................... 1
FINDINGS ....................................................................................................................................... 3
a. Problems............................................................................................................................... 3
DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................................. 7
Innovation technology or chemical process to solve the drawback ............................................ 7

CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................. 11
RECOMMENDATION................................................................................................................. 12
REFERENCE LIST ...................................................................................................................... 14

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

In this study, we will observe the problem that happens in battery electric vehicle,

(BEVs) innovation. Although it has various benefits toward surrounding, it still has flaws that

cannot be escape. The main problem that seems to get attention is battery capacity. This

problem rises as the consumer find the limitation toward it. The battery just has maximum

storage to store the charge on it and need to keep charging when the power almost finished. As

it wants to finished, the consumer also needs to find the charging stations near to them. But as

they are a lot of people did not use this car, the stations will be hard to find it. Besides it, the

battery that use in this BEVs are special one like Lithium, Nickel and Cobalt, the way we need

to care also important. And it higher in costs if damage happens to the battery.

So, to keep this innovation from problem happen, the engineers found the resolution to

it. The possible solution that can help are control the optimal battery state of charge during long

storage. Besides, they also need to increase the energy storage of the battery for keeping it in

long time duration. Also having a wireless charging can make the problem ease as it will help

the drives for having long journey.

When we control how the charging is, it can save the battery life. Electric vehicles that

are parked or kept with an empty or full battery damage the battery. If you don't use your

electric car frequently or have a lengthy journey planned, invest in a timed charger and plug it

in. If you leave your vehicle at full charge while parked somewhere for an extended length of

time, the battery will struggle to maintain its level of charge while you are gone. Having a

bigger storage for battery might helpful in this problem. But as it will high in cost as need to

use a lot of products to make it happen. Bigger storage can keep more battery charge on it

without having short time to finish. Then, having a wireless charging is really great as much

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easier to driver. It can be use anytime without need to find the station for charge. It may help

in urgent situations because of this wireless charging also have a limited source. Despite having

wireless charging, the driver needs to avoid charging till fully max or 100%. As we know, all

the BEVs car have the system where it manages the car being overcharged or use the battery

yet to 0%. This way makes the battery performance being disrupted and damage it. Even while

a full charge gives you the most running time, it is never a smart idea for your battery's overall

longevity.

So, with having these problems can help the manufacturers to seek back the resolution

to it. All of this can make more improvements as we want each of the household to have at

least one BEVs car in future. As it will help for great environment, this innovation may be

important in future.

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INTRODUCTION

a. The background of study

Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) run only on stored electricity and are powered by a

high-voltage battery. This sort of vehicle is beginning to play an important part in today's

automotive sector. Because of the high demand for fossil fuels on international markets, as

well as the worsening of environmental problems caused by an increase in the number of

internal combustion engine vehicles, there is an increased interest in the research and

development of batteries used in electric and hybrid vehicles. The transportation industry is a

major contributor to climate change, accounting for 23% of greenhouse gas emissions in the

atmosphere, ranking second only to the industrial sector in this category. Thus, the electric

vehicle being invented through prevent from these issues. A battery is an electronic device that

turns chemical energy into electrical energy. No chemical gas being produced throughout this

process.

b. Purpose of study

This study is to focus on benefits, lacks and improvement the battery electric car

towards environment. As BEVs car being known for improved fuel economy, lower operating

cost, and reduced emission, this study was done to prove the statement above. There’re a lot of

electric vehicles nowadays and each of it have different work efficiency like types of batteries

use and more. It has Mild hybrid electric vehicle: MHEVs, Hybrid electric vehicle: HEVs,

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle: PHEVs and Battery electric vehicle: BEVs. With all of these

innovations, customer concerns about numerous fundamental battery-related difficulties,

including as restricted range, long charging times, a shortage of charging stations, and high

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initial cost, pose significant impediments to BEV general acceptance. And not every country

can be used this BEVs car as it not follows the regulations made by their government. That’s

why it needs to observe again what innovation can be used instead this type of car.

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FINDINGS

a. Problems

• Reason, issues or drawback why need the innovation on chemical process

Electric vehicles are good for city driving and are a lot of fun to drive because they

produce their maximum torque at zero revolutions per minute. They don't smell awful and are

practically perfectly silent (Cunanan et al., 2021). Companies who aim for innovation, cost-

effectiveness and sustainability will be rewarded by the expectations of the market, which is

becoming more environmentally conscious. The shift to electric and autonomous vehicles is

already under way, and it will require knowledge of mobile operating systems, security, and

energy networks. This transformation is being led by the integration of technologies like mobile

UI, artificial intelligence, and network integration.

Today, transportation is a significant source of direct CO2 emissions, which contribute

significantly to air pollution. The transportation industry believes that switching from

conventional fuel vehicles toward alternative fuel vehicles which are much more ecologically

friendly is necessary to reduce emissions from motor vehicles. The usage of fossil fuels in the

transportation sector could be completely replaced by electric vehicles (EVs). Even when the

electricity required to power them is generated from fossil fuels, carbon emissions from electric

vehicles are about 30% lower than those of their petrol or diesel competitors (Un-Noor et al.,

2017). And as nations continue to use renewable energy to green their electrical supply, electric

vehicles will only become cleaner and greener - possibly up to 90% less carbon-intensive than

petrol models.

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 Health effects are significant as well, particularly in densely populated areas where air

pollution from traffic is a growing issue for many locals. In the US alone, exhaust pollutants

from fossil fuel transportation contribute to 53,000 early deaths each year and are particularly

harmful for kids, the old, and low-income localities (Peng Zhao et al., 2016). Efficient power

energy efficiency and reduced local pollution levels can both be obtained by electrifying the

transportation sector. However, there are valid worries about how to provide the future energy

demand for recharging the batteries of electric vehicles from clean and renewable sources.

However, the issue of long-term EV sustainability is highlighted by the supply concerns of key

raw materials utilised in EV batteries. Many of these natural resources can be extracted, but

doing so has significant ethical, social, and environmental implications.

In term of economy, the electric vehicles can save the money which that can be one of

the reasons why need this transportation. Fuel costs for electric vehicles are lower than those

for their gasoline-powered counterparts. In the 50 largest US cities, every power supplier offers

a pricing plan that makes using electricity less expensive than using gasoline, resulting in a

median annual savings of almost $770 (Oldenbroek et al., 2020). Battery electric vehicles

(battery EVs) do not have gasoline engines, require no normal maintenance, and do not require

replacement of timing belts, spark plugs, or oil. When compared to a gasoline-powered

equivalent of their vehicle, these lower maintenance costs can also get an EV owner over

$1,500 over the course of ownership.

A key factor in the widespread adoption of EVs is the availability of charging

infrastructure. Since EVs can only travel a short distance on a single charge, they need to be

recharged after their designated range has been reached. Purchasing a larger, higher-quality

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battery vehicle is a huge hardship because the costs are not within everyone's means. As of

2018, there were 52 million charging stations and 50 lakh electric passenger cars operating

worldwide, according to (Scott and Gössling, 2021). However, we can anticipate the success

of the EV business if the public is given access to a decent and sufficient charging station. 80%

of electric vehicles are charged at homes and places of business, which takes a long time—

typically 8 hours. People who worry about paying their electricity bill will benefit from the

installation of public charging stations because some people believe that charging an EV will

be more expensive. Additionally, this will save a tonne of time, which will persuade more

people to adopt electric cars.

• Advantages and disadvantages of previous technology or chemical process

Advantages of electric vehicles (EVs):

According to research done by Olivier Mairesse (2015), there are quite a lot of

advantages by using electric vehicles (EVs). First of all, EVs are environmentally friendly

because they don't generate any pollutants. Due to the absence of exhaust emissions, using an

electric vehicle can greatly reduce carbon emission. Aside from that, environmental impact can

be minimised by recharging the vehicle with renewable electricity sources at home or station

(Niti Aayog, 2022). Next, since the electric motor in EVs is so effective, little maintenance is

required. Electric vehicles have fewer moving components than internal combustion vehicles,

according to Niti Aayog (2022). Compared to typical petrol or diesel automobiles, electric

vehicles require less maintenance. As a result, operating an electric vehicle has a very low

annual cost. Thirdly, EVs do not required any fuel or gas to keep it moving. So, this can help

user in saving money as now the price for fuel keeps increasing with demands. Not to forget,

the supply for petroleum only has 53.3 years left to find an alternative to oil (Andy Tully, 2014).

Thus, EVs is very good in becoming the alternative to replace the usage of petroleum.

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 • Disadvantages of electric vehicles (EVs):

Even though EVs have many advantages, but it also has its downside. The first one is

limitation in battery capacity. One electric cars charge allows passing only 60-100 km at best

(Z S Gelmanova et al, 2018). The prospects of expanding the capacity of the batteries are not

planned. Next, lack of charging points or stations also become the disadvantages of EVs

vehicles (Z S Gelmanova et al, 2018). The slow development of charging stations is partially

a result of a global shortage of lithium and other precious metals, which are necessary for EV

chargers (Dunstan Power, 2022). As a result, the owner who needs to recharge the battery,

especially when on a lengthy trip, will be burdened .

Besides, most EV battery need to be replaced after of one decade being used (Simpson, 2021).

A battery progressively loses capacity. Many people say that the decrease over several years is

merely a few percent. The loss amounts to an average loss of 2.3 percent every year when

considering the average decline for all cars. For example, if a person buys an EV today with a

240 km (150 miles) range, the battery will have dropped 27 km (17 miles) of usable range after

five years. This will cost quite a lot of money for the owner as the price for the battery replacement is

equal to the value of an entire car.

Lastly, according to Z S Gelmanova et al (2018), purchasing EVs vehicle will have a problem

in storing the car. Electric cars if being in cold conditions can makes the battery wear faster. This is due

to the viscosity of the electrolyte fluid inside an EV's lithium-ion battery pack increases with decreasing

temperature, which slows down the chemical reactions that transfer electrons. That affects both how

quickly an EV recharges and how far it can travel on a single charge (John Bogna, 2022). The car will

therefore require a warm garage.

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DISCUSSION

Innovation technology or chemical process to solve the drawback

A new or enhanced product or procedure with considerably better technological

features is referred to as a technological innovation. New product innovations or process

innovations that have been commercialized are examples of technologically implemented

product innovations. The most important parts in electric vehicle innovation are their main

components that build the EVs. Since batteries are one of the most expensive parts of an EV's

overall cost and have a direct impact on its performance, batteries rank among the most

essential parts of the vehicle (Sanguesa et al., 2021). An internal combustion engine's fuel tank

is similar to the battery in that it stores electrical energy. The battery capacity of an EV is

frequently what determines its maximum distance, the bigger the capacity, the longer the

distance. High specific energy, high specific power, and high energy density are also essential.

Lead-acid batteries, nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH) batteries, and lithium-ion batteries are the

primary types of rechargeable batteries now utilized in EVs (Sun et al., 2019). The

development of new technologies can outperform the present lithium-ion batteries, which are

the ones heavily utilized in automobiles, has demanded the use of numerous resources due to

the increase in terms of durability, charging density, and charge and discharge processes. There

are many types of batteries that have been found. For an example of battery innovation is

Aluminium-air. Sanguesa et al., (2021) state that this technology is being used to create

batteries that generate power from the reaction of aluminium and oxygen. Their key benefit is

that they can achieve very high energy densities of up to 6.2 kWh/L, which enables them to

achieve significant autonomy which is up to 1600 km. With a reasonable current price, the

benefit of being recyclable, this type of battery is becoming more affordable.

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 When it comes to the use of EVs, a crucial factor is the large quantity of power needed

to charge the batteries of these cars, especially when they will be extensively used. Regarding

the infrastructure required for the deployment of EVs, and attempting to suggest more

environmentally friendly methods of EV charging by focusing on the use of solar photovoltaic

modules. The potential for green electricity generation with PV technology is considerable.

Since PV systems are becoming more affordable, more people can use green solar energy.

Therefore, the PV has the potential to be an EV source. Since both non-renewable and

renewable energy sources are still taken into account, a PV-powered EV is only appropriate

for the BEV, which may be regarded as a completely zero emission technology (Ghosh, 2020).

The whole PV generation system is made up of linked parts that directly convert solar

irradiance into electricity, including the PV generator, battery, charge controller, inverter, and

system load. From that, the uses of electricity power can be reduced and eco-friendly.

It has been established that an electric vehicle's engine uses less energy than a

conventional vehicle's powerplant. A rechargeable battery inside the EV stores energy that is

used to power the motor as the driver accelerates and decelerates the vehicle. The EV must

connect to an adapter or charging device, also known as a CS, in order to recharge its battery

rather than filling up at a conventional petrol station. Fast-charging stations are more current

technologies that can recharge an EV battery as fast as 15 minutes, as opposed to standard CSs

that take several hours (Johnson, 2013). On the other hand, Fannes (2012), from Institute for

Basic Science, gives opinion it was hypothesised that by collectively charging all of the

battery's cells at once, quantum resources like entanglement may be leveraged to significantly

speed up the battery charging time. Batteries using global operation at quantum scales can scale

up their charging rates quadratically. Utilizing this quantum charging would result in 200 times

increase in efficiency over conventional batteries, which would reduce the amount of time

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needed to charge a battery at home from 10 hours to roughly 3 minutes. The charge time at a

high-speed charging station would be reduced from 30 minutes to just a few seconds. By having

this kind of technology, our life will be much better. Instead of we need to fuel up our vehicle

with natural gases, we can use battery which provide us more benefits. It is not only reduced

time to charge but also reduce environmental pollution.

EVs are refuelled at stations, which can have more than one supply point to allow

several vehicles to be charged simultaneously. Stations with two and four points are the most

common sizes. According to Frade et al., in 2011, each supply point needs from 2 to 3 kW,

which means that large stations are a great burden on the power grid. Charging stations can be

public with public access, private with public access, or private with private access. Similar to

a conventional gas station (which sells gasoline, diesel, and LPG), a charging station can

provide a variety of charging alternatives with real-time price information. Every charging

station in a plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) network can have its current state (such as the number

of sockets available, the wait time, the price, etc.) recorded by a smart grid. The grid may then

give each PEV user this information in real time. This data may be used to compute a route to

the target, cutting down on charging time and expense (Moghaddam et al., 2018). More branch

of extreme fast charging (XFC) point is necessarily to be opened according to increasing the

use of electric vehicles. However, the installation costs of XFC stations can be very costly.

Since some of the site construction overhead is distributed over multiple charging ports, it is

therefore more cost-effective to build XFC charging points with numerous chargers as opposed

to single-port chargers (Tu et al., 2019). To guarantee that consumers have the best access

possible, charging station placement should be carefully considered. Facility location models,

a specific sort of optimization model whose decision variables indicate the location, the

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capacity, and the coverage area of any form of facility, can assist in the effective selection of

locations (Frade et al., 2011).

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CONCLUSION

As a conclusion, hybrid and electric vehicles are unquestionably more ecologically

friendly than internal combustion vehicles. Long life is taken into consideration while

designing batteries. As hybrid vehicles are used more often, battery recycling will become

commercially viable. The biggest benefit of electric cars is the potential improvement in air

quality they might bring to communities. Since they have no exhaust, pure electric cars produce

no carbon dioxide while they are moving. Air pollution is significantly reduced as a

consequence. There have been several improvement efforts and concepts put forward by

researchers in an effort to obtain the greatest technology for electric automobiles. Improved

battery technology will increase the affordability and allure of EVs relative to petrol vehicles,

increasing demand. By guaranteeing that supply can keep up with increased demand,

production technology will make EVs accessible to the general public. Besides, improvement

in the station of extreme fast charging need to be improve as EV getting increase year by year.

Multiply of port charges in a station are very helpful as the consumers do not need to spend

much time to wait other consumers to charge their car. Thus, this can save our time and really

helpful when we are in rushing. EV is quite expensive nowadays that people did not afford to

buy. However, this technology is still making improvement year by year to help more people

afford it with many kinds of benefits.

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RECOMMENDATION

Batteries in electric vehicle are becoming into an essential storage element to support

the transition to clean energy as the world progressively replaces fossil fuel power with

emissions-free electrification. The success of electric vehicles is largely dependent on their

range, which is greatly influenced by their battery capacity. Therefore, electric car batteries

need to be compact, able to recharge quickly and frequently and also have enough power to get

you where you're going. Most consumer electronics use lithium-ion batteries. They have one

of the best energy-to-weight ratios, a high open circuit voltage, a low rate of self-discharge, no

memory effect, and a gradual loss of charge while not in use, making them one of the most

widely used types of rechargeable batteries for portable gadgets. Among all types of

rechargeable batteries, lithium-ion batteries have one of the highest coulombic efficiencies (CE)

rating (99 percent or more), making them the most effective batteries. Consequently, lithium-

ion batteries currently control the largest market for manufactured car batteries. The Ni-Co-Mn

positive electrode material and laminated-structure cells used in lithium-ion batteries provide

great energy density and dependability. The Ni-Co-Mn positive electrode material has a layered

structure, which increases battery storage capacity by allowing for the storage of a large number

of lithium ions. Lithium-ion batteries power all electric vehicles, including the BMW i3, Tesla

Model S, Nissan Leaf, BYD, and others.

Next, it was highly recommended to have extra fast charging station with more chargers

compared to single port in a place. If the BEVs car’s batteries are about to die, using a quick

charger is a huge time saver. Fast charging is essential for long-distance trips and large fleets.

The rapid turnaround allows drivers to recharge throughout the day or on a short stop, rather

than having to plug in overnight or for many hours for a complete charge. There are two-stage

coordinated charging technique are suggested. The first stage aims to enhance the station's

12
profit and offer as much charging availability as feasible while the second step reduces the

station's peak demand based on the limits from the first stage. Then, an online optimization

algorithm for an EVs charging station can be create to reduce the cost of charging while limiting

the amount of power exchanged between the station and the grid. The suggested algorithm

gives EVs drivers the choice between a fast-charging option to speed up charging and a cost-

effective charging option. A method for sizing the storage unit for a rapid charging station is

suggested by the authors. A method is suggested to use vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) energy

transfer to charge numerous EVs to the target SOC in a predetermined length of time. Energy

exchange between charging vehicles offers additional flexibility in reducing peak demand and

minimizing costs. However, for this to work, the station's chargers must be capable of

bidirectional power flow. As now newer automobiles that can absorb up to 270kW are now

available. Because battery capacity has risen dramatically since the first EVs hit the market,

fast charger outputs have increased correspondingly, with some currently capable of up to

350kW.

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