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Volume Int

The document discusses calculating mass, center of mass, and centroid. Mass density can be a function of position. Total mass is calculated by integrating mass density over an area or volume. The center of mass is found by setting the moments/integrals of mass density times distance equal to zero. Centroid is similar but uses average position values instead of center of mass equations.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
12 views

Volume Int

The document discusses calculating mass, center of mass, and centroid. Mass density can be a function of position. Total mass is calculated by integrating mass density over an area or volume. The center of mass is found by setting the moments/integrals of mass density times distance equal to zero. Centroid is similar but uses average position values instead of center of mass equations.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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15.

Triple Integrals in
Rectangular coordinates
Review:
Double Integrals in polar coordinates:

the region R is typically described by:


g ( )  r  h( ),     
 h ( )
area    rdrd
 g( )
 f ( x, y)dA   f (r cos  , r sin  )rdrd
R R

Triple integrals  FdV


D
where D is a region is 3-space,

and dV the volume element


Volume of D : vol ( D)  1 dV
D

Rectangular Coordinates  x, y, z  :
Volume element: dV  dzdydx  FdV   F  x, y, z  dxdydz
D D
Example : Find the volume bounded by y  x 2 +z 2 and y  8  x 2  z 2 .

Volume   dV
D
8 x 2  z 2
   dydA    8  2 x 2  2 z 2 dA
R x2  z 2 R

the surfaces meet when y  x 2 +z 2  8  x 2  z 2 or x 2 +z 2  4

projection into the x  z plane is a circle of radius 2


use polar coordinates for the x  z plane:
2 2
Vol      rdrd
2
8 2 r
0 0

2 2
 2 2 4
   4r  r  d  2 16  8   16
0 
4 0
15.6

Moments and center of


mass
Mass:
mass density = mass/area or mass/volume

mass density is a function of position:  ( x, y, z )

total mass: M ( R)    dA or M ( D)    dV


R D

Moment and center of mass:


moment = mass x distance
at the center of mass, moments must add to 0
mass mi are distributed on the x axis at coordinate xi M   mi total mass

if x is the center of mass, then need  m (x  x )  0


i i

or  mi x  mi xi or x
m x i i

1
m x
m
i i
i M
if  ( x) is mass density, and x the center of mass, need

  ( x  x )dx  0 or   xdx   xdx  x   dx  x  M x


  xdx
M
if  ( x, y ) is mass density of a region R in the x-y plane, total mass is M    dA
R

M y is moment around the y axis, M x is moment around the x axis:

since distance to the y axis is x, we have: M y =   xdA M x =   ydA


R R

if ( x , y ) is the center of mass, then both


the moment around the x axis and moment
around the y axis must cancel:

My   xdA Mx   ydA
x  R
and y   R
M   dA
R
M   dA
R
Example : Find the mass and center of mass of the lamina that
ocuppies the region bounded by y  x , y  0, x  1 and has
mass densiy  (x, y )  x
mass     x, y  dA
R
1
 
1 x 1 x 1 5/2
2 x 2
  xdydx    xy  dx   x dx   
3/2

0 0 0 0 0  5 0 5

M x   y  x, y  dA
R
1
 x3   1
x 1
1 x
 xy 
1 2 x2
  xy dydx     dx   dx   
0 0 0 
2 0 0
2  6 0 6  
Center of Mass  x, y
 My Mx 
M y   x  x, y  dA  , 
R  mass mass 
x 1
 2x  5 5 
1 x 1 1 7/2
2
  x dydx    x y  dx   x dx  
2 2
 
5/2   , 
0 0 0 0 0  7 0 7  7 12 

(0.71, 0.42)
Centroid
  xdA   xdA  xdA
If mass density  is constant, x  R
 R
 R

  dA
R
  dA
R
 dA
R

 xdA  ydA
centroid: x  R
, y R
area ( D) area ( D)

if  ( x, y, z ) is mass density of a region D in the 3-space, total mass is M    dV


D
M xy is moment around the x-y plane
M xy =   zdV
distance to the x-y plane is z , hence:
D

M xz =   ydV , M yz ==   xdV


D D

center of mass ( x , y , z ) :

M yz   xdV M xz   ydV M xy   zdV


x  D
, y  D
z  D
M   dV
D
M   zdV
D
M   dV
D
Summary: Center of mass and centroid

mass density is a function of position:  (x,y) or  ( x, y, z )

total mass: M ( R)    dA or M ( D)    dV


R D

  xdV   ydV   zdV


center of mass: x  D
, y D
z D

  dV
D
  zdV
D
  dV
D

1 1
area ( R)  
centroid (constant  ): x  xdA , y  ydA
R
area ( R ) R

1 1 1
vol( D)   
centroid in 3-space: x  xdV , y  ydV , z  zdV
D
vol( D ) D
vol( D ) D
Average value of a function:
1
The average value of quantities x1 ,x2 ,..., xn is
n
 xi
The average value of a function y  f ( x) over the interval [a, b] is
b
1

ba a
f ( x)dx

The average value of a function z  f ( x, y ) over a region R in the x-y plane


1
is 
area ( D) R
f ( x, y )dA

The average value of a function f ( x, y, z ) over a region D in the 3-space


1
is 
vol( D) D
f ( x, y, z )dV
15.7

Triple Integrals in
Cylindrical and spherical
coordinates
Cylindrical coordinates:

( x, y , z )  ( r ,  , z )
x  r cos( ), y  r sin( )

Volume element:

dV  dz  rdrd 
 rdzdrd

 F  r , , z  dV   F  r , , z  rdzdrd


D D
  x  xy 2  dV where E is the solid in the first octant
3
Example : Evaluate
E

that lies beneath the paraboloid z  1  x 2  y 2 .

Since the region in the xy plane is circular, we use cylindrical coordinates: E

0  z  1  x2  y 2  0  z  1  r 2
x3  xy 2  r 3 cos3   r 3 cos  sin 2 
 r 3 cos   cos2   sin 2  
 r 3 cos 
 
2 1 1 r 2 1
2

r cos  rdzdrd    r cos   z 0


1 r 2
  drd

3 4
R
0 0 0 0 0
 
1

   r 4 1  r 2  cos  drd    r  r  dr   cos  d


2 1 2
4 6

0 0
z  0  x2  y 2  1  r  1
0 0

75
1
r r  5
1 1 
7 2 
     sin  0      1

2
  0  
 5 7 0 5 7  35 35 2
Spherical coordinates:

  distance to the origin

  angle with the z axis

  angle of the projection into


the x-y plane with the x axis

how do we convert this into x,y,z coordinates?

certainly  2  x 2  y 2  z 2
Spherical
Coordinates
r r   , ,  
z   , ,  
  z  2  r2  z2

r  x y z
2 2 2 2
sin  

z
r   sin 
cos   r
 x   sin  cos 
r

0  
y   sin  sin 
0    2 z   cos 
Volume element :
Volume of little box is =
width x depth x height
 (  )  (r  )  
now use r   sin 
 (  )  (  sin( ) )  
  2 sin( )

dV   2 sin  d  d d
Spherical x   sin( ) cos( ) 0  
Coordinates y   sin( ) sin( ) 0    2
  , ,   z   cos( )
0 
dV   sin  d  d d
2

 F   ,  ,   dV   F   ,  ,   2
sin  d  d d
D D

Example: Compute the volume of a sphere of radius r.

    sin  d  d d


 2
Vol = 1 dV
D D
 2 r r
 1 3 1 3 4 3
0 0   0 0

 2
sin  d  d d       cos( )   2
 r  2  2  r
0  3 0 3 3
x   sin( ) cos( )
Example : Compute the volume between  =cos( ) and y   sin( ) sin( )
z   cos( )
the hemisphere   2, z  0.
dV   2 sin  d  d d
what is  =cos( ) ?  2   cos( )  z or x 2  y 2  z 2  z
2
 1 1
or x 2  y 2   z   
 2 4
1  1
a sphere of radius centered at  0, 0, 
2  2

thus cos( )    2 and 0    , 0    2
2 2  /2 2

   sin  d  d d 


     2 sin  d  d d
2
1dV
D D 0 0 cos( )
2  /2 2  /2
1 3 2
  d     
 3 cos( )
sin( )d 
3   8  cos 3
( )  sin( ) d
0 0 0
 /2
2
 /2
2  
 8sin( )  cos ( ) sin( ) d
1
 
3
  8cos(  )  cos 4
( ) 
3 0 3  4 0
2  1 31
 1 4 4 1 3 16  
  8    6  easier:   (2) 3
 ( )   
3  4  2 3 3 2 3 6

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