lOMoARcPSD|22006603 lOMoARcPSD|22006603

Complete Mechanics of Material Formula 𝐿𝑓 − 𝐿0 𝜎𝑥2 𝜏𝑥′ 𝑦′ = 𝜏𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 Angle of twist 𝑀𝑦 𝑀𝑐 𝑀 𝑒 = 𝑟̅ − 𝑅 𝑝𝑟

= (100) 𝑈0 = 𝜎𝑥 = − 𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 𝜎𝑎 =
Sheet (By KIM KINAL) 𝐿0 2𝐸 Angle of twist 𝑇 𝐼 𝐼 𝑆 Normal stress 2𝑡
𝜙= Spherical vessels
Percent reduction in area Strain energy (for normal stress) Prismatic shafts 𝛽𝛼 3 𝐺 Maximum bending stress at a notch 𝑀(𝑅 − 𝑟)
Equations of Equilibrium 𝐴0 − 𝐴𝑓 𝜎𝑥2 𝑇𝐿 𝑀𝑐 𝜎= − Tangential stress
= (100) 𝑈=∫ 𝑑𝑉 𝜙= 𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐾𝜎𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 𝐾 ( ) 𝐴𝑒𝑟
Three-Dimensional Problems 𝑝𝑟
𝐴0 2𝐸 𝐺𝐽 SHEAR AND MOMENT IN BEAMS 𝐼 Combined normal stress 𝜎=
∑𝐹𝑥 = 0; ∑𝐹𝑦 = 0; ∑𝐹𝑧 = 0 Hooke’s law Strain energy (for shear stress) Multiple prismatic shaft Shear force and load relation Shear formula 𝑃 𝑀(𝑅 − 𝑟) 2𝑡
∑𝑀𝑥 = 0; ∑𝑀𝑦 = 0; ∑𝑀𝑧 = 0 𝜎 = 𝐸𝜖 𝜏 = 𝐺𝛾 2
𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑛 𝑉𝑄 𝜎= − Equation for transformation for strain
𝑇𝑖 𝐿𝑖 𝑑𝑉 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 𝐴 𝐴𝑒𝑟 𝜖𝑥 + 𝜖𝑦 𝜖𝑥 − 𝜖𝑦 𝛾𝑥𝑦
𝑈=∫ 𝑑𝑉 =𝑤
Two-Dimensional Problems Poisson’s ratio 2𝐺 𝜙=∑
𝑑𝑥 𝐼𝑏 𝜖𝑥 ′ = + cos 2𝜃 + sin 2𝜃
𝐺𝑖 𝐽𝑖 2 2 2
∑𝐹𝑥 = 0; ∑𝐹𝑦 = 0; ∑𝑀𝐴 = 0 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝜖𝑦 𝑖=1 𝐵 First moment of (shaded) cross- 𝜖𝑥 + 𝜖𝑦 𝜖𝑥 − 𝜖𝑦 𝛾𝑥𝑦
𝜈=− =− TRANSFORMATION OF STRESS AND 𝜖𝑦 ′ = − cos 2𝜃 − sin 2𝜃
Non-prismatic shafts 𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐴 = ∫ 𝑤𝑑𝑥 sectional area 2 2 2
Alternative Sets: 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝜖𝑥 AXIAL LOADED MEMBERS 𝐿 STRAIN 𝛾𝑥′ 𝑦′ = −(𝜖𝑥 − 𝜖𝑦 ) sin 2𝜃 + 𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
𝑇𝑥 𝐴
∑𝐹𝑥 = 0; ∑𝑀𝐴 = 0; ∑𝑀𝐵 = 0 Unit volume change (axial stress) Deformation of prismatic bar = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐴&𝐵 𝑄 = 𝐴∗ 𝑦
Equations of transformation for stress
𝜙=∫ 𝑑𝑥 Principal strains
or 1 − 2𝜈 𝑃𝐿 0 𝐺𝐽𝑥 Moment and shear force relation Shear flow 1 1
𝑒 = (1 − 2𝜈)𝜖𝑥 = ( ) 𝜎𝑠
∑𝑀𝐴 = 0; ∑𝑀𝐵 = 0; ∑𝑀𝐶 = 0 𝐸 𝛿= Power 𝑑𝑀 𝑞 = 𝑉𝑄/𝐼 𝜎𝑥′ = (𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 ) + (𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 ) cos 2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
2 2
𝜖𝑥 + 𝜖𝑦 𝜖𝑥 − 𝜖𝑦 2 𝛾𝑥𝑦 2
𝐴𝐸 𝜖1,2 = ± √( ) + ( ) = 𝜖1 − 𝜖2
Hooke’s law (two dimensional stress) Multiple prismatic bar 2𝜋𝑛𝑇 =𝑉 Required section modulus 1 2 2 2
𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦 𝑃= , (𝑛 = 𝑟𝑝𝑚) 𝑑𝑥 𝜏𝑥 ′ 𝑦 ′ = − (𝜎𝑥 𝜎 ) sin 2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos 2𝜃
𝜖𝑥 = − 𝜈
𝑛
𝑃𝑖 𝐿𝑖 60 𝐵 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 2 𝑦 Planes of principal strains
CONCEPT OF STRESS 𝐸 𝐸 𝛿=∑ Torque 𝑀𝐵 − 𝑀𝐴 = ∫ 𝑉𝑑𝑥 𝑆= 1 1 𝛾𝑥𝑦
Normal stress 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 𝐴𝑖𝐸𝑖 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝜎𝑦′ = (𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 ) − (𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 ) cos 2𝜃 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin 2𝜃
2 2 tan 2𝜃𝑝 =
𝜖𝑦 = −𝜈 159𝑃 9550𝑃 𝐴
𝜖𝑥− 𝜖𝑦
𝑃 𝐸 𝐸
𝑖=1 𝑇= = , 𝑇 = 𝑁𝑚 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐴&𝐵 Combined normal stress Principal stresses
𝜎= 𝜏𝑥𝑦 Non-prismatic bar 𝑓 𝑛 𝑀𝑧 𝑦 𝑀𝑦 𝑧 Maximum shear strains
𝐴 𝛾𝑥𝑦 = 𝐿 1050𝑃 63000𝑃 Macauley function 𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2
𝑃𝑥 𝜎𝑥 = − + 𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥,min = 𝜎1,2 = ± √( 2
) + 𝜏𝑥𝑦
Bearing stress 𝐺 𝛿=∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑇= = , 𝑇 = 𝑙𝑏. 𝑖𝑛 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 < 𝑎 𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦 2 2
Generalized Hooke’s law 𝐴𝑥 𝐸 𝑓 𝑛 〈𝑥 − 𝑎〉𝑛 = { 𝜖𝑥 − 𝜖𝑦 2 𝛾𝑥𝑦 2
𝑃 (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 ≥ 𝑎 Equation of the neutral axis 𝛾max = ±2√( ) +( )
𝜎𝑏 = 1
0
Planes of principal stresses 2 2
𝐴𝑝 Thermal strain Step function 𝑀𝑦 𝐼𝑧
𝜖𝑥 = [𝜎𝑥 − 𝜈(𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧 )] Required shaft parameters 2𝜏𝑥𝑦
Shearing stress
𝐸 𝜖𝑥 = 𝛼Δ𝑇
𝐽 𝑇 〈𝑥 − 𝑎〉0 = {
0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 < 𝑎 𝑦= tan 2𝜃𝑝 = Absolute maximum shear strain
1 𝑀𝑧 𝐼𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
𝑉 𝜖𝑦 = [𝜎𝑦 − 𝜈(𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑧 )] Thermal deformation = 1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 ≥ 𝑎 (𝛾max )𝑎 = 𝜖1 − 𝜖3
𝐸 𝑐 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 < 𝑎 Angle defining orientation of the Average normal stress
𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
𝐴 1
𝛿𝑡 = 𝛼(Δ𝑇)𝐿 〈𝑥 − 𝑎〉1 = { Radius of Mohr’s circle of strain
Normal and shearing stress 𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 ≥ 𝑎 neutral axis 𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝜎 ′ =
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦
Factor of safety 𝜖𝑧 = [𝜎𝑧 − 𝜈(𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 )]
Maximum shearing stress Rule of integration 𝜖𝑥 − 𝜖𝑦 2 𝛾𝑥𝑦 2
𝐸 𝜎𝑥′ = 𝜎𝑥 cos 2 𝜃 𝐼𝑧 2
𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝜏𝑥𝑦 〈𝑥 − 𝑎〉𝑛+1 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜙 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 𝑅 = √( ) +( )
𝑛𝑠 = 𝛾𝑥𝑦 = 𝜏𝑥′ 𝑦′ = 𝜎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑇𝑐 ∫ 〈𝑥 − 𝑎〉𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 ≥ 0 𝐼𝑦 Maximum shear stresses 2 2
𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐺 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐾𝜏𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 𝐾 𝑛+1
𝜏𝑦𝑧 Maximum normal stress 𝐽 Inelastic bending 𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 2 ____________________________________________________
Required cross-sectional area Singularity functions 𝜏max = ±√( 2 =
) + 𝜏𝑥𝑦
𝜎1 −𝜎2
𝛾𝑦𝑧 = 𝑃 Yield torque
𝑃 𝐺 𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐾𝜎𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 𝐾 Applied force Yield moment 2 2
𝐴= 𝜏𝑥𝑧 𝜋𝑐 3 𝐽 𝐼 1 Planes of maximum shear stresses COMBINNED LOADINGS AND FAILURE
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝛾𝑥𝑧 = 𝐴 𝑇𝑦 = 𝜏 = 𝜏 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 ≠ 𝑎
𝐺 2 𝑦 𝑐 𝑦 𝑤(𝑥) = 𝑃〈𝑥 − 𝑎〉1 = { 𝑀𝑦 = 𝜎𝑦 = 𝑆𝜎𝑦 = 𝑏ℎ2 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 CRITERIAS
TORSION
𝑃 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝐶 6 tan 2𝜃𝑠 = −
Relation between elastic moduli Total torque Applied moment 2𝜏𝑥𝑦 Normal stress due to axial loading
STRAIN AND MATERIAL PROPERTIES 𝐸 Shear strain
Elastic-plastic moment
𝜋𝑐 3 𝜌03 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 ≠ 𝑎 Radius of Mohr’s circle for stress 𝑃
Normal strain
𝐺= 𝜌𝜙 𝜌 𝑇= (4 − 3 ) 𝜏𝑦 𝑤(𝑥) = 𝑀0 〈𝑥 − 𝑎〉−2 = { 3 1 𝑦0 2 𝜎𝑥 =
3(1 − 2𝜈) 𝛾= = 𝛾𝑚𝑎𝑥 6 𝑐 𝑀0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑀 = 𝑀𝑦 (1 − ( ) ) 𝐴
𝛿 Unit volume change (three-dimensional 𝐿 𝑐 Rule of integration 2 3 ℎ⁄2 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2 Torsion formula
𝜖= 4 1 𝜌03 𝑅 = √( 2
) + 𝜏𝑥𝑦
𝐿 stress) Shear stress = 𝑇𝑦 (1 − 3 ) 𝑇𝑦 ∫ 〈𝑥 − 𝑎〉𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 〈𝑥 − 𝑎〉𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 ≤ 0 Plastic moment 2 𝑇𝑟
Shear strain 𝜌 3 4𝑐 3 1 𝜏=
𝜖 = 𝜖𝑥 + 𝜖𝑦 + 𝜖𝑧 (𝑛 = −1, −2, … . ) 𝐽
𝜋 𝜏= 𝜏
𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑀𝑝 = 𝑀𝑢 = 𝑀𝑦 = 𝑏ℎ2 𝜎𝑦 True or absolute maximum shear stress
𝛾= − 𝜃′ 1 − 2𝜈 2 4 Flexure formula
= (𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧 ) Torsion formula Ultimate torque
1
2
𝐸 Shape factor (𝜏max )𝑎 = (𝜏13 )𝑎 = (𝜎1 − 𝜎3 ) 𝑀𝑐
Components of strain 𝑇𝑐 2 4 STRESS IN BEAMS 𝐴 2 𝜎𝑥 =
𝐼
Bulk modulus of elasticity 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑇𝑢 = 𝜋𝑐 3 𝜏𝑦 = 𝑇𝑦
Δ𝑢 Δ𝑣 𝐽 3 3 Normal strain 𝑅= Cylindrical vessels Shear formula
𝜖𝑥 = 𝜖 = 𝐸 𝑦 𝑑𝐴
Δ𝑥 𝑦 Δ𝑦 𝑘= 𝑇𝜌 Rectangular bars 𝜖𝑥 = − = −𝐾𝑦 ∫𝐴 𝑟 Tangential stress 𝑉𝑄
3(1 − 2𝜈) 𝜏= 𝑝𝑟 𝜏=
Δ𝑢 Δ𝑢 𝐽 Maximum shear stress 𝜌 Distance between centroid and neutral 𝐼𝑏
𝛾𝑥𝑦 = + ____________________________________ Flexure formula
𝜎𝑡 =
𝑡
Δ𝑦 Δ𝑥 Equations of transformation for stress 𝑇 axis
Strain energy density (for normal stress) 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = Axial stress
Percent elongation 𝜎𝑥′ = 𝜏𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 𝛼𝑎𝑏 2

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lOMoARcPSD|22006603

Tangential stress in cylindrical vessels Fixed or clamped support 1 𝜎𝑦 𝐿𝑒 2 𝑃𝐿

𝑝𝑟 𝜎𝑐𝑟 = 𝜎𝑦 = ( ) 𝛿=
𝜎𝑡 = 𝑣(𝑎) = 0 𝐸 2𝜋 𝑟 𝐴𝐸
𝑡 𝜃(𝑎) = 𝑣 ′ (𝑎) = 0
Secant formula Torsion bars
Axial stress in cylindrical vessels Simple support 𝑇𝐿
𝑝𝑟 𝜙=
𝜎𝑎 = 𝑣(𝑎) = 0 𝑃 𝑒𝑐 𝜋 𝑃 𝐺𝐽
2𝑡 𝑀(𝑎) = 𝐸𝐼𝑣 ′′ (𝑎) = 0 𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = [1 + 2 sec ( √ )]
Tangential stress in spherical vessels 𝐴 𝑟 2 𝑃𝑐𝑟 Beams in pure bending
𝑝𝑟 Free end
𝜎= 𝑀𝐿
𝑀(𝑎) = 𝐸𝐼𝑣 ′′ (𝑎) = 0 𝜃=
2𝑡 𝐸𝐼
Combined normal and shear stress 𝑉(𝑎) = 𝐸𝐼𝑣 ′′′ (𝑎) = 0 ENERGY METHODS AND IMPACT
Guided support Castigliano’s Theorem
Strain energy in bars
𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑥 2 2 𝑣 ′ (𝑎) = 0 Displacement
𝜎1,2 = ± √( ) + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 Bars with variable cross section and
2 2 𝑉(𝑎) = 𝐸𝐼𝑣 ′′′ (𝑎) = 0 𝜕𝑈
First moment-area theorem 𝜃𝐵⁄𝐴 varying axial loads 𝛿𝑖 =
𝜎𝑥 2 𝐿 2
𝑃𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑃𝑖
𝑀
Slope
2
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √( ) + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 𝑈=∫
2 𝐸𝐼 0 2𝐴𝑥 𝐸 𝜕𝑈
Planes of principal stresses Second moment-area theorem 𝑡𝐵⁄𝐴 Prismatic bars subjected to end 𝜃𝑖 =
2𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑀 𝜕𝑀𝑖
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃𝑃 = = (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) 𝑥̅1 Loads Angle of twist
𝜎𝑥 𝐸𝐼 2
𝑃 𝐿 𝜕𝑈
Maximum shear stress in helical spring BUCKLING OF COLUMNS 𝑈= 𝜙𝑖 =
2𝐴𝐸
16𝑃𝑅 𝑑 Critical load 𝜕𝑇𝑖
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (1 + ) Strain energy in shafts
𝜋𝑑 3 4𝑅 Pin-ended columns Impact factor
Total deflection of a helical spring Shafts with variable cross
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼 2ℎ
𝑃 𝑀𝑧 𝑦 𝑀𝑦 𝑧 𝑃𝑐𝑟 = section and varying toques 𝐾 = 1 + √1 +
𝛿= − + 𝐿2 𝐿 2 𝛿𝑠𝑡
𝐴 𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦 𝜋 2 𝐸𝐴 𝑇𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑃 𝑀𝑦 𝑃𝑐𝑟 = 𝑈=∫
𝜎𝑥 = − (𝐿⁄𝑟)2 0 2𝐺𝐽𝑥 Maximum dynamic
𝐴 𝐼
Equation of neutral axis Critical load Prismatic shafts subjected to Load
𝑃 𝑀𝑦 Columns with other end conditions end torques 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐾𝑊
− =0
𝐴 𝐼 𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼 𝑇2𝐿 Stress
Maximum shear stress theory 𝑃𝑐𝑟 = 2 𝑈=
𝐿𝑒 2𝐺𝐽 𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐾𝜎𝑠𝑡
|𝜎1 − 𝜎2 | = 𝜎𝑦
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐴 Strain energy in bending and shear Deflection
Maximum energy of distortion theory 𝑃𝑐𝑟 =
𝜎12 − 𝜎1 𝜎2 + 𝜎22 = 𝜎𝑦2 (𝐿𝑒 ⁄𝑟)2 Pure bending 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐾𝛿𝑠𝑡
𝐿
Critical stress 𝑀2 𝑑𝑥
Maximum normal stress theory 𝑈=∫
|𝜎1 | = 𝜎𝑢 𝑜𝑟 |𝜎2 | = 𝜎𝑢 Long columns 0 2𝐸𝐼 FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
DEFLECTION IN BEAMS 𝑃𝑐𝑟 𝜋 2𝐸 Pure shear Global force-displacement relations for
𝜎𝑐𝑟 = =
Equation of the deflection curve 𝐴 (𝐿𝑒 ⁄𝑟)2
𝐿 2
𝑇 𝑑𝑥 an element
𝑈=∫ {𝐹}𝑒 = [𝑘]𝑒 {𝛿}𝑒
𝑑2𝑣 𝑀
=
Short columns 0 2𝐴𝐺
𝑑𝑥 2 𝐸𝐼 𝑃 Conservation of energy Force matrix
Basic equation for the elastic curve 𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐹1𝑥
2
𝐴 Linearly elastic member
𝑑 𝑣 Intermediate columns 𝐹1𝑦
𝐸𝐼 2 = 𝑀 1 {𝐹}𝑒 =
𝑑𝑥
Tangent modulus formula 𝑈 = 𝑊 = Σ𝑝𝑘 𝛿𝑘 𝐹2𝑥
𝑑3𝑣 2
𝐸𝐼 3 = 𝑉 𝑃𝑡 𝜋 2 𝐸𝑡 Displacement by the work-energy {𝐹2𝑦 }
𝑑𝑥 𝜎𝑐𝑟 = =
𝑑4𝑣 𝐴 (𝐿𝑒 ⁄𝑟)2 method Stiffness matrix for an element
𝐸𝐼 4 = 𝑤
𝑑𝑥 Johnson’s formula Axially loaded bars
Boundary conditions

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