SICE Annual Conference 2008

August 20-22, 2008, The University Electro-Communications, Japan

Analysis of Double Line Frequency for PWM Rectifier

Using Instantaneous Power Method
Yi-Hung Liao 1, Ching-Ming Lai 2 and Jenn-Horng Liaw 3
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Chinmin Institute of Technology, Miaoli, Taiwan
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
3
Department of Electrical Engineering, Minghsin University of Science and Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan

Abstract: Voltage unbalance in a three-phase system causes double line frequency ripples in the dc link. In this paper,
an instantaneous power method is adopted to analysis PWM converter under unbalanced condition. Based on this
method, a lossless concept is proposed to reduce the double line voltage ripples in the dc link. Instead of using the
conventional control strategy, the coupled energy of line impedance from positive and negative sequences which affect
the output voltage is considered. Then, based on a lossless concept, a current control method is presented. Finally,
simulation results are given to illustrate the significance of the proposed lossless concept and as a verification of the
validity of the derived control scheme.

Keywords: Three-phase PWM ac/dc converter, double line frequency, unbalanced condition

1. INTRODUCTION
2. MODELING OF THE PWM CONVERTER
Three-phase PWM ac/dc converters have been UNDER UNBALANCED CONDITION
increasingly employed in recent years due to their
superiority over the traditional line-side diode rectifiers. Fig. 1 shows a circuit structure of a three-phase PWM
There exist many advantages including unity power converter which comprises input three phase voltages,
factor, low distortion line currents, high quality dc boost inductors with line impedance, six controllable
output voltage with a small size filter capacitor and switches, and an output capacitor paralleled with a load.
bi-directional power flow capability. However, while the
input voltage is unbalanced, some of the characteristics
are appeared, especially double line frequency ripples S1 S2 S3
Ea ia
RL
are occurred in the output dc line. Voltage unbalance in
ib L Rs
three-phase system gives rise to 120Hz voltage ripples Eb Co
O Vo
in the dc link [1]-[4]. Song and Nam [2] proposed a dual Ec ic L Rs
current controller for the pulse-width modulation
L Rs S4 S5 S6 Load
(PWM) converter with unbalanced input supply. Suh,
Tijeras, and Lipo [3] proposed a nonlinear control of the B
A N
instantaneous power in dq synchronous frame for PWM
Fig. 1 Three-phase PWM converter under unbalanced
converter under generalized unbalanced operation
condition
conditions. Some sensorless estimation schemes [5]-[8]
for PWM rectifier under unbalanced conditions have
The input voltage and input current can be described
been proposed. However, up to the present, very few by the combination of positive sequence and negative
existing papers concerning lossless concept about the sequence components, such that
input line impedance and/or switch on resistance to
analysis the 120Hz voltage ripples in the dc link. Edqs e jZt Edqp  e  jZt Edqn
This paper attempts to analysis the operation of a (1)
three-phase PWM converter under unbalanced voltage e jZt ( Edp  jEqp )  e jZt ( Edn  jEqn )
condition with considering the effect of line-impedance
loss and proposes a current control method to reduce the I dqs e jZt I dqp  e  jZt I dqn
(2)
120Hz voltage ripples in the output dc link.
e jZt ( I dp  jI qp )  e  jZt ( I dn  jI qn )
The rest content of this paper is organized as follows.
In section II, modeling of the PWM converter under
unbalanced condition is presented. Based on the where Z is the angular frequency, it is assume that
proposed model, a control strategy for reducing double Z 377 rad / sec and f 60 Hz . The input complex
line frequency output voltage ripples is then proposed in power of the converter considered from point A is given
section III for the unbalanced condition. In section IV, by
some simulation results are given for validating the
proposed theory. Finally, some conclusions are offered 3 * (3)
Sin Edqs I dqs Pin (t )  jQin (t )
in the last section. 2

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PR0001/08/0000-0758 ¥400 © 2008 SICE
 where Pin (t ) and Qin (t ) are the instantaneous Po Pin  Pdc _ Rs (10)
components of real power and reactive power, Po _ c 2 Pin _ c 2  PRs _ c 2 (11)
respectively. In addition, it can be rewritten as follows.
Po _ s 2 Pin _ s 2  PRs _ s 2 (12)
Pin (t ) Pin  Pinc 2 cos 2Zt  Pins 2 sin 2Zt (4) It follows from equations (5), (10), (11) and (12), one
Qin (t ) Qin  Qinc 2 cos 2Zt  Qins 2 sin 2Zt (5) can obtain

ª2 º ª( Edp  Rs I dp ) ( Eqp  Rs I qp ) ( Edn  Rs I dn ) ( Eqn  Rs I qn ) º ª I dp (t ) º

Consider equation (5), if the total input instantaneous « 3 Po » «
«
»«
»«
»
« » »
reactive power Qin (t ) is equal to zero, the power factor «2 Q » « Ep  Ed p
Eq n
 Ed n » « I (t ) »
p

«3 » « q »« q »
correction is achieved. In the approximate method, we
in

« » « »« »
2 « n »« n »
also can let the average reactive power Qin 0 to « Pos 2 » (
« q E  R I n
)  ( E n
 R I n
)  ( E p
 R I p
) ( E p
 R I p
)
s d »« d I (t ) »
«3 » s q d s d q s q d
achieve power factor correction without affecting the «2 » «
«
»«
»«
»
« Poc 2 » »
output voltage, since output power only belongs to the ¬3 ¼ «( E n  R I n )
¬ d s d ( Eq
n
 R I
s q
n
) ( E d
p
 R I
s d
p
) ( E n
q  R I p »« n
)
s q ¼¬ q
I (t ) »¼
real power. Next, consider the output voltage of (13)
three-phase PWM converter under a general unbalance
condition. There exist double line frequency From equation (13), to achieve the unity power factor,
components which can be seem from equation (4). The one needs to nullify the average-zero reactive power
instantaneous real power contains average term Pin Qin 0 . Next, if one would obtain clean output voltage,
and high-order terms Pinc 2 and Pins 2 . The Po _ c 2 and Po _ c 2 should also be set to zero. To
instantaneous real power is delivered to the dc link and simplify the control strategy, a voltage oriented control
then determines the output dc level. However, Pinc 2 method [9] is adopted. Then, equation (13) can be
and Pins 2 may cause 120Hz voltage ripples on the simplified as follows:
output dc level. In the traditional method, Pinc 2 and
Pins 2 can be nullified to keep clean dc level when the ª2 º ª( Edp  Rs I dp ) ( Edn  Rs I dn ) º ª I p (t ) º
line impedance and/or switch on resistance are not « 3 Po » « » d »
« » « Eq
p
Eqn » «« » (14)
considered. In this paper, we consider the line «0 » « »
impedance and discuss the relation between the line «0 » « Eq
n
 Eqp » « »
« n »
« » « n
losses and the output voltage ripples. In the traditional
¬«0 ¼»
n
¬( Ed  Rs I d ) ( Edp  Rs I dp ) ¼» «¬ I d (t ) ¼»
method, the analysis of power factor correction (PFC)
and double line frequency (DLF) is observed from the
While the phase lock loop (PLL) for the input
same point A as shown in Fig. 1. In this paper, the PFC
three-phase voltage is precise, one can let the q-axis
analysis is observed from point A and the DLF analysis voltages of positive and negative sequence equal zero.
is observed from point B. Thus, the equivalent Then equation (14) can be simplified in the following
resistance of switching losses also can be extracted and form:
observed from point B.
Consider the equivalent resistance RS of switching ª( Edp  Rs I dp ) ( Edn  Rs I dn ) º ª I dp (t ) º
ª2 º
losses and line impedance, the power losses of RS can « 3 Po » « »« » (15)
be written as « » « »« »
¬0 ¼ «( E n  R I n ) ( Edp  Rs I dp ) »¼ «¬ I dn (t ) »¼
¬ d s d
3 *
S Line Vdqs _ Rs I dqs (6)
2 Equation (15) is nonlinear and the solution of it can be
PRs (t )  jQRs (t ) obtained as follows
1
2 2 2
1 3Edp  (9 Edp  24 Po Rs  36 Rs Edn I dn  36 Rs I dn ) 2 (16)
where I dp
6 Rs
°­ PRs (t ) Pdc _ Rs  Pc 2 _ Rs cos 2Zt  Ps 2 _ Rs sin 2Zt  Edn (17)
® I dn I dp
°̄QRs (t ) Qdc _ Rs  Qc 2 _ Rs cos 2Zt  Qs 2 _ Rs sin 2Zt Edp  2 Rs I dp
3 p (7)
Pdc _ Rs (Vd _ Rs I dp  Vqp_ Rs I qp  Vdn_ Rs I dn  Vqn_ Rs I qn )
2
3 p n (8) 3. CONTROL STRATEGY
Pc 2 _ Rs (Vd _ Rs I d  Vqp_ Rs I qn  Vdn_ Rs I dp  Vqn_ Rs I qp )
2
3 n (9) From the previous modeling of the PWM converter
Ps 2 _ Rs (Vq _ Rs I dp  Vdn_ Rs I qp  Vqp_ Rs I dn  Vdp_ Rs I qn ) under unbalanced condition, one can see that in order to
2
achieve the unity power factor and obtain clean output
Then, Po , Po _ c 2 and Po _ s 2 observed from point B voltage, d-axis negative sequence current is determined
can be defined as by the d-axis positive sequence current. The relationship

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 between I dn and I dp is expressed from equation (17) discussed in this paper. The first is the single controller
with considering the equivalent resistance RS . Without method; the second is the dual controller method; the
considering the equivalent resistance RS , the third is the proposed controller method. The equivalent
resistance Rs can be varied from 0.2ohm to 0.001ohm
relationship between I dn and I dp can be rewritten as
and one can observe the magnitude of double line
frequency ripples in the dc-link voltage. The simulation
 Edn (18)
I dn I dp results are listed in the Table I, Table II, and Table III
Edp corresponding to single controller method, dual
controller method, and the proposed controller method,
According to the modeling of the PWM converter respectively. From these simulation results, one can see
under unbalanced condition, it can be seen that from that while Rs 0.001: , the voltage ripples of dual
equations (16) and (17) the negative sequence current controller method are smaller than that of single
have a couple term from positive sequence current and controller method. However, while Rs 0.2: , the
the positive sequence current also have a couple term voltage ripples of dual controller method are larger than
from negative sequence. However, the negative couple that of the single controller method. We can see from
term is much smaller than the positive couple term. this example that traditional dual controller method is
Then, the couple term from negative sequence can be without considering equivalent line impedance losses. It
negligible. Thus, base on the previous theoretical is clear that the voltage ripples of dual control method
analysis, the proposed control strategy is aimed at are affected seriously by the efficiency of the power
eliminating the double line frequency in the output converter. Compared with these three kinds of methods,
voltage and achieving power factor correction. Fig. 2
one can see that the proposed control method indeed
shows the proposed control block. A voltage oriented
reduced the output voltage ripples. In addition, the
control [9] is adopted in the positive sequence control
proposed controller method is insensitive to the
loop and derived equations (17), (18) are applied to the
efficiency of the power converter. Therefore, the
negative sequence control loop.
proposed controller method is more robust than the
R traditional dual controller method. The simulation
waveforms of the proposed control method are shown in
U Ld

VO*
VO Fig. 3, when Rs 0.2: . The corresponding I dN , Vo ,
PI PI Vo
and VdsN , VqsN of three-phase power converter are
I dP Z L
e jZ t 2o3
shown in Fig. 3(a), Fig. 3(b), and Fig. 3(c), respectively.
I qP
ZL
*
I qP 0
PI
Rs
Table 1 Single controller method
eq (17) or (18) PI
L
I dN e  jZ t Rs Vor min Vor max Vor
(ohm) (voltage) (voltage) (voltage)
0 PI EdP EqP EdN EqN I dP I qP I dN I qN
I qN LPF LPF N o tc h N o tc h

e  jZ t e jZ t e  jZ t e jZ t 0.2 253.170 260.171 7.001

3o2 3 o2 0.1 253.125 260.261 7.136
Ea

Eb
Ia 0.001 252.055 258.372 6.317
Ib
Ec

Table 2 Dual controller method

Fig. 2 The proposed control method to eliminate the
double line frequency Rs Vor min Vor max Vor
(ohm) (voltage) (voltage) (voltage)
0.2 242.971 254.833 11.862
4. SIMULATION RESULTS 0.1 246.869 252.841 5.972
0.001 247.774 252.246 4.472
To verify the feasibility of the proposed control
scheme, PSPICE is used for carrying out the simulation
process with the following parameters: Table 3 The proposed controller method

L 1.6mH , Rs 0.2 ohm , Co 2200 P F , Rs Vor min Vor max Vor

ea (t ) 100cos Zt  10cos Zt V , Z 120S rad / s (ohm) (voltage) (voltage) (voltage)
0.2 245.916 253.287 7.371
eb (t ) 100cos(Zt  2S / 3)  10cos(Zt  2S / 3) V
ec (t ) 100cos(Zt  2S / 3)  10cos(Zt  2S / 3) V 0.1 247.256 252.493 5.237
0.001 247.896 252.195 4.299
There are three kinds of control methods to be

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 20V
20A IECON 2006 - 32nd Annual Conference on, pp.
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50V
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(b)
2.0V
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in the power fact correction (PFC) side without
considering line impedance, and the effectiveness of this
method is affected seriously by the efficiency of the
power converter. In this paper, another aspect is
proposed to reduce DLF without and with considering
the input line impedance and/or switch on resistance.
Positive and negative sequence components are
calculated by instantaneous power method. Based on
this analysis, a current control method is proposed to
reduce double line frequency ripples in the output dc
link. Finally, some simulation results are provided to
verify the effectiveness of the proposed current control
method.

REFERENCES

[1] Hong-Seok Song, Kwanghee Nam, “Dual current

control scheme for PWM converter under
unbalanced conditions,” IEEE Trans. Ind.
Electron., vol. 46, No. 5, pp. 953- 959, Oct. 1999.
[2] Y. Suh, V. Tijeras and T.A. Lipo, “A nonlinear
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generalized unbalanced operating conditions,” in
Conf. Rec. IEEE-IACON’02, vol. 2, pp.
1189-1196, Oct. 2002.
[3] Peng Xiao, Keith A.Corzine, Ganesh K.
Venayagamoorthy, “Cancellation Predictive
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