Induction Machine

By
Dr. Krishna Roy
Assistant Professor
Electrical Engineering Department
NITR
 Syllabus
Induction Machine:
Three phase induction motor:
Construction and principle of operation
Equation of mechanical power developed and torque
No load and blocked rotor test
Starting and speed control
Single phase induction motor:
Principle of operation-Double field revolving theory
Construction and operation
Starting of 3-phase Induction
Motor

3
 3-phase induction motor starting
• Starting = standstill (s = 1) RR1 1 jXjX jX 2 jX 2
1
1 R2 R2
• R2(1-s)/s shorted
• So large starting current
• Produce torque impulse RcR
c
jX mjX
m
 1 s 
R2  
 s 
• Sudden dip in supply line
voltage
• Affect operation of other
equipment connected to
the line
• Starting methods are:
• Direct-On-Line (DOL) starting
• Stator resistance/reactance starting
• Auto transformer starting
• Star-delta starting
• Rotor resistance starting
4
 3-phase induction motor starting
Starting current, starting torque:
1 I 22 R2
2
Tst  I st  Te  
 sf s s
T f  I f 

If, Tf, sf = full load current, torque and slip

5
 Direct On Line (DOL) starting
• Simplest and cheapest
• No extra arrangement
• Only for small motors ( < 5 HP)
• Full supply voltage directly given to motor terminals

6
 Direct On Line (DOL) starting
Ist =IL=Isc R1 jX 1 R2 jX 2

V1 Rc jX m

Per phase starting current (Ist) Z sc

= Per phase short circuit current (Isc) Tst  I st 
2
 
2
T
   s f   I sc   s f  sc
T f  I f  I  Tf
= Per phase line current (IL)   f 
V1  V1  Tst  Tsc
I st  I sc    I f  
Z sc  Z f 
Tsc is the short circuit
Zsc = Per phase short circuit torque, i.e. blocked rotor
impedance torque of the motor when
Zf = Per phase impedance under full voltage is applied to its
normal running stator 7
 Reduced voltage starting
• Starting current is high if full voltage is applied
V1
I st  I sc 
Z sc
• Because starting impedance (Zsc) is very low
• SQIM rotor is not accessible from outside
• So rotor impedance can not be increased at starting
• So, either increase stator impedance or,
• Supply a reduced voltage at starting
• That reduces the supply current
• But, it reduces the starting torque as well, so motor may
fail to start if a high load is connected

8
 Reduced voltage starting
• Methods for SQIM
• stator resistor (or reactor) starting
• auto-transformer starting
• star-delta starting
• Methods for SRIM
• All the above 3 methods
• Rotor resistance starting (since rotor is accessible from
outside through slip rings and brushes)

9
 Stator resistor (or reactor) starting
• Three variable reactors (or resistors) are connected between
the supply mains and the three stator phase windings.
• These three reactors (or resistors) should be varied in a
balanced way.
• At starting, the external reactors (or resistors) are set to high
values
• So that out of the total supply voltage, a substantial part is
dropped across them and only a much reduced amount of
voltage is available across the stator phases.
• As the motor speeds up, the variable reactors (or resistors)
are gradually reduced
• Finally when the motor runs at full speed, these reactors (or
resistors) are completely cut-off (shorted) from the circuit
• So that the stator now receives full supply voltage.
• Reactors are preferred over resistors, because resistors will
involve additional power loss. 10
 Stator resistor (or reactor) starting

• Total supply voltage per phase = V1

• External reactor set at ‘x’ fraction
• Voltage dropped across external reactor = (1 – x)V1
• Voltage available across motor coil per phase = xV1

11
 Stator resistor (or reactor) starting
Ist =IL R1 jX 1 R2 jX 2 • Starting current
xV1
xV1
I st 
Rc jX m
Z sc
• Zsc = short circuit
Z sc impedance of the motor
per phase referred to stator
But, we have seen earlier,
I st  xI sc
V1
 I sc = Short circuit current per phase
Z sc
= Starting current when full voltage is applied to
the stator during start
= Starting current at DOL

12
 Stator resistor (or reactor) starting
I st  xI sc

Starting current with

stator reactor
= (x)fraction of
starting current as
DOL
• Thus, by adding the external reactor in series with the stator, the
starting current is reduced to ‘x’ p.u. of the current value that would
have flown if the motor was started at full voltage directly on line
(DOL).
• This same current flows through the supply line terminals as well.
• Thus, in case of stator reactor starting of a star connected three
phase induction motor, line current drawn from the supply is:
I L  I st  xI sc 13
 Stator resistor (or reactor) starting
I st  xI sc
• In terms of torque developed
2 2 2
Tst  I st   xI  I  2 T
   s f   sc   s f  x 2   sc   s f  x sc
T f  I f 
  If   If  Tf

Tst  x 2Tsc

• Tsc is the short circuit torque, i.e. blocked rotor torque of the
motor when full voltage is applied to its stator (i.e. DOL).

• Thus, the starting torque with reduced voltage of x p.u. across

the stator is reduced to x2 p.u. of the starting torque if the
motor would have been started with full supply voltage (DOL).

14
 Autotransformer starting
• A three-phase auto-transformer is used to supply variable
voltage to the stator of a three-phase induction motor.

• At starting, tap positions in the auto-transformer are set to

low values so that a reduced fraction of the supply voltage is
applied to the stator winding per phase.

• As the motor accelerates, the auto-transformer tap positions

are moved accordingly so that gradually increasing voltage is
made available at the stator terminals.

• Finally, when the motor speed reaches its full value, the auto-
transformer is cut-off and full voltage is applied to the motor
terminals.

15
 Autotransformer starting

• Total supply voltage per phase = V1

• Auto transformer tap position set at ‘x’ fraction
• Voltage available across motor coil per phase = xV1

16
 Autotransformer starting
Ist R1 jX 1 R2 jX 2 • Starting current
xV1 V1
xV1 Rc jX m
I st  x  xI sc
Z sc Z sc

Z sc
VL
V1 3
I sc  
Z sc Z sc
= Starting current
per phase at
DOL

17
 Autotransformer starting
I st  xI sc
Autotransformer input
VA = Output VA
I L  V1  I st  xV1
I L  xI st  xxI sc   x 2 I sc

• The line current drawn from the supply is thus much less
(since x< 1, x2<< 1) than the corresponding DOL starting
current.

• This is great advantage since the line voltage dip will be

less.
18
 Autotransformer starting
I st  xI sc
• In terms of torque developed
2 2 2
Tst  I st   xI  I  2 T
   s f   sc   s f  x 2   sc   s f  x sc
T f  I f 
  If   If  Tf

Tst  x 2Tsc

Starting torque with auto-transformer starting is x2 p.u. of the

starting torque with DOL starting.

19
 Star-delta starting
• This starting method is applicable to motors that are designed
to run with its stator windings connected as delta during
normal condition.

• The star-delta starter connects the stator winding as star

during starting and re-connect to delta as the motor speed
reaches near its full value.

• Thus at starting, only 1/3 times the full line voltage is

available across each of the phases of the star-connected
stator winding, thereby reducing the starting current.

20
Star-delta starting

21
 Star-delta starting
• Starting current per phase
V1
I st  I Y  3
Z sc

Without the start-delta starter, if the motor would have been

started DOL with its stator permanently connected as delta,
then the starting current per phase:
V1
I sc  I  
Z sc

22
 Star-delta starting
• Starting current per phase
V1
I st  I Y  3
Z sc
V1
I sc  I  
Z sc
V1
Z sc
I Y I st 3 1
  
I  I sc V1 Z sc 3
Thus, with star-delta starter:
I st 1 1
 I st   I sc  0.58I sc
I sc 3 3

23
 Star-delta starting
• Torque:
2
Tst TY  I Y  2

  sf Tsc T  I  
     sf
T f T f  I f 


Tf Tf  I f  

2
Tst TY  I Y  I Y I st 1
     
Tsc T  I   I  I sc 3

2 2
Tst  I Y   1  1

     0.58 
2

Tsc  I    3  3

1
Tst  Tsc Tst  0.58 2 Tsc
3
24
 Star-delta starting
• With star-delta starter:
I st  0.58I sc Tst  0.58 2 Tsc

• With star-delta starter, a motor behaves as if it is being started

by an auto-transformer starter with a ratio x = 1/3
• . i.e. with the auto-transformer tap at 58%.
1
Tst  Tsc
3
• For this delta connected motor, the starting torque with star-
delta starter is 1/3rd of the starting torque if it was started
DOL with stator connected as delta

25
 Rotor resistance starting – for SRIM only
• Full voltage is applied to the stator terminals
• The effective motor resistance is increased by adding extra
resistance to the rotor windings during starting.
• These external resistances are connected to the rotor
windings through brushes and slip rings.
• At starting, values of these external resistances are set to
maximum
• Motor impedance is maximum at starting
• Motor starting current is restricted
• As the motor speeds up, these variable resistances are
gradually reduced.
• When the motor reaches speed near its full value, these
starting resistances are completely cut-off and the rotor
windings are externally shorted at the brushes.

26
Rotor resistance starting – for SRIM only

27
Speed control of 3-phase Induction
Motor

28
 Speed control of 3-phase Induction Motor
• The operating speed of a 3-phase induction motor is given by:
N r  1  s  N S
• Where, the synchronous speed NS is related to the supply
frequency f and number of poles P by the equation:
120 f
NS 
P
• The above expressions indicates that the speed Nr of an
induction motor can be controlled by varying the
synchronous speed NS or the slip s.

29
 Speed control of 3-phase Induction Motor
N r  1  s  N S 120 f
NS 
P
• The synchronous speed can be changed by varying either the
frequency f, or the number of poles P of the motor.
• On the other hand, the slip s can be controlled by varying the
supply voltage, or by varying the motor circuit resistance or
reactance.
• Accordingly, the practical methods of speed control of a 3-
phase induction motor can be listed as:
•Variation of supply voltage
•Variation of supply frequency
•Variation of number of poles
•Variation of rotor circuit resistance or reactance

30
Speed control by variation of supply voltage
• Recall the expression for developed torque in a 3-phase
induction motor:
3 V12 R2 '
T  
s  R2 ' 
2
s
   X 1  X 2 '
2
 R1 
 s 
• It is thus seen that the developed torque is proportional to
square of the supply voltage

31
Speed control by variation of supply voltage
• The figure shows the nature of
variation of developed torque
with change in supply voltage.
• One possible example of load-
torque characteristic is also
included in the plot.
• The intersection points between
the load torque line and the
developed torque curves at
different voltages indicate the
stable operating points of the
motor at those different supply
voltages and the corresponding
stable running speeds.

32
Speed control by variation of supply frequency
N r  1  s  N S 120 f
NS 
P
• The above expressions indicate that the speed Nr of an
induction motor can be controlled by varying the
synchronous speed NS or the slip s.
• The synchronous speed can be changed by varying either the
frequency f, or the number of poles P of the motor.

33
Speed control by variation of supply frequency
• Recall the expression for developed torque in a 3-phase
induction motor:
3 V12 R2 '
T  
s  R2 ' 
2
s
   X 1  X 2 '
2
 R1 
 s 
• The angular frequency s in the expressions for torque, i.e.
the synchronous speed depends on supply frequency.
• Thus it is apparent that the starting torque, maximum torque,
slip for maximum torque, and the synchronous speed, all can
be changed by varying the supply frequency f.

34
Speed control by variation of supply frequency
• The motor developed torque
characteristics at varying
frequencies can hence be
shown as in the figure.
• Note that as the frequency is
raised, the torque reduces and
synchronous speed increases.

• Consider the load torque shown by the plot TLA.

• For this load, as the frequency is increased from f1 f2
f3 f4, the load torque graph intersection points with the
corresponding motor torque-speed graphs shift to higher
speeds and the motor speed thus increase at higher
frequencies.

35
Speed control by variation of number of poles
• Pole Changing Method is one of the main methods of
the speed control of an induction motor.
• The number of stator poles can be changed by the following
three methods
• multiple stator windings
• consequent poles
• pole amplitude modulation

36
Speed control by variation of number of poles
By providing multiple stator windings:
• Two windings are provided on the stator which are wound for
different number of poles.
• One winding is energized at a time for a particular speed and
the idle winding is kept open to avoid circulating currents and
its heating.
• Change over from one speed to another is made by a TPDT
switch.

37
Speed control by variation of number of poles
By using consequent poles:
• In this method, a single stator winding is divided into few coil
groups.
• The terminals of all these groups are brought out.
• By simply changing the coil connections, the number of poles
can be changed.
• In practice, the stator windings are divided only in two coil
groups.
• The number of poles can be changed in the ratio of 2:1.

38
Speed control by variation of number of poles
120 f
N r  1  s 
P

Series connection

Parallel connection

High speed, 4-pole connection

39
Speed control by variation of number of poles
120 f
N r  1  s 
P

Series connection

Parallel connection

Low speed, 8-pole connection

40
Speed control by variation of rotor resistance
• Recall the expression for developed torque in a 3-phase
induction motor:
3 V12 R2 '
T  
s  R2 ' 
2
s
   X 1  X 2 '
2
 R1 
 s 
• It can be estimated that with increasing rotor circuit resistance
• The starting torque Tst increases slightly
• There is no change in the maximum torque Tm since it is
independent of the rotor circuit resistance R2
• The slip for maximum torque smt increases since it is
directly proportional to R2

41
Speed control by variation of rotor resistance
• The torque-speed
characteristics of an
induction motor with varying
values of rotor circuit
resistance are shown in the
figure.

42
Thank You

43