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- Ex. Noli me Tangere - unjust

rulings of the Spaniards
Context
- To understand what we are reading
better
- Understanding the background of Intertext
the text, what is the environment - The shaping of a text’s meaning by
from which the text was made, who’s another text.
the author, when was it written, why - Any text is constructed of a mosaic
was it written that time, for whom of quotations.
was the text
- The prefix “inter” meaning
Simple the background of the text: “between”, intertext simply means
● Social background between text
● Cultural background - Julia Kristeva (1960s) - there are
● Political background relationships between many kinds
● Historical background of texts . There is actually no unique
or original text (some texts are
- Covering deeper meaning of the text influenced by other texts).
- Derived from the Latin word
Identify These Things About the Text: “intertexto”, meaning to intermingle
● The time or period the text was while weaving.
written
- It may be affected by the - A literary device that creates an
dominant trends during that interrelationship between texts and
time creates a mutual understanding in
- Ex. Noli Me Tangere, research separate works
about the spanish period of - Uses the text as a reference
the Philippines - Retelling of an old story in a modern
● What are the circumstances context
produced in that text - Intertextuality is the development of
- Ex. Noli Me tangere - a text’s meaning through another
experiences of Jose Rizal text.
● Issues the text tackles or deals with
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- It shows the connections between 3. Biblical

languages, images, characters, 4. Historical
themes, or subjects/topics. This
gives us an idea that texts are 3. Parody
interconnected, interrelated, or - May copy the setting, plot,
linked with a previous thought or a characters, or other parts of
current one. the original work.
- Simply the connectedness of texts - A funny imitation of a
- Examples. serious piece of literature,
writing, art, or music
3 Types of Intertextuality: - “Pokes fun” at something to
1. Appropriation entertain the
- Adaptation (old becomes audience/reader
new) 4. Pastiche
- Borrowing from another text - Borrows elements from one
- Reinterpretation or more works and
- Reimagining an existing text reconfigures them to create
and making it new something new.
2. Allusion - A reworking of an original
- An expression that calls work but not humorous as
attention to something parody.
without explicitly - A respectful type of parody
mentioning it. that gives credit to the
- Often called a “passing original and is not plagiarism
reference” 5. Obligatory Textuality
- Reference to another text - When a writer deliberately
- It can also be a reference to a involves a involves a
person, place, or event comparison or deliberation
- The audience/reader has to between two or more texts
make the connection - Without
6. Optional Intertextuality
4 Types of Allusion: - Less vital impact since it is
1. Literary only optional
2. Cultural
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- It is possible but not text. Make associations or

essential maps to your existing
- The connection will slightly knowledge.
shift the understanding of 2. Integration
the text - The better knowledge is
7. Accidental Intertextuality applied to a present text.
- When readers often connect 3. Evaluation
a text with another text’s - Consists of your personal
cultural practice or personal judgments, values,
experience without meeting conclusions, and
any tangible anchor point generalizations in comparing
within the original text past and present texts
- The writer has no intention
of making an intertextual
reference
Linear vs Non-Linear Text
Linear text
Frank Angelo’s Types of Intertext:
- Traditional text that needs to be
1. Adaptation
read from the beginning to the end
- Recasting into a new form
- The reader makes sense of the text
2. Retro
according to the grammatical and
- Recycling or refashioning old
syntactic arrangement of the words
rhetorical forms and
- Has an order or sequence (author
adapting to new uses.
decides)
3. Appropriation
- Ex. texts printed on paper, novels,
- Borrowing or stealing others'
poems
meaning into one’s own end.
- Common in modern art
Non-linear text
4. Parody
- The readers do not have to go
5. Pastiche
through the text in a sequential
manner in order to make sense of
3 Strategies to Apply Intertextuality:
the text.
1. Association
- Some past texts are
associated with a present
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- Ex. flow charts, knowledge maps, - From the prefix “hyper” meaning
digital texts with hyperlinks, and “beyond” or “above”, hypertext
encyclopedias means beyond the text
- Going beyond or outside the text we
are reading
- Hypertext is a non-linear way of
Hypertext
showing information (used in
- Nelson (1987) described hypertext
technology assisted reading devices
as a series of chunks connected by
like phones and computers)
links that offer readers different
- Connects other topics like related
pathways. It is non-linear or
information, graphics, videos, or
multi-linear, non-sequential, nodal,.
sounds to the text.
And allows for the reader’s
- Uses hyperlinks or clickable words
navigation control.
or items in the text so readers can
- Ted Nelson coined the words
easily access more information
“hypertext” and “hypermedia” in
about the topic.
1965 and worked with Andires Van
- We use hypertext everytime we are
Dam to develop the hypertext
on the phone, browsing on websites,
editing system in 1968.
or in social media

- Hypertext - text only

- Hypermedia - not just a text but
Advantages of Hypertext:
also images, sounds, animations, or
1. Multiple paths of inquiry
videos
2. Individualized learning
- Multimedia - linking images, videos,
opportunities
sounds, and texts
3. Reader learner control
4. Supports the connection of ideas
- Why Hypertext? - because in
5. Some text is suited to hypertext
general, humans learn better
6. Creating new references
associatively. Presents a new way to
7. Critical thinking
read on
8. Ease of navigation
- More flexible and personalized
9. Asynchronous communication

Disadvantages of Hypertext:
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1. Paper-based information is more

comfortable to read
2. computer/gadget is required
3. Readers disorientation
4. Cognitive overhead
5. Causes eye strain
6. Too much control