S.R.

Chandak English High School, Solapur

Std: 6th Sub : Geography Sem-I
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1. The Earth and its Graticule
Summary:

 The length of the east –west diameter of the earth is 12,756 kilometers and the length of the
north-south diameter of the earth is 12,714.
 The location of any place on the earth is determined with reference to the center of the earth.
 Any point on the earth makes with the plane of the equator. The measure of this angle is used in
determining the location of that point.
 The east – west circle created at some angular distance from the center of the earth, are called
parallels of latitudes.
 The angular distances of all parallels are measured in degrees and are called latitudes.
 The parallels of latitudes are parallel to one another.
 The equator is considered as a O0 parallel. It is the largest parallel, and also known as a Great
Circle.
 At the north and the south ends of the earth’s axis, the parallels appear as points. These are called
the North Pole and the South Pole

Q.1.A) Fill in the blanks.

1. Parallels are used for imaginary east-west horizontal lines on the earth.
2. Meridians are semicircular in shape.
3. Parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude form Graticule on the earth.
4. There are 90 parallels in the northern hemisphere.
5. 00meridian and 1800meridian circle forms the eastern and western hemisphere.
6. North poleand south pole circles appears as a point on the globe

B) Write the following statements are correct or wrong.

1. Parallels of latitude lie parallel to the prime meridian : Wrong

2. All parallels of latitude converge at the equator : Wrong
3. Parallels and meridians are imaginary lines : Correct
4. 804’65” is a north meridian : Wrong
5. Meridians are parallel to each other : Wrong
6. Distance between two meridians are longer at the equator : Correct

C) Answer in one sentences.

1. What are parallels of latitude?

Ans: An imaginary horizontal lines on the earth surface are called parallels of latitude.

2. How many total parallels are there on the globe ?

Ans: There are total 181 parallels on the globe.

3. What is longitude?
Ans: The distance between two meridians is know as longitude

4. What is the distance between two adjacent parallels on the earth surface?
Ans: The distance between any two adjacent parallels is 111 km on earth surface.

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 S.R. Chandak English High School, Solapur
Std: 6th Sub : Geography Sem-I
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D) Name the followings.
1. Name the longest parallel.
Ans: Equator
2. Name the smallest parallel.
Ans: Poles
3. Name the places located at 300 north parallel.
Ans: New Orleans, Cairo, Basra and Lhasa.
4. Name the countries through which the equator passes.
Ans: Malaysia, Brazil, Indonesia, Srilanka

Complete the table.

Sr.No Characteristics Parallels of latitude Meridians of longitude
1. Shape Horizontal Vertical
2. Size Size of each parallel is different Size of each meridian is same
3. Distance The distance between two The distance between two
parallel is same because of its meridians is longer on equator and
spherical shape same decreases at poles

Match the pairs.

Group ‘A’ Group ‘B’

1. O0 Parallel Equator
2. O0 Meridian Prime Meridian
3. Smallest Parallel Poles
4. Network of parallels and Gratitude
meridians
Complete the table.

The distance between two consecutive meridians is different on different parallels . It is maximum on
equator and zero on both the poles.

1. Equator = 111km
2. Tropic of cancer / Capricorn = 102km
3. Polar circles .(Arctic / Antarctic). 44km
4. Poles (North/South) = 0km

C) Give reason.
1. We use latitude and longitude for determining the location on the earth.
Ans: (i) The parallels and meridians on the globe form a net that is called a graticule.
(ii) This graticule help to locate exact place on the earth surface.
(iii) Thus, we use latitude and longitude for determining the location on the earth
2. The distance between two adjacent meridians is not the same every where.
Ans: The distance between two adjacent meridians is not the same everywhere because the earth is
spherical in shape.
B) Short Note.
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 S.R. Chandak English High School, Solapur
Std: 6th Sub : Geography Sem-I
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1. Indian Regional Positioning System:
Ans: (i) India has achieved self-reliance in Global Positioning Technology
(ii) With the help of IRNSS (Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System), locating any place in the
Indian sub-continent is going to be easy.
(iii)for this India is launching its own series of 7satellites .

Briefs.
1. Write about parallels of latitude.
Ans: (i) Equator is considered as O0parallel and also a great circle.
(ii) The Equator divided the earth into northern hemisphere and southern hemisphere.
(iii) The distance between two parallel is called latitude.
(iv) At the north and south ends of the earth’s axis the smallest circle appears as a point ,these are
called north pole and the south pole.

2. Define meridians of Longitude

Ans: (i) Oo meridian is known as prime meridian
(ii) The 00 and 1800 meridians lie opposite on the globe, forming a circle. This circle divides the
earth into eastern and western hemisphere.
(iii) All meridians are equal in size but the distance from equator to the poles are different.

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2. Let us use the Graticule

Summary
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 S.R. Chandak English High School, Solapur
Std: 6th Sub : Geography Sem-I
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1. Tropic of Cancer :The parallel at 23030’ N of equator is called the Tropic of Capricorn.
2. Tropic of Capricorn :The parallel at 23030’ S of equator is called the Tropic of Capricorn.
3. Arctic Circle : The parallel at 66030’ N of equator is called the Arctic Circle.
4. Antarctic Circle :The parallel at 66030’ S of equator is called the Antarctic Circle.
5. North Pole: The parallel at 900 N of equator is called the South Pole.
6. South Pole :The parallel at 900 S of equator is called the South Pole.

Q.1.A) Fill in the blanks.

1. 660 30’ North parallel mean’s Arctic circle.

2. Equator bisects the earth.
3. The Prime meridian and the equator intersect each other at Atlantic ocean.
4. Up to Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn parallels from the equator the sunrays are
perpendicular.
5. 900 South is the latitude of a place on the south poles.

B) Match the pairs.

A B
1. 230 30’ N latitude 1. Tropic Cancer
2. 230 , 30 S latitude 2. Tropic Capricorn
3. 660 , 30 N latitude 3. Arctic circle
4. 660 , 30 S latitude 4. Antarctic Circle

C) Answer in one sentences.

1. Name two important meridians.
Ans: O0 prime meridian and 1800 meridian are two important meridians
2. What is G.M.T.?
Ans: Global Standard Time is known as GMT.

3. Which is the smallest country in the world?

Ans: Vatican city is the smallest country in the world.

4. Which meridian lie opposite to the prime meridian ?

Ans: 1800 meridian lie opposite to the Prime meridian.

5. What forms Great circles ?

Ans: The equator as well as all pairs of opposite meridians forms Great Circles.

6. In which region can the sun’s rays be perpendicular on two days in a year?
Ans:- In the entire region between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn, the sun’s rays can be
perpendicular on two days in a year.

d) Right& Wrong
1. While describing the location of a place mentioning the meridian is sufficient. :- Wrong
2. For describing the extent of a region, it is necessary to assume the latitude and longitude of the
centre of the adjoining region. :- Wrong
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 S.R. Chandak English High School, Solapur
Std: 6th Sub : Geography Sem-I
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3. 00 Meridian and 1800 Meridianforms a circle. :- Right
4. Location of a road can be described only with a map. :- Wrong
5. The extent of a road or a river course is described with the help of the latitude of a point in the
source and the longitude of a point at the end. :- Wrong
6. 804’ parallel to 37066’ n parallel is the incomplete description of a location as it expresses only a
latitudinal spread of a location. :- Right

Q.2) Short note.

1. Write about Vatican city.

Ans:(i) Vatican city is located from 41054’00”N to 41054’30”N latitude and from 12021’00”E is to
12021’30”E longitude.
(ii) Vatican city is known as the smallest country in the world.
(iii) It is spread over an area of 0-44sq-km.
(iv) This city is located within Italy on the Italian peninsula.

2. What is the main purpose of Prime Meridian ?

Ans: The main purpose of prime meridian is to fix the global standard time and coordinate the standard
time of different countries. This meridian is also called as Greenwich meridian.

Q.3) Briefs.
1. How can be a place located?
Ans:- (i) While describing the location of a place, we need to consider only one parallel and meridian.
(ii) For describing the extent of a region we need to consider two parallels and two meridians at the
extreme ends of the region.
(iii) For describing the extent of linear feature like a river road etc. we need to consider the latitude
and longitude of their terminal points.
2. What are the effects of the unequal duration and unequal distribution of intensity of
sunlight?
Ans: The effects of the unequal duration and unequal distribution of intensity of sunlight are as follows:
(i) Due to the unequal duration and unequal distribution of intensity of sunlight, different
temperature zones are formed on the earth. These temperature zones in turn give rise to
pressure belts.
(ii) The unequal duration and unequal distribution of intensity of sunlight also leads to regional
diversity in plant and animal life.

3. Write in brief about the daytime in the areas between the Polar Circles and the Poles.
Ans: (i) Depending on the seasons, daytime (sun being visible in the sky) can be greater than 24 hours in
the areas between the Polar Circles and the Poles.
(ii) The maximum duration of the sun’s appearance in the sky can be of six months at the Poles.
(iii) During this period, the sun continues to move in a spiral on the horizon.

Q.4) Give reason.

1. The International Date line is marked with reference to 1800meridian.
Ans: (i) When people at far – off distances need to communicate, there will be confusion if date is
changed on each longitude separately.
(ii) Therefore, by international convention day and date on the earth are changed at 180 0 longitude.

 Important parallels and meridians :

1. Tropic of Cancer : The parallel at 2330’ N of equator is called the Tropic of Cancer.
2. Tropic of Capricorn : The parallel at 2330’ S of equator is called the Tropic of Capricorn.
3. Arctic Circle : The parallel at 6630’ N of equator is called the Arctic Circle.
4. Antarctic Circle : The parallel at 6630’ S of equator is called the Antarctic Circle.
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 S.R. Chandak English High School, Solapur
Std: 6th Sub : Geography Sem-I
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5. North Pole : The parallel at 90N of equator is called the North Pole.
6. South Pole : The parallel at 90 S of equator is called the South Pole.

 Open ended question :

Find out the locations of any three cities from a map of Maharashtra and write down the latitudes and
longitudes of each of them.
Ans:- 1) Pune –

2) Kolhapur –

3) Nagpur –

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3. Comparing a Globe and a Map

Summary:-
 A surface / object having two dimensions, length and width, is called twodimensional object.
 The product of length and width of two dimensional objects provides their area.
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 S.R. Chandak English High School, Solapur
Std: 6th Sub : Geography Sem-I
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 An object having three dimensions such as length, width, height (or thickness) is called
threedimensionalobject.
 The product of length, width and height of three dimensional objects provides their volume.
 Maps are two dimensional.
 Maps can be used to study the whole world or also regions of limited extent.
 A globe is three dimensional.
 Globe is a representative model of the entire earth.

Q.1) Fill in the blanks.

1. A map allows us to see the entire area of the earth at the same time.
2. A globe can be called a model of the earth.
3. A field visit is an important method of studying geography.
4. Field visitshelp us to understand the geographical and social conditions of a place.
5. EARTHA is the largest operational globe in the world.

Q.2) Read the following statements and correct the wrong once:
1. The moon is three dimensional. :- Right
2. A globe can be used study regions of limited extent. :- Wrong
Q.3) Answer the following questions in one sentence each:
1. Which device will be suitable for understanding the concept of day and night on the earth?
Ans: A globe will be suitable for understanding the concept of day and night on the earth.

2. Which device will be useful to show your village / city ?

Ans: A map will be useful to show our village/city.

3. Which devices can be easily carried from one place another?

Ans: A map can be easily carried from one place to another.

Q.4) Answer the following questions in brief.

1. What are the characteristics of two and three dimensional devices did you note?
Ans: We noted the following characteristics of two and three dimensional devices:
1) Two dimensional devices have length and width. The product of length and width provides area.
2) Three dimensional devices have length, width and height (or thickness). The product of length,
width and height provides volume.

2. What features can be shown on a very small globe?

Ans: The following features can be shownon a very small globe:
1) Parallels of latitudes and meridians of longitudes.
2) Continent , countries, islands, gulfs, bays, seas, oceans etc.

Short Note :
1. Write in brief about a field visit method.
Ans : (1) A field visit (educational trip) is an important method of studying geography.
(2) In field visit, places such as planetarium, post office, bus station, mall, hill, seacoast, etc are
visited.
(3) Field visits help us to understand the geographical, social and economical conditions of a place.
(4) In field visits, information can be collected by questionnaires and taking interviews of local
people.
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4 : WEATHER AND CLIMATE

Summary:
 Short lived atmospheric conditions prevailing at aplace and at a given time is called weather.

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 S.R. Chandak English High School, Solapur
Std: 6th Sub : Geography Sem-I
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 The average weather condition of a place observed over a long period of time is called climate of
that region.
 The elements of weather affect our day to day activities and lifestyle.
 The earth’s surface gets heat from the sun. As a result , the surface gets heated up.
 As we move upward from sea level, the temperature of air decreases.
 The temperature also goes on decreasing from the equator towards both the poles.
 There is greater air pressure near the surface of the earth and it decreases with increasing height.
This is vertical air pressure.
 Temperature zones lead to changes in air pressure. These changes occur in a horizontal manner.
This gives rise to winds.
 The speed of wind depends on the amount of difference in air pressure.
 Air with higher temperature holds greater amount of moisture.
Fill in the blanks.
1] Humid type of climate is observed in Mumbai.
2] InAugust month we mainly use raincoat.
3] The Climate also influences the diet, shelter etc.
4] Rainfall, snowfall,hailstorm etc are forms of precipitation.
5] The Proportion of moisture in the atmosphere depends on temperature.

Read the following statements are Right and Wrong:

1] As we move upward from sea level the temperature of air decreases.
Ans : Right

2] The density of air is less near the surface of the earth.

Ans : Wrong

3]Types of land influence the climate of a region.

Ans : Right

4] The climate of a place keeps on changing frequently.

Ans : Wrong

5] The climate influence the diet, shelter etc of living things.

Ans : Right

 Who I am :
(1) I keep on changing : Weather
(2) I am not the same at all places : Climate
(3) I am the solid state of water droplets : Snow/Hail
(4) I am present in the atmosphere in the form of vapour : Moisture

Answer the following question in one sentence each:

1. What is wind ?
Ans : Air moving from high pressure areas towards low pressure areas in a horizontal
direction is called wind.

2. What are the elements of weather?

Ans : Temperature , air pressure , wind, moisture, precipitation are the elements of weather.

3. In which regions does the life mostly thrive?

Ans : The life mostly thrives in regions having conducive climate.
4. What are the forms of precipitation?
Ans:- Rainfall , snowfall , hailstorm , etc. are the forms of precipitation.

Give Reasons.
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 S.R. Chandak English High School, Solapur
Std: 6th Sub : Geography Sem-I
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1. The climate of Mahabaleshwar is cool.
Ans :- i) As we move upward from sea level, the temperature of air decreases.
ii) Mahabaleshwar is located at high altitude (high above the sea level) in Sahyadri Mountain.
iii)Therefore, the climate of Mahabaleshwar is cool.

2. The climate near the sea is humid.

Ans :- i) Because of the heating of sea water, water vapour gets mixed in the air.
ii) Air near the sea area having higher temperature holds a greater amount of moisture. Therefore,
the climate near the sea is humid.

Answer in Brief.
1. What is differencebetween weather and climate ?
Ans :
Weather Climate
Weather is described on the basis of the Climate is described on the basis of
conditions prevailing at the given time. conditions prevailing over a longer period
of time.

Weather keeps on changing frequently. Changes in the climate take place over a
longer period .

We can experience changes in the weather Climate changes are not perceived so easily.
easily.

2. What effect of height above the mean sea level on the climate have ?

Ans : i] The earth’s surface gets heat from the sun. As a result, the surface gets heated up. The air near
the surface of the earth receives the maximum heat.
ii] As we move upward from sea level the temperature of air decreases.
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5 : TEMPERATURE

Summary

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 S.R. Chandak English High School, Solapur
Std: 6th Sub : Geography Sem-I
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 Based on the unequal distribution of temperature (heat).the earth can be divided into
torrid, temperate, and frigid zones or tropical ,temperate and polar regions.
 Latitude is the main factor influencing the unequal distribution of temperature.
 There is a difference in the time required for the heating and cooling of land and water.
 The land heats up and cools down rapidly. On the other hand, the water heats up and
cools down slowly.
 The difference in the mean temperature of summer and winter is called annual range of
Temperature.
 As one moves higher up from the surface, the temperature of the air decreases.
 The temperature near the sea level is higher and it decreases in the mountainous regions.
 Some gases in the atmosphere like carbon dioxide and water vapour can hold the heat within
themselves for a long period of time.
 Due to these gases, the temperature of air in the atmosphere increases. This leads to global rise in
temperature.(Global warming)

Q.1) Fill in the blanks.

1. The gases due to which the temperature increases are called Greenhouse Gases.
2. The ocean current flow from the equator to the polar regions and from the polar
regions to the equator.
3. Ocean current brings changes in temprature of the coastal areas .
4. Isotherms generally appear parallel to the latitudes.
5. Thermometer is used for measuring the temperature of air.
6. Mercury or alcohol is used in the thermometer.

Read the following statements write corrector wrong ones:

1. The temperature near the sea level is higher.
Ans : Right

2. Isotherms generally appear parallel to the longitudes.

Ans : Wrong

3. The water heats up and cools down slowly.

Ans : Right

 Where am I?
1. The isotherm 00 C runs in my surroundings.
Ans : I must be in polar region.

2. The mean annual temperature is 25 C around me.

Ans : I must be in tropical region

3. The mean annual temperature around me is 100 C.

Ans : I must be in temperate region.

 Who am I?
1. I connect places of equal temperature : Isotherm
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 S.R. Chandak English High School, Solapur
Std: 6th Sub : Geography Sem-I
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2. I am useful for measuring the correct temperature :Thermometer.
3. I get heated due to the land or water near me : Air
4. Land and water get heated due to me : Sun

Answer the following in one sentence each :

1. Which is the main factor influencing the distribution of temperature?
Ans : Latitude is the main factor influencing the distribution of temperature.

2. What is called annual range of temperature?

Ans : The difference in the mean temperatures of summer and winter is called annual range of
temperature.

3. What is called diurnal range of temperature?

Ans : The difference between the maximum and the minimum temperature of a day is called diurnal
range of temperature.

4. What is ocean current?

Ans: The upward and horizontal movement of ocean water is called ocean current.

5. What is isotherm?
Ans : The line that is drawn on a map joining the places of equal temperature on the earth is
isotherm.

Answer the following questions in brief.

1. What makes the isotherms run zigzag over continental areas (land mass) ?
Ans: 1) Temperatures of land vary as per their height from the sea level. As one moves
higher up from the surface of the earth , the temperature of the air decreases.
2) Due to difference in the height of the land, the distance between the isotherms varies.
3) Vegetation cover, urbanization, industrialization also leads to diversity in the distribution of
temperature. Thus, these factors also make the isotherms run zigzag over land.

2. Write in brief about thermometer.

Ans:

1) Different types of thermometers are used for measuring temperature of the air.
2) Mercury or alcohol is used in the thermometers as these materials are highly sensitive to
temperature variations.
3) Variations in temperature from -300 to +550C can easily be observed with the help of these
materials.
4) The difference in the daily temperature (maximum-minimum) can be observed with the help of a
thermometer.

Give geographical reason for the following statements.

1. Continental areas have an extreme climate.
Ans:
1) In the continental areas,land the amount of water vapour is extremely less. As its effect, the air
remains dry.
2) Dry air leads to sharp difference in the day and night temperature (range of temperature) in the
continental areas. Therefore, continental areas have an extreme climate.
2. The regions of convergence of warm and cold currents are famous for fishing.
Ans: 1) The regions of convergence of warm and cold currents are favorable for the growth of planktons.
2) Planktons are the food for the fish.
3)As a result, fish from surrounding areas come to such regions on a large scale for food.
4) Therefore, the regions of convergence of warm and cold current are famous for fishing.

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 S.R. Chandak English High School, Solapur
Std: 6th Sub : Geography Sem-I
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3. The temperature of the earth is increasing.
Ans: 1) Some gases in the atmosphere like carbon dioxide and water vapour can hold the heat within
themselves for a long period of time.
2) These gases are called Greenhouse Gases.
3) Due to urbanization, industrialization, deforestation etc. the proportion of Greenhouse Gases in
the atmosphere is increasing day by day. Therefore, the temperature of the earth is increasing.

Short Note:
1. Torrid Zone:
i) Between 00 and 230 30.‘ North and South, the sunrays are perpendicular.
ii) As its effect, this area receives bright sunlight and greater heat.
iii) Therefore , this area is known as torrid zone.

2. Temperate Zone :
i) Between 230 30 , and 66030, North and South, the sunrays are slanting.
ii) As its effect, these areas receive less bright sunlight and less heat.
iii) Therefore, these areas are known as temperate zones.

3. Frigid Zone:
i) Between 66030’ and 900 North and South, the sunrays are extremely slanting.
ii) As its effect, these areas receive very less bright sunlight and less heat.
iii) Therefore, these areas are known as frigid zone.

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