LITE 2nd Semester - Midterm Examination Pointers

CHAPTER 1: Basic concept of Information Technology • Input Devices – any hardware component that allows you to enter
LITE - Midterm Exam Pointers data and instructions into a computer. Depending on your particular
program and requirements, the input device you use may vary.
Information Technology is a set of related fields that encompass
computer systems, software, programming languages and data and Example:
information processing and storage. IT forms part of information ▪ Keyboard - is an input device that contains keys users press to
and communications technology (ICT) enter data and instructions into the computer.
▪ Mouse - is a pointing device that fits comfortably under the palm
• A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of of your hand. Used to control the movement of the pointer.
instructions stored in its own memory, that can accept data (input), ▪ Microphone - a device that translates sound vibrations in the air
process the data according to specified rules (process), produce into electronic signals and scribes them to a recording medium or
results (output), and store the results (storage) for future use over a loudspeaker.
▪ Scanner - is a device that optically scans images, printed text,
• Data refers to the symbols that represent people, events, things, handwriting or an object and converts it to a digital image.
and ideas. It can be a name, a number, the colors in a photograph, ▪ Web cams - is a video camera which is designed to record or
or the notes in a musical composition. – Used by machines. stream to a computer or computer network.

• Information when it is presented in a format that people can • Processor – also called the central processing unit (CPU),
understand and use. – Used by people interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a
computer. – System unit a case that contains electronic
• Data representation – refers to the form in which data is stored, components of the computer used to process data.
processed, and transmitted. • System units has a variety of shapes and sizes.
• Analog data – is represented using an infinite scale of values. • The case of the system unit, the chassis, is made of metal or
• Digital data - is text, numbers, graphics, sound, and video that plastic.
have been converted into discrete digits such as Os and 1s • The chassis protects the internal components from damage.

• What is a computer system? - Motherboard, sometimes called a system board, is the main
– A computer system is a set of integrated devices that input, circuit board of the system unit.
output, process, and store data and information. Computer systems • Many electronic components are attach to the motherboard;
are currently built around at least one digital processing device. others are built into it.
• sound card and video card are examples of adapter cards.
– There are five main hardware components in a computer system: *which are circuit boards that provide connections and functions not
Input, Processing, Storage, Output and Communication devices built into the motherboard
*expand on the capability of features integrated into the
motherboard.
 LITE 2nd Semester - Midterm Examination Pointers
instructions, and information. Three common types of storage
• Memory – consists of electronic components that store media are hard disks, flash memory, and optical discs.
instructions waiting to be executed and data needed by those ▪ Hard Disks - is a storage device that contains one or more
instructions. inflexible, circular platters that use magnetic particles to store data,
▪ RAM (Random Access Memory) - also called the main memory, instructions, and information.
consists of memory chips that can be read from and written to by ▪ Portable Hard Disks - Some hard disks are portable. An external
the processor and other devices. hard disk is a separate freestanding hard disk that connects with a
cable to a port on the system unit or communicates wirelessly.
• Output Devices – hardware components that convey information ▪ Flash Memory Storage - is a type of memory that can be erased
to one or more people. electronically and rewritten. Flash memory chips are a type of solid
state media, which means they consist entirely of electronic
▪ Display devices - is an output device that visually conveys text, components and contain no moving parts.
graphics, and video information. A monitor is a display device that is ▪ Solid State Drive (SSD) is a storage device that typically uses
packaged as a separate peripheral. flash memory to store data, instructions, and information.
▪ Printers - is an output device that produces text and graphics on ▪ Memory Card - is a removable flash memory device, usually no
a physical medium such as paper. bigger than 1.5 inches in height or width, that you insert and remove
▪ Speakers – is an output device used with computer systems that from a slot in a computer, mobile device, or card reader/writer.
enable the listener to listen to a sound as an outcome. ▪ USB flash drive, sometimes called a thumb drive, is a flash
▪ Headphones and earbuds - a type of hardware output device memory storage device that plugs into a USB port on a computer or
that can be connected to a computer's line-out or speakers port, as mobile device.
well as wirelessly using Bluetooth. ▪ Optical Discs- is a flat, round, portable metal disc with a plastic
▪ Data projectors - A device that projects computer and TV output coating. CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray Discs are three types of optical
onto a white or silver fabric screen that is wall, ceiling or tripod discs.
mounted. ▪ Cloud storage - is an Internet service that provides hard disk
▪ Interactive whiteboards - also known as interactive board or storage to computer users
smart board, is a large interactive display board in the form factor of
a whiteboard. It can either be a standalone touchscreen computer Basic function of the computer system
used independently to perform tasks and operations, or a ▪ Input - The computer system accepts data and commands from
connectable apparatus used as a touchpad to control computers input devices such as keyboards, mouse, scanners and
from a projector. microphones.
▪ Process - The central processing unit (CPU) interprets
• Storage Devices – the computer hardware that records and/or instructions and manipulates data stored in memory. It performs
retrieves items to and from storage media. A storage medium arithmetic and logical operations, executes program instructions
(media) is the physical material on which a computer keeps data, and controls the overall operation of the system.
 LITE 2nd Semester - Midterm Examination Pointers
▪ Output - Processed data is presented to the user in PERSONAL COMPUTERS ➢ are designed to meet the computing
human-readable form through output devices such as monitors, needs of an individual. These computers were originally referred to
printers, speakers and projectors. as microcomputers.
▪ Storage - The computer system stores data and programs in ▪ Desktops - fits on a desk and runs on power from an electrical
long-term storage devices such as hard disk drives (HDDs), wall outlet.
solid-state drives (SSDs), optical discs (e.g., CDs, DVDs) and USB ▪ Portables - runs on battery power. Its screen, keyboard, camera,
flash drives. These devices retain data even when the computer is storage devices and speakers are fully contained in a single case.
turned off. Example:
▪ Control - The computer system's operating system manages ▪ Laptop (notebook computer) is a small, lightweight personal
hardware resources, coordinates software applications, and computer designed like a clamshell with a keyboard as the base
provides a user interface for interacting with the system. and a screen on the hinged cover.
▪ Memory - The computer system uses memory to store data and ▪ Tablet is a portable computing device featuring a touchsensitive
program instructions temporarily while they are being processed. screen that can be used for input as well as for output.
This includes RAM (Random Access Memory) for fast access to ▪ Smartphone is a mobile device that have features similar to tablet
data and instructions, and cache memory for even faster access by computers, but also provide telecommunications capabilities over
the CPU. cell phone networks.
▪ Communication - Computer systems can communicate with ▪ Other digital devices – also called Niche devices all have one
other devices and systems over networks using wired or wireless thing in common: They contain a microprocessor.
connections. This enables data sharing, internet access, and ▪ Example: smartwatch, fitness tracker (wearable computers).
communication between users and remote systems ▪ Game consoles, portable media players, smart appliances.
Significance of computer in our daily lives
Type of computers
ENTERPRISE COMPUTERS ➢ are generally used in businesses Computer Ethics
and government agencies. They have the ability to service many Computer ethics ➢ refers to the moral principles and guidelines
simultaneous users and process data at very fast speeds. that govern the use of computers, technology, and information
▪ Supercomputers - one of the fastest computers in the world. systems. It encompasses ethical considerations related to the
Because of their speed, supercomputers can tackle complex tasks creation, access, use and impact of technology on individuals,
that just would not be practical for other computers. organizations, and society as a whole.
▪ Mainframes - computer is a large and expensive computer ▪ Privacy - Respecting individuals' rights to control their personal
capable of simultaneously processing data for hundreds or information and ensuring that data is collected, stored and
thousands of users. Its main processing circuitry is housed in a processed securely and ethically.
closet-sized cabinet. ▪ Security - Safeguarding computer systems, networks, and data
▪ Servers - "serve" data to computers connected to a network. from unauthorized access, misuse and cyberattacks. This includes
implementing robust security measures and adhering to ethical
hacking practices.
 LITE 2nd Semester - Midterm Examination Pointers
▪ Intellectual Property - Respecting intellectual property rights,
including copyrights, patents, and trademarks, and avoiding
unauthorized use, reproduction, or distribution of digital content and
software.
▪ Cybercrime - Acting ethically and lawfully online, refraining from
engaging in activities such as hacking, cyberbullying, identity theft,
fraud and spreading malicious software.
▪ Access and Equity - Ensuring equitable access to technology
and information resources, bridging the digital divide and promoting
inclusivity and diversity in the use and development of technology.
▪ Net Neutrality - Advocating for equal access to the internet and
preventing discriminatory practices by internet service providers
that could limit or control users' access to content and services.
▪ Computer Misuse - Avoiding unethical behavior such as
unauthorized access to computer systems, data theft, malware
distribution and other actions that could harm individuals,
organizations, or society.
▪ Ethical Use of Artificial Intelligence - Considering the ethical
implications of AI technologies, including issues related to bias,
transparency, accountability and the impact of automation on jobs
and society.
▪ Professional Responsibility - Upholding ethical standards and
codes of conduct in professional roles related to computing, such as
software development, IT management, cybersecurity, and data
analysis.
▪ Social Impacts - Reflecting on the broader social, cultural and
ethical implications of technology adoption and innovation, including
issues like digital surveillance, online misinformation, and the
erosion of privacy rights