NAME: SEVIAS

SURNAME: MBUDAYA

STUDENT NUMBER: N02419404K

PROGRAM: COMPUTER SCIENCE

FACULTY: APPLIED SCIENCE

LEVEL: 1.1

YEAR: 2024
The period of first generation was from 1946-1959. The computers of first generation used
vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing
Unit). These tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a lot of heat and the installations used to fuse
frequently. Therefore, they were very expensive and only large organizations were able to afford
it. In this generation, mainly batch processing operating system was used. Punch cards, paper
tape, and magnetic tape was used as input and output devices. The computers in this generation
used machine code as the programming language.

First-generation computers were enormous in size, often occupying entire rooms. They
consumed vast amounts of electrical power and generated considerable heat, necessitating
complex cooling systems. Examples of these behemoths include the Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) and the Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC). Vacuum
tube computers marked a shift towards digital computing at higher speeds compared to
mechanical systems

This generation began the computing history where machines evolved small and simple
calculators to more advanced electronic devices . Due to the presence of vacuum tubes in this
generation , the computers were able to perform more complex calculations in a faster way than
the previous electronic devices .The first generation computers had an impact on the
technological improvements across the different generations due to the laying down of
fundamental concepts that are still relevant today . This then led to the improved efficiency and
performance in computer operations .

Advantages of 1st Generation Disadvantages of 1st Generation

 The first generation was tough to  They consumed high amounts of
hack and was quite strong. energy/electricity.
 The first generation paved the way  They were not portable due to their
for future computer generations. weight and size.
 The first generation had a color-  They were slow due to their use of
coded feature that made it easier to inefficient vacuum tube technology.
identify readings quickly.
 First generation computers were
. heavy, weighing around 30 tons,
and large in size.
Second Generation

The Second Generation of Computers refers to the period in the 1950s and 1960s when
computers transitioned from using vacuum tubes (First Generation) to transistors. Transistors are
smaller, more reliable, and generate less heat than vacuum tubes. This shift made computers
smaller, faster, and more affordable. These computers were still quite large and mainly used by
businesses, universities, and government agencies for tasks like calculations and record keeping.
The second generation of Computers used assembly languages like COBOL, making it easier to
write programs. Magnetic core memory was also used for data storage, improving the speed and
reliability of information processing. They marked a significant improvement in computer
technology, paying the way for further advancements in the future. This era laid the foundation
for modern technologies and programming concepts that are still relevant today
The transition to transistor-based technology facilitated several innovations in computer design
and functionality. With the advent of transistors, computers could perform calculations at
unprecedented speeds, laying the groundwork for real-time processing and scientific simulations.
Additionally, the introduction of magnetic core memory provided a more reliable and efficient
means of data storage, enabling larger and more complex programs to be executed. Moreover,
the development of assembly language programming facilitated higher-level abstraction and
streamlined software development processes.
There was also anoticeable improvement in businesses as companies started using these
computers for jobs like keeping track of inventory as well as analysing the data at all times . This
improvement showed a big difference in how well they would get things done due to the use of
these computers which made work easier.

Advantages of 2nd Generation Disadvantages of 2nd Generation

 They offered better portability and  hey were not very versatile and
smaller size. cheaper.
 They provided better speed and  They still required a cooling
improved accuracy. system even though they generated
less heat.
 They were faster and widely used
commercially, improving accuracy  They were only used for specific
and offering better portability. objectives and required frequent
maintenance.
The third generation computers were introduced in 1965 and they stopped in 1971. This
generation is upgraded compared to the other two previous generations. Third-generation
computers used integrated circuits in place of transistors. With the use of integrated circuits,
these computers became reliable, generated less heat, were small in size, fast, very less
maintenance, and were inexpensive. Despite consuming less electricity still, they were a little
expensive and required an air conditioner for cooling purposes.

From this generation, computers were not tech things for only big businesses and higher
authorities, they had changed into personal computers used by various people. This generation
reduced the usage of extra time from microseconds to nanoseconds. The computers used punch
cards for the input process in the second generation computers. The process was to code the
instructions you want to give the computer in the punch cards and then insert them. In the third
generation of computers, the usage of keyboards and monitors started instead of punch cards.
This revolutionized computing, as it was now possible to create smaller, cheaper computers that
were multitudes faster than pre-microchip era computers.

Suddenly computers became more affordable, and soon programmers and technology enthusiasts
became more numerous, leading to further developments in the field of computer programming
as well as in computer hardware. It was during this time that many high-level programming
languages were gaining widespread use, programming languages such as C, Pascal, COBOL and
FORTRAN. Magnetic storage also became more popular in this era.

Advantages of 3rd Generation Disadvantages of 3rd Generation

 As compared to the first and second  It required air conditioning for the
generations, the third generation cooling purposes in the mainframes
computers were smaller in size
 The technology used was highly
 The reliability of the computers sophisticated for the manufacturing
increased with the introduction of the purpose of integrated circuits
third generation
 The integrated circuits were difficult to
 The energy consumption was less by repair
these computers and the generation of
heat was also reduced
Fourth-generation computers were released in 1972 after third-generation computers that used
microprocessors. They used (VLSI) circuits, also called microprocessors.. Fourth-generation
computers were more adaptable, had more primary storage capacity, were faster and more
reliable than previous generations, and were also portable, small, and required less electricity.
The brain of fourth-generation computers is LSI chip technology. It was possible to make
extremely powerful machines which were quite small with this technology. This culminated in a
social transformation in the computer field. A computing circuitry size length of a postcard was
soon available on a single ship
Intel was the first company to develop a microprocessor used in fourth-generation computers.
Personal computers (PCs) were developed in this generation, which led to the popularity of
computers and the personal computer revolution. There was also an advancement in software due
to the introduction of of operating systems like Microsoft’s Windows and Apple’s Mac OS .This
resulted in computers being more user friendly and this further increased the widespread
adoption of these computers as it was also easier to connect one computer to another in a
network.

This generation of computers had the first supercomputers, used

complex programming languages like C, C++, DBASE, etc., and could perform many accurate
calculations. The forth generation uses the Von Neuman as shown below

Advantages of 4th Generation Disadvantage of 4th Generation

Fourth-generation computers were smaller Fourth generation computers need a fan to
and more dependable. cool them down.
During this time, PCs became more Fourth generation computers use complex
inexpensive and widespread. VLSI Chip chips, and VLSI Chip
manufacturing requires advanced technology.
In this form of computer, any high-level
 language can be employed. To build 4th generation computers,
microprocessors were needed, and to develop
those, high technical knowledge is needed.

The fifth generation of computers appeared following the 4th computers and are still being
developed. These 5th generations of computers use artificial intelligence to perform various
actions. Japan invented the FGCS in 1982, a type of fifth-generation computer with high
computing power that uses microelectronic technology.
The fifth gen of computers is the most recent and advanced computers. These computers use
programming languages such as Python, R, C#, Java, etc., as input methods. These computers
are extremely dependable and employ ULSI technology. (ULSI stands for Ultra Large Scale
Integration.) These computers also employ parallel processing and artificial intelligence. These
machines are used for scientific computations and artificial intelligence software development.
Artificial intelligence is a relatively new field that studies how to program computers to behave
like humans.

Advantage of 5th gen computers Disadvantage of 5th gen Computers

 They are easier to repair.  Fear of unemployment due to AI
replacing jobs.
 Parallel processing technology
improved.  Potential fifth gen computers can be
used for spying on people.
 These computers are lightweight and
easy to move around.  Creating AI with human-like
intelligence is a difficult and time-
 The fifth generation is much faster consuming task.
than the previous ones.
 Concerns about powerful organizations
 The advancement of superconductor and governments being able to use
technology has been made. technology for surveillance.
 They are substantially smaller in size
compared to previous generations.
 There is ongoing development of true
artificial intelligence in these
computers.

https://www.careerpower.in/school/computer/second-generation-computers
Write a program that defines weather a triangle is Equilateral ,Scalene Or
Isosceles
#include <stdio.h>

int main()

float side1,side2,side3;

printf("Enter the length of side1:");

scanf("%f" ,&side1);

printf("Enter the length of side2:");

scanf("%f" ,&side2);

printf("Enter the length of side3:");

scanf("%f" ,&side3);

if(side1 == side2 && side2 == side3){

printf("The Triangle is Equileteral");}

else if (side1 == side2 ||side1 == side3||side2 == side3){

printf("The Triangle is Iscosceles");

else{

printf("\n. The triangle is Scalene");}

}
Equileteral
Iscoscles

Scalene
Age

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

int main()

int age ;

// input age

printf("Enter Age ");

scanf("%d",&age);
 //Grading the Results

if(age <= 100 && age >=65){

printf("This person is Very old");

} else if (age <=64 && age >=50){

printf("This is an elderly person");

}else if (age <=49 && age >=30){

printf("This person is middle aged");

}else if (age <=29 && age >=20){

printf("This person is Youth");

} else if (age <=19 && age >=13){

printf("This person is a Teenager ");

}else if (age<13) {

printf("This Person Is a Child");

}else{

printf("Invalid Age ");

Very Old
Elderly

Middle Age

Youth

Teenager
Child

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