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QM-Part 1

The document discusses the photoelectric effect and how light can free electrons from a solid surface. It then covers Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect using quantized energy. The Compton effect is described as evidence of the particle nature of radiation through x-ray scattering experiments. De Broglie's matter wave hypothesis and electron diffraction experiments are also summarized.

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25 views38 pages

QM-Part 1

The document discusses the photoelectric effect and how light can free electrons from a solid surface. It then covers Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect using quantized energy. The Compton effect is described as evidence of the particle nature of radiation through x-ray scattering experiments. De Broglie's matter wave hypothesis and electron diffraction experiments are also summarized.

Uploaded by

Mr. 73
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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2.

The Photoelectric Effect

Under the right conditions light can be used to push


electrons, freeing them from the surface of a solid. This
process is called the photoelectric effect (or photoelectric
emission or photoemission)
2. The Photoelectric Effect

Under the right conditions light can be used to push electrons, freeing
them from the surface of a solid. This process is called the photoelectric
effect (or photoelectric emission or photoemission)
Vstop independent of the intensity of light
Some threshold frequency is necessary for the generation of
photoelectrons !!
In 1905, Albert Einstein (N) proposed the well-known Einstein's equation
for photoelectric effect.

1
me vk2 = Ek = h − W
2

W = work function (binding energy)


E = h (quantized energy)
Einstein equation
Stopping voltage Vstop vs frequency
R. Millikan
Compton effect Evidence of corpuscular nature of
radiation
• Scattering of x-rays of 20 keV energy from light atoms. Since electrons
have low binding energies ~ 10 eV, they can be treated as free
electrons

Momentum

• Classical Prediction –
Electron initially at rest radiates with frequency of incident light. X-rays
give some energy to electrons, they lose momentum. Electron picks up
momentum and recedes from source of x-rays, sees lower frequency
due to Doppler effect and re-radiates this lower frequency. Frequency of
re-radiation should decrease continuously to a final value in any
direction since electron keeps on gradually absorbing energy from x-rays
Compton effect Evidence of corpuscular nature of
radiation
• Scattering of x-rays of 20 keV energy from light atoms. Since electrons
have low binding energies ~ 10 eV, they can be treated as free
electrons

Momentum

• Experimental Result –
X-rays scattered by electrons at a particular angle are found to have one
sharply defined frequency, lower than that of the incident rays.
Thus, scattering is not a gradual process during which electron picks up
momentum at a continuous rate, but that the interaction of x-ray and
electron is instantaneous
Compton effect Partial transfer of photon energy
Conservation of momentum
along initial photon direction

Conservation of momentum along


perpendicular to initial photon direction
Energy conservation
~
Compton wavelength = 2.4 pm

Compton shift
de Broglie matter wave hypothesis (1923)

All matter has a wave-like nature (wave-particle duality) and


that the wavelength and momentum of a particle are related
by a simple equation.
5. Electron Diffraction
Davisson-Germer Experiment (1927)

Electron has
wave nature
(diffraction)!
KE=54 eV is non relativistic
Experimental proof of de Broglie hypothesis
W. Heisenberg E. Schrödinger

Uncertainty relations &


Wave mechanics
Matrix mechanics (1932)
(1933)
P.A. M. Dirac W. Pauli

Relativistic theory Exclusion principle


of electron (1933) (1945)
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Relations

Minimum Uncertainty (Gaussian wave packets)


Electrons confined in atoms
J eV
Hydrogen atom ionisation potential : 13.6 eV
particles confined in nucleus
Size of the nucleus
Harmonic oscillator: Ground state
Zero point energy
Hydrogen atom: Ground state
Bohr radius
Minimum energy
Abbe Sine condition for resolution
P

Double slit
experiment

Condition for a
maximum at P

=0
You want to know through which
hole photon has traveled
the atom could just as
well be at postion A’
A condition for
a minimum at P

Interference washed out !

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