Senior High School

NOT

General Chemistry 2
Quarter 3 - Module 4
Rate of Reaction, Rate Law and Catalysis

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

1
General Chemistry 2
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 - Module 4: Week 4: Rate of Reaction, Rate Law and Catalysis

First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any
work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government
agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such
work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition
the payment of royalty.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials
from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent
nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro

Schools Division Superintendent: Dr. Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, CESO V

Development Team of the Module

Author: Engr. Christy Joy A. Retanal, SPST-I

Reviewer: Jean S. Macasero, EPS – Science

Aristotle R. Mabale
Metocila O. Agbay

Layout and Design: Arian M. Edullantes

Management Team
Chairperson: Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, PhD, CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent

Co-Chairperson: Rowena H. Para-on, PhD

Asst. Schools Division Superintendent

Members Lorebina C. Carrasco, OIC-CID Chief

Jean S. Macasero, EPS - Science
Joel D. Potane, LRMS Manager
Lanie O. Signo, Librarian II
Gemma Pajayon, PDO II

Printed in the Philippines by

Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)
Office Address: Fr. William F. Masterson Ave., Upper Balulang, Cagayan de Oro
Telefax: (08822)855-0048
E-mail Address: [email protected]

2
 Senior
Senior High
High School
School

General
Chemistry 2
Quarter 3 - Module 4
Rate of Reaction, Rate Law and Catalysis

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed

by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and or/universities. We
encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback,
comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education at action@
deped.gov.ph.

We value your feedback and recommendations.

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

FAIR USE AND CONTENT DISCLAIMER: This SLM (Self Learning Module) is
for educational purposes only. Borrowed materials (i.e. songs, stories, poems,
pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in these modules are
owned by their respective copyright holders. The publisher and authors do not
represent nor claim ownership over them.

3
 Table of Contents
What This Module is About ....................................................................................................................... i
What I Need to Know .................................................................................................................................. i
How to Learn from this Module............................................................................................................... ii
Icons of this Module ................................................................................................................................... ii

What I Know ................................................................................................................................................iii

Lesson 1:
Reaction Rate and Collision Theory .................................................................... 1
What I Need to Know..................................................................................................... 1
What’s New: Reaction time! ........................................................................................ 1
What Is It: ......................................................................................................................... 1
What’s More: Crossword! ............................................................................................. 3
What I Have Learned: Explain me! ........................................................................... 4
What I Can Do: Know me! ........................................................................................... 4
Lesson 2:
The Rate Law.................................................................................................................................... 5
What’s In............................................................................................................................ 5
What I Need to Know..................................................................................................... 5
What’s New: Match me! ............................................................................................. 5
What Is It: ...................................................................................................................... 6
What’s More: Let’s do this! ........................................................................................ 8
What I Have Learned: Explain me! ....................................................................... 8
What I Can Do: Make me! ....................................................................................... 8
Lesson 3:
Catalysis ................................................................................................................................................ 9
What’s In............................................................................................................................ 9
What I Need to Know..................................................................................................... 9
What’s New: Find me! ................................................................................................ 9
What Is It: ...................................................................................................................... 10
What’s More: Complete me! ...................................................................................... 11
What’s More: Identify me! .......................................................................................... 11
What I Have Learned: Explain me! ....................................................................... 12
What I Can Do: Experiment time! .......................................................................... 12

Summary ………………………………………………………………………………………. 13
Assessment: (Post-Test)………………………………………………………………………. 14
Key to Answers ......................................................................................................................................... 15
References …………………………………………………………………………………………… 17

4
What This Module is About
This module has 3 lessons:

1. Reaction Rates and Collision Theory

2. The Rate Laws
3. Catalysis

The first thing we’re going to discuss in this module is reaction rates and
collision theory. Here, we will discuss all the factors that affect the rate of reaction.
Then, we’ll learn about the zero, first and second-order reactions. The last lesson is
all about catalysts.

You are expected to answer the activities given in each lesson. You may write
your answers on the answer sheets provided. Remember to strictly follow the
instructions.

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. Describe how various factors influence the rate of a reaction (STEM_GC11CKIIIi-j-130);

2. Differentiate zero, first-, and second-order reactions (STEM_GC11CKIIIi-j-132);
3. Explain reactions qualitatively in terms of molecular collisions (STEM_GC11CKIIIi-j-
136);
4. Explain activation energy and how a catalyst affects the reaction rate
(STEM_GC11CKIIIi-j-137);
5. Cite and differentiate the types of catalysts (STEM_GC11CKIIIi-j-138).

i
How to Learn from this Module
To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.

Icons of this Module

What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that

Know are set for you to learn as you go along the
module.

What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge
What’s In This part connects previous lesson with that
of the current one.

What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be presented
to you

What is It These are discussions of the activities as a

way to deepen your discovery and under-
standing of the concept.

What’s More These are follow-up activities that are in-

tended for you to practice further in order to
master the competencies.

What I Have Activities designed to process what you

Learned have learned from the lesson

What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show-

case your skills and knowledge gained, and
applied into real-life concerns and situations.

ii
 What I Know

Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the best answer from among the given choices.

1. What is a reaction rate?

A. How fact a reaction is B. How big a reaction is
C. How loud a reaction is D. How much gas a reaction produces

2. What will happen to the rate of reaction as the temperature increases?

A. decreases B. doubles
C. increases D. nothing happens

3. Which among the following will lower the activation energy for a reaction?
A. adding a catalyst B. increasing the concentration
C. raising the temperature D. removing products

4. Which among the following is not a factor that will affect the reaction rate?
A. collision energy B. collision frequency
C. collision orientation D. none of the above

5. Which of the following statements is false, given a reaction of k[A][B]2?

A. The reaction is first order in A.
B. The reaction is second order in B.
C. The reaction is second order overall.
D. k is the reaction rate constant

6. What is required for a reaction to occur?

A. collisions B. sufficient energy
C. collisions with sufficient energy D. nothing

7. What do you call the minimum amount of energy needed to start a reaction?
A. activation energy B. energy of reaction
C. enthalpy energy D. initiation energy

8. Which of the following would NOT increase the rate of reaction?

A. adding catalyst
B. increasing the concentration of reactants
C. increasing the volume of the container
D. raising the temperature

9. What is the unit of the rate of a chemical reaction?

A. grams per mole B. joules per mole
C. mole of solute/kg of solvent D. molarity per second

10. How does a catalyst increase the rate of a reaction?

A. decreasing the concentration of reactants
B. increasing the concentration of reactants
C. decreasing the activation energy of the overall reaction
D. increasing the activation energy of the overall reaction

iii
 Lesson
Reaction Rates and Collision Theory
4.1
What I Need to Know
This module discusses about the colligative properties of solutions and
determination of molar mass from colligative property data.

After going through this module, you are expected to

1. Describe how various factors influence the rate of a reaction

(STEM_GC11CKIIIi-j- 130);
2. Explain reactions qualitatively in terms of molecular collisions
(STEM_GC11CKIIIi- j-136).

What’s New
Activity 4.1.1. Reaction time! Write the rate expressions for the following
reactions in terms of the disappearance of the reactants and the appearance
of the products:

1. I- (aq) +OCl- (aq) Cl- (aq) + OI-(aq)

2. 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)

1
3. CH4(g) + Br2(g) CH3Br(g) + HBr(g)
2

What Is It
In the previous lessons we discover the colligative properties of a solution, the
mechanism of thermodynamics and enthalpy. Now, in this lesson, we will look more closely at
the relationships and the laws that govern chemical reactions.

If you recall your previous lessons, chemical reactions are tackled most of the time. In
fact, chemical reactions exist in all factors of chemistry. After understanding thermochemistry,
let’s move on to the next branch of chemistry which is chemical kinetics. Chemical kinetics is
the area of chemistry that tackles about speeds, or rates, at which a chemical reaction occurs.
When we say kinetic in physics, this involves movement or change of actions. Therefore, when
we say kinetic energy this basically refers to an energy available because of the movement of
an object. But, here in chemistry, we refer kinetic as a rate of reaction, which is the change in
the concentration of a reactant or a product with time (M/s).

We know that any reaction can be represented by the general equation,

Reactants Products

1
 This means that given a time of a reaction, all reactants will be consumed, and
products will be formed. As a result, we can monitor the progress of the reaction by observing
the decrease in concentration of the reactants or increase in the concentration of products. A
diagram below will help you picture out reaction rate. In this figure, reactant A is being
consumed and product B is being formed.

Figure 1. The progress of reaction A B at 10-s intervals over a period of 60 s. Initially, only A molecules (gray spheres)
are present

You can see that as the reactant is consumed, product also forms. This is also true in
their concentration. Initially, molecule A has high concentration while molecule B has none,
but as the reaction proceeds the concentration of molecule A decreases while the
concentration of molecule B increases. With this in mind, it will be more convenient to express
the reaction rate in terms of the change in concentration over time. This can be expressed
using equation 4.1.1.
− ∆𝐴 ∆𝐵
Rate = or Rate = equation 4.1.1
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡

Where ∆A represents the change in concentration of molecule A in terms of Molarity (M) and
∆t is the period of time. Notice that in ∆A there is a negative sign. This is because the rate of
reactant decreases over time. The rate of a reaction is a positive quantity, so a minus sign is
needed in the rate expression of the reactant to make the rate positive.

There are various factors that may affect the rate of reaction. The general idea behind this is
that when a factor excites the particles and increases the number of collisions between them,
the reaction rate will be increased. Whereas, if the factor decreases the number of collisions
this will also result to a decrease in reaction rate.

Collision theory states that for a reaction to occur between two particles:
a. The reacting particles must collide with each other.
b. The reacting particles must collide with a certain minimum energy called as the
activation energy. Ea. Activation energy refers to the minimum energy required to break
the bonds for the reaction to take place and new bonds of product to form.
c. The reacting particles collide in the correct orientation.

However, a chemical reaction does not automatically happen when particles collide.
Some collisions do not result in a chemical reaction. Such collisions are called ineffective
collisions. But how do we know that there are ineffective collisions? According to the collision
theory, the orientation and the energy of the colliding particles determine whether a collision
will lead to a chemical reaction or not.

Factors that influence the rate of reaction

A. Concentration of Reactants: A higher concentration of reactants leads to more effective

collisions per unit time, which results to an increase in the reaction rate (cannot be applied for
zero-order reactions). We can explain this using the collision theory which says that if we
double the number of reactant molecules, there will be twice as many collisions occurring at
2
the same time. Similarly, a higher concentration of products tends to be associated with a
lower reaction rate. Use the partial pressure of reactants in a gaseous state as a measure of
their concentration. One example of the effect of concentration in the reaction rates that can
be seen on our daily lives is that two antacid tablets will neutralize a given amount of acid
faster than one tablet will.

B. Temperature: Most of the time, an increase in temperature is accompanied by an increase

in the reaction rate. Temperature is a measure of the kinetic energy of a system, so higher
temperature indicates higher average kinetic energy of molecules and more collisions per unit
time. There is one general rule (but not applicable to all cases) that states that in each time
the temperature is increased by 10°C, the reaction rate will be doubled. We can also explain
this with the Collision theory. We know that as the temperature increases the more excited the
particles become and the more they will collide with each other. Therefore, the average kinetic
energy of all molecules is a direct function of temperature. This effect can be observed during
baking cookies. The cookies will bake faster at a high temperature than at a low temperature.

C. Medium or State of Matter: The rate of a chemical reaction depends on the medium in
which the reaction occurs. It may make a difference whether a medium is aqueous or organic;
polar or nonpolar; or liquid, solid, or gaseous. Reactions involving liquids and especially solids
depend on the available surface area. For solids, the shape and size of the reactants make a
big difference in the reaction rate.

D. Presence of Catalysts and Competitors: Catalysts (e.g., enzymes) lower the activation
energy of a chemical reaction and increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being
consumed in the process. Catalysts work by increasing the frequency of collisions between
reactants, altering the orientation of reactants so that more collisions are effective, reducing
intramolecular bonding within reactant molecules, or donating electron density to the
reactants. The presence of a catalyst helps a reaction proceed more quickly to equilibrium.

E. Pressure: Increasing the pressure of a reaction improves the probability of the reactants
to interact with each other, thus increasing the rate of the reaction. However, this factor is
important for reactions involving gases only.

F. Mixing: Mixing the reactants increases their ability to interact with each other, thus
increasing the rate of a chemical reaction.

What’s More
Activity 4.1.2. Crossword: Use the definition as a clue to the word that goes
into the corresponding blank spaces.

3
ACROSS
1. The change in the concentration of a reactant or a product with time.
3. The theory that states that reacting particles must collide with each other.
5. The minimum energy required to break the bonds for the reaction to take place.
DOWN
2. The factor that increases the rate of reaction but significant only for gases.
4. The factor that can increase the rate of reaction without being consumed in the process.

What I Have Learned

Activity 4.1.3. Explain me! Explain the phenomena/theory involved why certain actions
affect the rate of reaction. Minimum of two sentences.

1. Smaller pieces of charcoal can cook the food faster.

2. Storing food in refrigerator makes food last longer.
3. Small pieces of food are cooked faster.
4. Cooking of food using pressure cooker can be done faster.
5. Using platinum in manufacturing nitric acid reduces the production’s cost.

What I Can Do

Activity 4.1.4. Know me! Answer the following questions. You may refer to books and the
internet to solidify your explanation.

1. What is the relationship between each of the following factors and the reaction rate:
reactant concentration, temperature of the reaction, physical properties of the
reactants, physical and chemical properties of the solvent, and the presence of a
catalyst?

2. Why does the reaction rate of virtually all reactions increase with an increase in
temperature? If you were to make a glass of sweetened iced tea the old-fashioned
way, by adding sugar and ice cubes to a glass of hot tea, which would you add first?

3. Explain why an egg cooks more slowly in boiling water in Denver than in New York
City. (Hint: Consider the effect of temperature on reaction rate and the effect of
pressure on boiling point.)

4
 Lesson
The Rate Law
4.2
What’s In

Last time we learned that the rate of reaction can be expressed using the concentration
of reactants or product over time. We also learned several factors that affect the reaction rate.
Now, we will proceed to learning about rate laws. Here, we will find out the difference between
the zero, first and second order of reaction.

What I Need to Know

This module discusses about the difference between the three rate laws which are the
zero, first and second order of reaction.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

Differentiate zero, first-, and second-order reactions (STEM_GC11PPIIId-j-132).

What’s New

Activity 3.2.1. Match me! Choose the answer that best matches each of the definitions below.
Write the letter of your answer on the column entitled “Match”.

Definition Match Key Terms

It is an equation describing the
1 rate of reaction as influenced by A. Differential Rate Law
concentration at a given time.
It is the power to which the
2 concentration of a single B. First-order Reaction
substance is raised in the rate law.
It shows the dependence of the
3 C. Integrated Rate Law
rate of reaction on concentration

D. Order
It shows the change in
4
concentration over time.
E. Rate Law
It is a reaction whose rate
depends on the reactant
5 F. Second-order Reaction
concentration raised to the first
power.

5
 What Is It

The rate law is an equation describing the rate of reaction as influenced by

concentration at a given time. Rate law expressions enable us to calculate the rate of a
reaction from the rate constant and reactant concentrations. The rate laws can also be used
to determine the concentrations of reactants at any time during the course of a reaction. We
will illustrate this application by first considering two of the most common rate laws—those
applying to reactions that are first order overall and those applying to reactions that are second
order overall. The order is the power to which the concentration of a single substance is raised
in the rate law. In determining the reaction order from experimental data either the differential
rate law or the integrated rate law can be used. Frequently, the exponents in the rate law are
the positive integers: 0, 1 and 2. Hence, the reactions are zeroth, first, or second order in each
reactant.

There are two types of the rate law: the differential rate law and the integrated rate law.
The differential rate law shows the dependence of the rate of reaction on concentration, while
the integrated rate law shows the change in concentration over time.

Zeroth-Order Reactions

A zeroth-order reaction is one whose rate is independent of concentration. Its

differential rate law is rate = k. We refer to these reactions as zeroth order because we could
also write their rate in a form such that the exponent of the reactant in the rate law is 0:

∆[𝐴]
Rate = − = k [reactant]0 = k(1) = k
∆𝑡

Thus, the rate of a zero-order reaction is a constant, independent of reactant

concentration. The integrated rate law for a zeroth-order reaction has the general form shown
in equation 4.2.1.
[A] = [A]0 – kt equation 4.2.1

where [A]0 is the initial concentration of reactant A, k is the rate constant and t is the time. In
a zeroth-order reaction, the rate constant follows the unit of the reaction rate, typically moles
per liter per second.

The half-life. t1/2, is a timescale in which each half-life represents the reduction of the
initial population to 50% of its original state. We can represent the relationship by following
equation 4.2.2.
[𝐴]0
t1/2 = equation 4.2.2
2𝑘

Notice that, for zero-order reactions, the half-life depends on the initial concentration
of reactant and the rate constant.

First-Order Reactions

A first-order reaction (where order = 1) has a rate proportional to the concentration of

one of the reactants. A first-order reaction is a reaction whose rate depends on the reactant
concentration raised to the first power. A common example of a first-order reaction
is radioactive decay, the spontaneous process through which an unstable atomic
nucleus breaks into smaller, more stable fragments.

Let’s have an example to help you understand better the first-order reaction.

6
The reaction 2O3 3 O2 is a first-order reaction. The rate law is
1
− 𝑑[𝐴]
𝑎
Rate = = k [A]
𝑑𝑡
1
− 𝑑[𝑂3]
2
Rate = = k [O3]
𝑑𝑡

To solve for the previous differential equation, combine [A] on same side and separate t.

𝑑[𝐴]
= −𝑎𝑘 𝑑𝑡
[𝐴]

Integrating the differential equation, with limits, from initial time (t1) to final time, (t2)

𝑓 𝑑[𝐴] 𝑡2
∫𝑖 = −𝑎 ∫𝑡1 𝑘 𝑑𝑡
[𝐴]
Gives
[𝐴]𝑓
ln = - ak (t2 – t1)
[𝐴]𝑖

Assuming that the initial conditions pertain to the start of the reaction (t1 = 0) and [A]I = [A]0
which is the initial concentration of [A], and [A] is the concentration of [A] at any time t 2, the
equation becomes
[𝐴]
ln = -ak t2
[𝐴]0
Then, you may define kA = ak
[𝐴]
ln = -kA t2
[𝐴]0
[A] = [A]0𝑒 −𝑘𝐴 𝑡2

The previous equation suggests that for a first-order reaction, [A] decreases exponentially with
time. Accordingly, the rate also decreases exponentially with time. A large rate constant
indicates the rapid decrease in concentration. Obtaining the linear form of the integrated first-
order equation.
[𝐴]
ln 0 = 𝑘𝐴 𝑡2 equation 4.2.3
[𝐴]

The half-life of first order reaction is independent on the initial concentration [A] 0 as shown in
equation 4.2.4.
0.693
𝑡1 = equation 4.2.4
2 𝑘𝐴

Second-order Reaction

The rate law for a second-order reaction generally has the form k[A]2 for the reaction
aA product. Also, for the reaction aA + bB cC + dD, the rate law is expressed as

Rate = k [A][B] equation 4.2.5

Where A and B are two different reactants. As illustrated, n=2 (n=1 with respect to each of [A]
and [B]).

Integrating the rate law expression gives

1 1
= = 𝑘𝐴 𝑡 equation 4.2.6
[𝐴] 𝐴0

In addition, the half-life for a second-order reaction is

1
𝑡1 = equation 4.2.6
2 [𝐴]0 𝑘𝐴

7
 What’s More

Activity 4.2.2. Let’s do this! Answer the following problems. Write your full solution on your
answer sheet and box the final answer.

The conversion of cyclopropane to propene in the gas phase is a first-order reaction with a
rate constant of 6.7 x 1024 s-1 at 500°C.

A. If the initial concentration of cyclopropane was 0.25 M, what is the concentration

after 8.8 min?

B. How long (in minutes) will it take for the concentration of cyclopropane to decrease
from 0.25 M to 0.15 M?

C. How long (in minutes) will it take to convert 74 percent of the starting material?

What I Have Learned

Activity 4.2.3. Explain me! Explain your answer in 2 or more sentences.

On March 11, 2011, the Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan was severely
damaged by a huge tsunami caused by a strong earthquake. As a consequence, radioactive
materials have accidentally spilled out of the power plant, exposing its immediate environment
to high doses of radiation. Since then, scientists have been monitoring the amount of radiation
in the area. Unfortunately, radiation is still high until 2016. Explain why even after almost five
years, radiation is still high in the vicinity of the power plant.

What I Can Do
Activity 4.2.4. Make me! Diagram what you learned in this lesson by making
a concept map about the rate law. This activity is essential for you to learn better visually and
be creative!

8
 Lesson
Catalysis
4.3
What’s In
Previously, we learned that catalyst is one of the factors that can affect the rate
of reaction. In this lesson, we will go deeper about how the catalyst affects the
reaction rate and learn the different types of catalysts.

What I Need to Know

This module discusses about activation energy and catalyst.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Explain activation energy and how a catalyst affects the reaction rate
(STEM_GC11CKIIIi-j-137);
2. Cite and differentiate the types of catalysts (STEM_GC11CKIIIi-j-138).

What’s New
Activity 4.3.1. Find me! Locate the words associated with catalyst in the grid. The words
can be running in horizontal, vertical and diagonal directions.

R H O M O G E N E O U S E G G
V A N T S F G O A T S A G A W
F B C A T A L Y S T B A T D F
S O G M I L I A O R G C I S R
U I E N O M O K A L E A Y O E
B I N H I B I T O R V T V R E
S I J V E N G H O F F A K P Z
T N A F S U L P T E O L N T I
R G E N Z Y M E R H A Y A I N
A A T S L C I P E O P S R O G
T A P R O D U C T R D I A N C
E B L E T C H B U N N S F A T
A C T I V A T I O N E D F M E
A T T A O D E G R L A S E R S
H E T E R O G E N E O U S W Q

1. _____________________ 6. ___________________
2. _____________________ 7. ___________________
3. _____________________ 8. ___________________
4. _____________________ 9. ___________________
5. _____________________ 10. __________________

9
 What Is It
A catalyst is usually added to speed up the rate of reaction without being
consumed in the reaction. In other words, it only pushes forward the reaction, but the catalyst
amount or concentration won’t change during the reaction. The presence of a catalyst
increases the rate of the reaction by lowering the activation energy, a larger fraction of effective
collisions would occur at a given temperature, resulting in product formation. Take note that
although the catalyst lowers the activation energy, it does not in any way alter the chemical
reaction to yield another type of reaction or product. Hence, the corresponding energies of
both reactants and products stay the same.

A catalyst can be classified as homogeneous or heterogeneous. A homogeneous

catalyst is present in the same phase as the reactants, whereas a heterogeneous catalyst is
present in a different phase. Generally, reactions occurring in the atmosphere, such as the
decomposition of ozone by nitric oxide, all occur in one phase.

Heterogeneous Catalysis

In heterogeneous catalysis, the reactants and the catalyst are in different phases.
Usually, the catalyst is a solid and the reactants are either gases or liquids. Heterogeneous
catalysis is by far the most important type of catalysis in industrial chemistry, especially in the
synthesis of many key chemicals such as polymerization, oil cracking and hydrogenation.
These types of processes involve reactions that readily occur on the surface of catalysts.
Corrosion, adhesion and detergency are some examples associated with surface reactions.

Heterogeneous catalysis proceeds according to the following steps:

1. Diffusion of the reactants on the surface.

2. Adsorption of the reactant onto the surface. Where, adsorption is a process in
which a substance is introduced on the surface of another substance.
3. Reaction taking place on the surface. The occurrence of the chemical reaction
depends on the adsorption process.
4. Desorption of products from the surface.
5. Diffusion of products into the solution.

Homogeneous Catalysis

In homogeneous catalysis the reactants and catalyst are dispersed in a single phase,
usually liquid. Acid and base catalysis are the most important types of homogeneous catalysis
in liquid solution. Homogeneous catalysis can also take place in the gas phase. A well-known
example of catalyzed gas-phase reactions is the lead chamber process, which for many years
was the primary method of manufacturing sulfuric acid. Homogeneous catalysis has several
advantages over heterogeneous catalysis. For one thing, the reactions can often be carried
out under atmospheric conditions, thus reducing production costs and minimizing the
decomposition of products at high temperatures. In addition, homogeneous catalysts can be
designed to function selectively for a particular type of reaction, and homogeneous catalysts
cost less than the precious metals (for example, platinum and gold) used in heterogeneous
catalysis.

Enzymes Catalysis
10
 The human body contains catalysts that allow essential biological reactions to take
place in it. These catalysts are called enzymes. Enzymes are proteins that catalyzed many
biochemical reactions. The action of enzymes is specific. The enzyme acts upon a molecule
called the substrate, which specifically binds on an active site to form the enzyme-substrate
complex. While the substrate is bound to the enzyme, it produces the product which, in turn,
is released from the enzyme. A typical enzyme reaction is shown below:
K1 K2
E+S K-1 ES E+P
K-2

Where E stands for enzyme, S represents the substrate, ES is the enzyme-substrate

complex and P is the product.

Some substances interfere with the action of a catalyst. These substances are called
inhibitor. An inhibitor combines with an enzyme and prevents the enzyme from triggering
essential biological reactions.

What’s More

Activity 4.3.2. A. Complete me! Complete the table by giving the function and sources of the
enzymes mentioned.

ENZYMES FUNCTION SOURCES

1. Protease
2. Amylase
3. Lipase
4. Lactase
5. Maltase
6. Sucrase

B. Identify me! Choose from the words inside the box the best term that will complete each
sentence below.

Amylase Inhibitor
Concentration Lipase
Enzymes Surface Area

1. When the ______________ of reactants is increased, the rate of reaction speeds up

because more particles are engaged in the reaction.

2. Substances in the body that speed up biological reactions are called

______________.

3. The substance present in saliva that changes starch to simple sugar is

____________.

4. The smaller the particle size, the larger is the particle’s _____________.

5. When a substance prevents the enzyme from further reactions by combining with the
enzyme, the substance is a/an ______________.

11
 What I Have Learned

Activity 4.3.3. Explain me! Briefly explain the following in 2 or more sentences.

1. Explain how activation energy and catalysts affect the reaction rates.

2. What are the different types of catalyst? Describe each.

3. Explain the importance of catalysts in relation to the energy requirement needed for a
reaction to take place.

What I Can Do

Activity 4.3.4. Experiment time! Prepare the materials needed and follow the procedure
below. Then, answer the questions given in your answer sheet.

Materials: small potato, calamansi juice, knife

Procedure:

1. Prepare two small slices of raw potato.

2. Dip one slice immediately into the calamansi juice.
3. Wait for 1-2 minutes and compare the two potato slices.

Questions:

1. Why do you have to wait for 1-2 minutes before you observe the potato slices?

2. Which slice of potato turns brown? Explain.

3. Which substance acts as the inhibitor? What is the importance of the inhibitor to
produce such a reaction?

12
Summary
Reaction Rate and Collision Theory

The table below summarizes the factors and effects of these factors on the reaction rate

The Rate Law

The summary of the kinetics of zero, first and second-order reactions.

Order Rate Law Concentration-time Equation Half-life

[𝐴]0
0 Rate = k [A]t = -kt + [A]0
2𝑘
[𝐴]𝑡 0.693
1 Rate = k [A] ln = −𝑘𝑡
[𝐴]0 𝑘
1 1 1
2 Rate = k [A]2 = 𝑘𝑡 +
[𝐴]𝑡 [𝐴]0 𝑘[𝐴]0

Catalysis

• A catalyst speeds up a reaction usually by lowering the value of Ea. A catalyst can be
recovered unchanged at the end of a reaction.

• In heterogeneous catalysis, which is of great industrial importance, the catalyst is a

solid and the reactants are gases or liquids. In homogeneous catalysis, the catalyst
and the reactants are in the same phase. Enzymes are catalysts in living systems.

13
 Assessment: (Post-Test)
Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the best answer from among the given
choices.
1. What is the amount of substance in a given volume?
A. concentration B. catalyst
C. surface area D. temperature
2. What will increase when you expose more particles for collisions?
A. catalyst B. concentration
C. surface area D. temperature
3. Which factor decreases the rate of reaction?
A. adding a catalyst B. decreasing the temperature
C. increasing surface area D. increasing concentration
4. What is the role of a catalyst?
A. to change gibb’s energy B. to change enthalpy
C. to change activation energy D. to change equilibrium
5. Which of the following statements is not correct about order of a reaction?
A. The order of a reaction can be a fractional number
B. Order of a reaction is experimentally determined quantity
C. The order of a reaction is always equal to the sum of the stoichiometric
coefficients of reactants in the balanced chemical equation for a reaction.
D. The order of a reaction is the sum of the powers of molar concentration of
the reactants in the rate law expression.
6. Which of the following statements is incorrect about the collision theory of chemical
reaction?
A. It considers reacting molecules or atoms to be hard spheres and ignores
their structural features.
B. Number of effective collisions determines the rate of reaction.
C. Collision of atoms or molecules possessing sufficient threshold energy
results into the product formation.
D. Molecules should collide with sufficient threshold energy and proper
orientation for the collision to be effective.
7. When the concentration of reactant molecules is increased, the rate of reaction
increases. What is the best explanation? As the reactant concentration increases,
A. the average kinetic energy of molecules increases.
B. the frequency of molecular collisions increases.
C. the rate constant increases.
D. the activation energy increases.
8. Which statement is true about the speed of a chemical reaction?
A. is constant no matter what the temperature is.
B. is independent of the amount of contact surface of a solid involved.
C. varies inversely with the absolute temperature.
D. between ions in aqueous solution is extremely rapid because there are no
bonds that need to be broken.
9. What helps to speed up a reaction but does not take part in the chemical reaction?
A. catalyst B. coefficients
C. ingredients D. reactants
10. What are the units of k for the rate law: Rate = k[A][B]2, when the concentration unit is
mol/L?
A. s-1 B. s
C. L mol-1 s-1 D. L2 mol-2 s
14
References

Apodaca, Dahlia. “Chapter 6: Chemical Kinetics.” Essay. In General Chemistry 2, edited by

Thelma A. Rivera, 103–39. Makati: Diwa Learning Systems Inc, 2017.

Chang, Raymond. Chemistry. Chang. New York (24-05-96 EPS: McGraw-Hill, 1991.

Echija, Elena C., Cecilia V. Bayquen, Rafael L. Alfonso, and Elmarita A. De Vera. “Chapter
12: Rate of Chemical Reaction.” Essay. In Frontliners in Science and Technology, 214–25.
Makati City: Diwa Learning Systems Inc, 2002.

Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. "Factors That Affect the Chemical Reaction Rate."
ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/factors-that-effect-chemical-reaction-rate-609200
(accessed August 13, 2020).

17
For inquiries and feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

DepEd Division of Cagayan de Oro City

Fr. William F. Masterson Ave., Upper Balulang, Cagayan de Oro
Telefax: ((08822)855-0048
E-mail Address: [email protected]

18