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Inertia force Viscous force ma τ A: ma τ A ρ L LT μ du dy L ρ L LT μ LT L L LT Lρ μ

The document discusses Reynolds number and its use in distinguishing laminar and turbulent flow. It provides the equations for Reynolds number based on characteristic length, diameter of a pipe, and kinematic viscosity. Examples are given to classify flow as laminar or turbulent based on calculating the Reynolds number. The document also discusses the definitions and differences between steady/unsteady flow, uniform/non-uniform flow, and 1D/2D/3D flow.

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SHEIKH MUHAMMAD FAHAD
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16 views8 pages

Inertia force Viscous force ma τ A: ma τ A ρ L LT μ du dy L ρ L LT μ LT L L LT Lρ μ

The document discusses Reynolds number and its use in distinguishing laminar and turbulent flow. It provides the equations for Reynolds number based on characteristic length, diameter of a pipe, and kinematic viscosity. Examples are given to classify flow as laminar or turbulent based on calculating the Reynolds number. The document also discusses the definitions and differences between steady/unsteady flow, uniform/non-uniform flow, and 1D/2D/3D flow.

Uploaded by

SHEIKH MUHAMMAD FAHAD
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Criterion of distinction between laminar and turbulent flow is

Reynolds Number (Re) or (NR).

Inertia force m a
Reynold’s Number, Re = =
Viscous force τ A

ma ( ρ L ) ( L T ) ( ρ L ) ( LT ) ( LT ) Lρ
3 −2 3 −2 −1
= = =
Re =
( ) ( )
τA du ( 2) LT
−1 μ
μ
dy
L μ ( L)
2
L

VLρ VL VL
Re = = =
μ μ ϑ
ρ

Where L = characteristic length

 = absolute or dynamic viscosity (N.s/m2)

 = kinematic viscosity (m2/s)

VDρ
For practical purposes Re =
μ (D = diameter of the pipe)

Turbulent

Re = 4000 Upper critical limit

Transition Zone

Re = 2000 Lower critical limit


Laminar

Critical Reynold’s number = 2000

Example 1

Water of kinematic viscosity 1.15 x 10-6 m2/s flows in a circular pipe


of 30 mm in diameter. Calculate the largest flow rate for which
laminar flow can be expected.

What is the equivalent flow rate of air? (air = 1.37x 10-5 m2/s)

Example 2

Oil with  = 9.6 X 10-3 N.s/m2, s = 0.90 flows at 4.2 l/s through a
pipeline of 5cm diameter. Calculate NR and classify flow.

Example 3

Given  = 0.057 N.s/m2 , s = 0.90, D = 75 mm

Q = 350 l/min.

Is the flow laminar or turbulent?


Steady Flow: occurs when condition at any point in the fluid do not
change with time.
∂V ∂ρ ∂T ∂P
=0 , =0 , =0 , =0
∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t

Unsteady flow: condition at any point in the fluid changes with


time.
∂V
≠0
∂t

Uniform flow: velocity is same at every section at any instant of


time.
∂V
=0
∂s

Where s = distance

Non-uniform flow: velocity vector varies from place to place at any


instant of time.
∂V
≠0
∂s
Illustration

Steady uniform flow: flow through a long pipe at a constant rate.

Unsteady uniform flow: flow through a long pipe at a changing rate.

Steady non-uniform flow: flow through a conical pipe at a constant


rate.

Unsteady non-uniform flow: flow through a conical pipe at a


changing rate.
1 – Dimensional Flow: F = F(x.t)

2 – Dimensional Flow: F = F(x,y,t)

3 - Dimensional Flow: F = F(x,y,z,t)

Where F =flow or fluid property (velocity, mass, density, pressure)

In Cartesian co-ordinate system


V =u i+ v j + wk

Illustration:

1 – D flow: flow through a straight pipe

2 – D flow: flow over a weir or flow around an island

3 – D flow: flow of cool air from outlet of an air conditioner into a


room.
Flow Patterns
Can be visualized in many ways such as dye, smoke, flakes or
surface powder on liquids, photographs etc.

Example: Streamline, Streamtube and Pathline

Streamline

- The imaginary line drawn in the fluid such that the tangent at
any point on the line indicates the direction of velocity of the
fluid particles at that point.
- Since at any point the velocity is tangential to the streamline,
so the component of velocity at right angles to the streamline
is always zero. Thus there can be no flow occurring across a
streamline.

Streamtube

- An element of fluid bounded by a number of streamlines


which confine the flow is called a streamtube.
- Since the velocity normal to a streamline is zero, so no flow
can enter or leave the streamtube except at the ends.
Therefore, streamtube behaves like a solid tube.

Pathline

- Is the trace made by a single particle over a period of time.


- Thus the pathline shows the direction of the velocity of a
particle at successive instant of time.
Equation of Streamline and Pathline

u, v, w = components of velocity vector V .

dx, dy, dz = components of displacement d r of a particle in the


direction of V .

Streamlines can be calculated from the velocity field by geometric


relationship as shown in the figure.

Since every vector arc length d r along a streamline must be tangent


to V , respective components of are proportional
dx dy dz dr
= = =
u v w V

………(1)

Introduce a parameter ds equal to the ratio’s in equation (1), we get


dx dy dz
=u , =v , =w
ds ds ds

……..(2) Equation of streamline.

Equation of pathline is given by


dx dy dz
=u , =v , =w
dt dt dt

Example 1

An idealized velocity distribution is given by the equation


x y
u= ,v= , w=0
1+t 1+2 t

Calculate and plot the streamline and pathline which pass through
the point (x0, y0, 0) at time t = 0.

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