EARTH AND

LIFE SCIENCE
Quarter 4 Module 2
Lesson 3
Learning Competencies:

o Describe the different ways of how representative

animals reproduce. (S11/12LT-IIej- 15)

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 Lesson

3 Reproduction of Animals

What is reproduction?

Reproduction is the creation of a new individual or individuals from

previously existing individuals. In animals, this can occur in two primary ways:
through asexual reproduction and through sexual reproduction.

Like plants, animals need to reproduce in order to increase the chance of

the perpetuation of their species. But unlike plants, there is an assumption
that animals reproduced only through the process of fertilization, or the fusion
of the sperm cell and egg cell. Actually, like plants, some animals also used
asexual or sexual or both methods of sexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction
is the process of joining the haploid gametes (sex cells) to form a diploid cell
called a zygote. A zygote eventually becomes an embryo and later on develops
into an organism. The female
gamete is an egg cell, is usually
non-motile, to ensure survival of
the embryo by storing energy. The
male gamete is a sperm cell, which
is motile to search for the egg cell
for fertilization. In asexual
reproduction, fusion of the egg cell
and sperm cell does not occur;
reproduction is mainly through
mitosis which creates a clone of the
parent.

Sexual Vs Asexual Reproduction

Figure 2.1 shows how

sexual and asexual
reproduction produces
offspring. In an asexual
reproduction, a parent
organism will not need a
mate or partner for it to
produce its own offspring.
The offspring of asexual
organisms are an exact
same copy of its parent
organism.

Figure 2.1 A diagram of Asexual and Sexual Reproduction

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 In sexual reproduction, a male and female gamete is needed in order to
produce an offspring. In most instances, there is a male and female organism to
produce the gametes but, this isn’t always the case. Finding a partner for sexual
animals can sometimes prove difficult, and so, as an adaptive mechanism and
evolutionary solution, some animals exhibit hermaphroditism. This is when an
organism has both male and female reproductive system. This is common among
sessile (stationary) animals. In hermaphroditism, the organism may or may not
have a partner for fertilization to occur. Unlike, an asexual offspring, a sexual
offspring is genetically unique from its parent organisms. Notice how there are two
apparent sexes in sexual organisms, while there is no definite sex in the asexual
organism.

Types of asexual reproduction

1. Binary Fission – occurs in

single celled organisms. It is when a
parent cell divides itself into two
equal parts and create an offspring.
This type of reproduction is like
cloning. To easily remember and
understand the reproduction process
of binary fission it is valuable to
remember what the terms mean. The
word binary means something having
two parts (the new daughter bacteria)
while the word fission means the
movement of splitting (the dividing of
two equal parts). Ex. Bacteria

2. Fragmentation – occurs when an

organism breaks a part of itself into a fragment,
and the fragment develops
Ex. Starfish & flatworms

3. Budding – happens when a parent

organism grows a bud attached to its body.
When the bud is developed it will detach itself
from the parent and form a new organism.
Ex. Yeast, Jellyfish and Hydra

4. Parthenogenesis – occurs when the embryo of an

organism can grow and develop without fertilization.
Ex. Some species of ants & Honeybees.

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 Advantages and Disadvantages in Sexual and Asexual Reproduction

Types Advantages Disadvantages

Sexual Reproduction - The population is less - Needs a partner to

likely to catch reproduce.
diseases all at once. - Takes more time
- Has more chances to reproduce.
of survival
- Has genetic variation.
Asexual Reproduction - Only one parent - Has less surviving
organism is needed to chances due to the
reproduce. lack of genetic
- Faster than sexual variation.
reproduction. - Population is more
likely to catch
diseases
at the same time.

Reproduction in Animals: Sexual Reproduction

In sexual reproduction, two individuals produce offspring that have genetic

characteristics from both parents. Sexual reproduction introduces new gene combinations
in a population.

In animals, sexual reproduction encompasses the fusion of two distinct gametes

to form a zygote. Gametes are produced by a type of cell division called meiosis. The
gametes are haploid (containing only one set of chromosomes) while the zygote is diploid
(containing wo sets of chromosomes). In most cases, the male gamete, called the sperm,
is relatively moving and usually has flagella. On the other hand, the female gamete,
called the ovum, is not moving and relatively large in comparison to the male gamete.

In human

The male gametes are sperms, they are made in the testes. During sexual
intercourse, semen containing sperms passes out to the penis and into a woman’s
vagina.

The female gametes are eggs and are made in the ovaries. After sexual
intercourse, sperm swim through the cervix and uterus into the oviducts, where they
may meet an egg. One sperm may fertilize the egg to produce a zygote.

The zygote travels to the uterus and implants into the lining, growing into an
embryo attached to the uterus wall via an umbilical cord and placenta. The placenta
brings the growing embryo’ blood very close to the mother’s blood, so that’s nutrients
and waist products can diffuse between them. The growing embryo is protected by
amniotic fluid produced by the amnion.

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 After birth, a young mammal is fed on milk from its mother. This provides it with
exactly the correct balance of nutrients, as well as antibodies which protect it from
infectious diseases. An egg is releases from an ovary about one a month. If it is not
fertilized, the thick lining of the uterus breaks down, in menstruation.

Mechanisms of Fertilization

There are two types of fertilization – internal

and external. Internal fertilization occurs when
the fusion of gametes is inside the female body,
while an external fertilization is the opposite
where fusion of gametes is outside the female
body.

The 3 types of internal fertilization

1. Oviparity – the female has

fertilized eggs laid outside its body. The
young will get nourishment from its yolk
and will be protected by the external
covering of the egg. The types of eggs will
vary in different animals. Chicken eggs
will have high calcium carbonate
concentrations, while reptiles will produce
leathery eggs. Ex. Chickens

2. Viviparity – most common in

mammals, the offspring develops within the
female and is nourished by the mother’s
blood in the placenta. Ex. Bears

3. Ovoviviparity – like oviparity, ovoviviparity has

fertilized eggs that nourish the young from its yolk.
The key difference between them, is that ovoviviparous
animals only lay the eggs when they are ready to
hatch. Ex. Great White Sharks

The table below will better summarize the key difference and similarities of the two
fertilization processes.

INTERNAL FERTILIZATION EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION

Process ➢ Egg is fertilized inside ➢ Egg is fertilized outside
the body the body
➢ Male gamete is ➢ Male gamete is
discharged unto the discharged unto the
female gamete female gamete
Success Rate ➢ Since the offspring is ➢ Has a less chance of
developed inside the survival because the
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 body of the female, it offspring develop
will have more chances without protection in
of surviving even in the environment
harsh environment
because it is protected.
Key Features Has 3 types: ➢ Survives best in moist
➢ Oviparity and aquatic
➢ Viviparity environment.
➢ Ovoviviparity ➢ Has a greater number
of offspring produced.
Example ➢ Elephants, Goat and ➢ Fish and Frog
Cats

Activity 1

Label each of the following as describing asexual reproduction (a) or sexual reproduction (s).

___ 1. Budding is an example of this type of reproduction.

___ 2. Gametes are produced by the same or different individuals.

___ 3. Offspring has a different combination of genes than either parent.

___ 4. It produces an offspring that may be better adapted to a new environment.

___ 5. Regeneration is an example of this type of reproduction.

___ 6. Usually, a large number of offsprings are produced.

___ 7. Strawberry plants grown from the nodes of stolons.

___ 8. Potato plants grown from the eyes of a potato.

___ 9. Gametes of gumamela flower fuse.

___10. Ornamental plants grown from stem cuttings.

___11. Produces genetic variation in the offspring.

___12. It is more time and energy efficient as you don't need a mate.

___13. It is not possible for an isolated individual to reproduce.

___14. Disease may affect all the individuals in a population.

___15. Involves two parents and the joining of male and female gametes during fertilization.

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 Activity 2

For each picture decide whether that organism reproduces asexually or sexually. Place
an A for asexual reproduction or an S for sexual reproduction next to each number in
the box.

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 Activity 3

In your own words, describe the type of fertilization given below and give and
example of an animal that has that type of fertilization.

Description Animal
Viviparity
Internal fertilization
External fertilization
Oviparity
Ovoviviparity

Performance Task 2: Animal Profiling

1. Pick 2 animals. One that undergo sexual reproduction and

one for asexual.
2. Draw his ID picture in the box.
3. Fill in the rest of the information by checking the right
choice and filling out the blanks!

1. Animal and Species: _____________

2. ( ) Asexual ( ) Sexual
3. *if your animal is asexual, please specify what type:
______________
4. ( ) Internal Fertilization ( ) External Fertilization
5. *if you checked internal fertilization, please specify what type:
______________
6. Place where this animal preferably gives birth:
__________________

Now that we’re done with general profiling, let’s compare and contrast this animal’s
reproduction with humans using the venn diagram below.

Chosen Animal Human

Both

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