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Week 3 - Powerpoint

The document discusses the history and principles of visual testing as a non-destructive testing method. It describes the equipment, accessories, applications, standards, and types of discontinuities involved in visual testing. The document also provides examples of visual testing procedures and report contents.

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9 views

Week 3 - Powerpoint

The document discusses the history and principles of visual testing as a non-destructive testing method. It describes the equipment, accessories, applications, standards, and types of discontinuities involved in visual testing. The document also provides examples of visual testing procedures and report contents.

Uploaded by

Patta13
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Non-Destructive Testing

Visual Testing

Unit – 3
History
• In1854 in Hartford, after the catastrophic event of a boiler
explosion where 21 people were killed, and 50 others were
seriously injured. Since that time, the state of Connecticut, USA;
had passed a law requiring annual inspection before every NDT
method. This decree had been supported by American Welding
Society and then by American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Principle of Visual Testing
• Visual testing or examination is basically tied to eye functionality

• The rods and the cones of the retina in the human eye can sense
wavelengths from about 400 nm up to approximately 760 nm

• The light strikes the object to be viewed and is reflected toward


the eye, through the lens and onto the retina as an image
Human Factors of Visual Testing
• Environmental, conditions surrounding VT should be well lit

• Physiological, using eyes in visual testing is physiological activity

• Psychological, the intention of a viewer can affect perception

• Perception, influenced by different light intensity and appearance

• Distance must be within 24 inches and viewing angle is 30


Direct Equipment and Accessories
• The most important instrument in visual testing is the human eye

• Magnifier can increase the image size of the viewed objects


Magnifying Power = 10  Focal Length (in inches)

• Light sources, the most common of these is the handled flashlight

• Measuring devices: micrometer, calipers, gauges, templates, …


Indirect Equipment and Accessories
• Remote visual examination:
– Borescopes can provide access to small openings

– Fiber cameras (video borescope) process electronic signals

– Charge-coupled Device (CCD) comprises thousands of light-sensitive


elements arrayed in a geometric pattern

– Image recording and Monitors for display


Application of Visual Testing
• The technology associated with visual testing and remote visual
testing applied in variety of industries such as:
– Tanks and Vessels

– Buildings

– Nuclear Power Plants

– Aerospace
Code and Standards
• ASTM standard represents a common viewpoint of producers,
users, consumers, and general interest groups intended to aid
industry, government agencies, and the general public

• ASME standard different sections relevant to fabrication


processes and types of materials

• ANSI and API standards for numerous equipment and operating


Discontinuities
• Inherent discontinuities, compare raw materials with the
requirements of material specifications for acceptance

• Discontinuities due to primary processes i.e. forging, rolling,


drawing, extruding and piercing

• Discontinuities due to metal joining process i.e. welding, brazing


Evaluation and Reporting
• Evaluating and reporting of visual test results is dependent on the
applicable code and standard, and contract specification
– The 1st requirements is to determine the scope of inspection

– The 2nd requirement is to decide how to inspect an object

– The 3rd requirement is to evaluate the results according to standard

– The 4th requirement is to accurately and legibly report the results


Contents of VE Procedure
1. How visual examination is to be performed

2. Type of surface conditions available

3. Method or tools for surface preparation, if any

4. Whether direct or remote viewing is used

5. Special illumination, instruments, or equipment to be used, if any

6. Sequence of performing examination, data, and report forms


Contents of Test Report
1. Date of test

2. Examination procedure used

3. Illuminators and illumination requirements

4. Instruments, equipment, and tools

5. Test results

6. Inspector's signature and certification level


Discontinuities of Welds
Discontinuities of Welds

Cracks Incomplete Penetration Crater Pits and Cracks

Arc Strikes Undercut Surface Porosity

Slag Spatter Burn through

Overlap Lack of Fill Excessive Reinforcement


Video Session 1

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ncguc7THEUY

• Visual testing in Welding process


Exercise 1
• Question:
List 5 causes discontinuity appears in metals due to welding?

• Submittal instruction:

Submit answer to Dropbox in eConestoga


Video Session 2

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mvLK5krEWAM&t=90s

• Visual Testing in Medical Sector


Exercise 2
Question:
List 5 applications of visual testing in medical sector?

• Submittal instruction:

Submit answer to Dropbox in eConestoga


Discussion 3
• Question: answer the following:
• Reflect your experience with visual testing:
• Do you believe visual testing is important, how and why?

• Submittal instruction:

Submit answers to eConestoga discussion section

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