Project Review Report

(August 2022-Deember 2022)

on

EFFECT OF POST WELD HEAT-TRETAMENT ON MORPHOLOGY, HARDNESS

AND LOCALIZED CORROSION BEHAVIOUR OF 2205 DUPLEX STAINLESS
STEEL FLUX ASSISTED TIG WELDS

Submitted by

MAMIDI LIJITA SREE-811909

VISHWAJEET KUMAR-811925

VANGA TEJESH REDDY-811923

Under the Supervision

Dr. Raffi Mohammed

Assistant Professor
Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering
NIT Andhra Pradesh

DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECCHNOLOGY ANDHRA PRADESH
TADEPALLIGUDEM-534101
1
 CONTENTS

LIST OF CONTENTS Page No.

1 INTRODUCTION 4

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 7

3 GAPS FROM LITERATURE & OBJECTIVE 18

4 WORK PLAN 19

5 SUMMARY 21

6 REFERENCES 22

2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

3
1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
Duplex stainless steel:
The duplex stainless steel(DSS) is an intermediate class of austenitic and ferritic phases[3]. It offers high
strength by ferrite and high toughness by austenite[5]. These two microstructural phases offers higher resistance
to pitting, stress corrosion cracking, crevice when compared to common stainless steels[6,1]. DSSs are highly
anisotropic because of the elongated γ-phases embedded in the α-matrix. This anisotropy has made little
influence of Fatigue Crack Growth Rate(FCGR) on 2205 DSS in presence of air and chloride ions[7,13].
DSS is finding increased applications as structural material in critical components of nuclear power plants,
chemical industries, oil and gas sectors, paper and pulp industries, transportation, fasteners in marine
machinery, construction of bridges in cold countries [1,8-9].

Table 1
Chemical composition of SAF 2205 type duplex stainless steel(wt%) [4]
Element C S P Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N Fe
wt% 0.02 0.003 0.024 0.58 1.13 22.83 5.45 3.10 0.1 Balance

a b

Fig 1. Micrograph of duplex base metal under (a) SEM [8] (b) Optical Microscopy[10]

4
Tungsten Inert Gas(TIG) Welding:
As per American Welding Society(AWS), Welding is defined as “ a material joining process which
produces coalescence of materials by heating them to suitable temperatures with or without application of
pressure or by the application of pressure alone and with or without use of filler material”. It is a permanent
material bonding process.
For the manufacture of metal structures, various metal welding processes and welding techniques are
proposed which lays an important part of materials development[9]. TIG welding is a traditional fusion
welding method that is commonly employed in the production of DSS in industrial applications[1]. When
compared to other arc welding techniques, TIG welding of Duplex Steels produces superior weld quality and
surface polish[1]. TIG welding uses non-consumable tungsten electrode that generates an arc between
workpiece and electrode[9]. The shielding gases used are Ar and Ar-N2 [1] .

Fig 2. The schematic diagram of TIG process[14]

Table 2
Chemical composition of filler material(wt%) [4]
ER2209 C Mn Si Cr Ni Mo N P S Fe
wt% 0.02 1.6 0.5 23 8.5 3.1 0.11 <0.01 <0.005 Balance

They offer stronger welds than Metal Inert Gas (MIG) welding. Comparing with MIG welding, TIG welding
has poor penetration when welding thick material in one pass. Generally, one-pass TIG welding is done with
argon as the shielding gas on stainless steel butt joints is limited to 3 mm depth. As the welding current

5
increases or the travel speed decreases, the weld bead becomes excessively wide and depth of penetration is
relatively little[9].

Problems associated with TIG welding in DSS in structural applications:

A major concern with duplex stainless steels in TIG welding is that can compromise the microstructural
strength and corrosion resistance by unbalancing the ferrite/austenite content of the weld metal. The phase
balance of weld metal is important to retain the original chemical and physical properties of duplex stainless
steels[9].

Activated Tungsten Inert Gas (A-TIG) welding:

In order to improve the penetration capability, manufacturing capability and control of ferrite/austenite
content of weld metal in TIG welding, one of the most notable technique is use of activated flux in TIG
welding[9].
A-TIG welding is an improvement over conventional TIG welding, increasing weld joint thickness from 6
mm to 10 mm in a single pass in stainless steel[6,9]. Using an activated TIG welding process typically
improves penetration by 200-300%, reduces welding time, reduced angular distortion, deoxidation of weld
pool, grain coursing effect and reduces costs for manufacturers[1]. It also avoids variations in matrix
composition from casting to casting when using a specific flux[6,9]. Some of the activated fluxes are MnO2,
TiO2, MoO3, SiO2, and Al2O3[6].

Post Weld Heat Treatment(PWHT) on DSS:

Due to rapid heating and cooling cycles in thermal cycles cause a disturbance in phase balance between
ferrite and austenite during A-TIG welding. They promote excessive ferritization and low austenite content of
heat affected zone(HAZ) and weld metal of (WM) DSS welds[12]. In addition, undesirable phases such as
sigma phases, some brittle intermetallic phases tend to form which has a significantly worsen the properties of
corrosion resistance and mechanical behavior of DSS[5]. However, the very fast cooling rate of A-TIG
welding produces welds with excessive α-phase content. Since the solubility of nitrogen (N) in α -phase is
much lower than that in γ-phase, an N supersaturation in a-phase is prone to occur and brings on the
precipitation of chromium nitrides[12]. PWHT is recommended after welding on duplex stainless steel at
1050°C which effectively increases the austenite fraction phase and toughness of DSS welds. Heat treatment
provides a balanced proportion, where chromium and molybdenum are reinforced with ferrite, nickel
reinforced with austenite. After heat treatment , DSS sample is water quenched to avoid sigma nitride and
chromium nitride during cooling down[5].

6
 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Summary of background:
With proper selection of activated flux and shielding gas, the weld bead will eliminate the effect of
grain coarsening effect, solidification cracking and liquid cracking , better thermal cycles and depth of
penetration in one single pass followed by post-weld heat treatment the weldment to achieve homogeneous
composition, eliminate the possibility of embrittlement in the weld joint and less impact on corrosion behavior
and mechanical properties.
As a result, in the present study an attempt was made on 2205 DSS joints by conventional TIG welding
and A-TIG welding process with pure Argon shielding gas and Argon + 5% Nitrogen gas as shielding gas
under SiO2 activated flux.

SUMMARY OF LITERATURE

S.No Authors Material Title Findings

R. Badji, 2205 DSS Effect of Post Weld Heat  The purpose of this work was to
B.Belkessa, H. Treatment on investigate the effect of aging at
1.
Maza, Microstructure and elevated temperatures on the balance
M.Bouabdallah, Mechanical Properties of between austenite and delta-ferrite.
B.Bacroix and Welded 2205 Duplex After TIG welding, the duplex
C.Kahloun Stainless Steel stainless steel was aged for 60
minutes in the temperature range of
800-1150°C. The microstructure was
characterized by metallographic and
X-ray methods. The toughness of
welded structures was also measured.
 After aging at high temperature, the
morphology of the grain boundaries
evolves to the cellular form, attaining
the balance of the two phase
structure according to the
temperature treatment.
 During aging process, as peak
intensity increases, microhardness
increases. Thus, the volume fraction
of austenite becomes higher then that
of δ-ferrite.

7
  The difference of micro hardness
between the structure of the melted
zone and the rest of the structure is
not significant for all treatments.

 It investigates the effects of specific

oxide powders SiO2, MoO3, Cr2O3 as
fluxes leads to an increase in
penetration capability, weld depth-to-
width ratio and tends to reduce the
angular distortion in DSS TIG welds.
Tsann-Shyi Study of the
 Physically contracting the plasma
Chern , Kuang- characteristics of duplex
DSS column and shrinking the anode root
2. Hung Tseng, stainless steel activated
increased the weld depth and
Hsien-Lung Tsai tungsten inert gas welds
decreased the bead width for the
activated TIG process.
 Welded joints showed greater
mechanical strength.

 2205 duplex stainless steel has

undergone Gas tungsten arc welding,
Activated gas tungsten arc
welding(A-GTAW) using shielding
gas to know the corrosion resistance.
 The weld microstructure consists of
primary austenite with secondary
austenite formed inside the ferrite
Arun Kumar Effect of shielding and various types of primary
Gurrala, environment on austenite formed at the interface
Atmaramudu microstructure and between the primary austenite and
2205 DSS
3. Tirumalla, Surjan corrosion behavior of ferrite in the welding region of the A-
Sheik, Raffi 2005 duplex stainless- GTAW process.
Mohhammed steel weldments  Corrosion tests show that welds
made with A-GTAW technology
using 95% Ar + 5% N2 have better
corrosion resistance, by delaying
ferritization.

8
  2205 duplex stainless steel has
undergone long-term aging to study
the structural characterization and
José Eduardo corrosion behavior.
Maya , Carlos  The results showed that 5000hrs of
Alberto Caldas de aging the corrosion resistance is
Souza , Pedro Effect of Thermal Aging decreased when the same sample
Augusto de Paula Conditions on the given better corrosion resistance at
Nascente , Paulo 2205 DSS Corrosion Properties and 7000hrs of aging than 3000 to 5000
4. Soares , Carlos Hardness of a Duplex hrs aging.
Mauricio Stainless Steel  This is due to reduced chromium
Lepienski , oxide content in passive film at 5000
Sebastião Elias hrs aging.
Kuric  An enhanced coarsening of phase
precipitates at 7000hrs aging.

 2205 duplex stainless steel has

undergone Gas tungsten arc welding,
Activated gas tungsten arc welding
using shielding gas to know the
corrosion resistance.
 The weld zone (WZ) grain
morphology of weldment is observed
to be a mixture of austenite and delta
ferrite. Secondary austenite resides
Role of nitrogen within the ferrite, but various forms
Arun Kumar shielding environment on of primary austenite are found at the
Gurrala, microstructure and interface between ferrite and primary
Atmaramudu corrosion behavior of austenite around weld zone and heat
2205 DSS welded 2205 duplex
Tirumalla, Surjan affected zone (HAZ).
stainless-steel using A-
5. Sheik, Raffi
GTAW process  Corrosion studies show that welds
Mohhammed made with the A-GTAW process
using 95% Ar + 5% N2 have higher
corrosion resistance than TIG and A-
GTAW joints using 100% Ar
shielding gas. This may be due to
the presence of nitrogen, which
promotes austenite formation in the
ferrite matrix, by delaying
ferritization and grain growth of
ferrite.

9
  Post weld heat treated DSS
weldments has undergone solution
annealing to measure the ferrite
count and pitting corrosion
Bernard- resistance.
Maxmillan Sim ,  Post weld heat samples has not
The Influence of Post
Tang-Sai Hong , shown any weight loss at 1050 °C ,
Weld Heat Treatment
Mohamed Arif- soaking time for 2 hours, because of
Precipitation on Duplex
Azmah Hanim , DSS sufficient time available for the
Stainless Steels Weld
Edwin-Jong favorable formation of austenite and
Overlay towards Pitting
6. Nyon Tchan and giving optimum equilibrium
Corrosion
Mahesh-Kumar fractions.
Talari .  This relates lower levels of ferrite in
the weld metal compared to levels
prior to solid solution annealing.

 When the Ni content is low, ferrite

phase is more prone to corrode and
when the in N content is low,
austenite phase is more prone to
corrosion. So, overall pitting
The effects of nickel and corrosion resistance deteriorates.
nitrogen on the  The increment of Ni and N content
M MIURA, M
microstructure and in the weldment, decreases the
KOSO, T KUDO DSS
corrosion resistance of volume fraction of ferrite and restrain
and H TSUGE
duplex stainless steel the precipitation of Cr carbide and
7. weldments Nitride.
 This simultaneously, increase the
degree of Cr concentration, which
improves pitting corrosion resistance.

Nanda Naik 2205 DSS Optimization of A-TIG  A-TIG welding was imposed on
Korra , M welding of duplex 2205 DSS to determines the
Vasudevan and stainless steel alloy 2205 parameters like Depth of
8. KR based on response penetration(DOP), bead width on
Balasubramanian surface methodology and giving input process parameters.
experimental validation  ANOVA analysis approach was
carried out for numerical and
graphical optimization to obtain the
desirable maximum DOP.
 The welding current has more effect
on DOP of A-TIG welding DSS
weldment compared to other process
10
 parameters(torch speed).

 2205 DSS offers poor machinability

on comparing with Austenitic
Stainless Steel(ASS) grades(306 L
Weldability, and 316L) in terms of tool wear,
A. Vinoth
machinability and surface roughness and cutting force.
Jebaraj, L.
AISI2205 surfacing of commercial  It emphasizes about the importance
Ajaykumar ,
DSS duplex stainless steel of surface quality in strongly
C.R. Deepak ,
AISI2205 for marine corroding environment like marine
9. K.V.V. Aditya
applications environment applications which can
be improved by peening techniques.

 DSS are fused by friction welding,

followed by post weld heat treatment
at 1080°C .
 Ni is more effective in controlling
Mohammed Asif. the dual phase balance and absence
Effects of post weld heat
M, Kulkarni of precipitates were conformed by
UNS treatment on friction
Anup XRD peaks.
S31803 welded duplex stainless
Shrikrishna, P.  There is increase in microhardness
10. steel joints
Sathiya due to reduction ferrite percentage.
 Microstructure of the weldment
resembles finer grains due to
recrystallization effect.

Ziying Zhang , UNS Effect of post-weld heat  Autogenous LBW resulted in non-
Zhiyu Wang , S31803 treatment on equilibrium microstructure in FZ of
Yiming Jiang , DSS microstructure evolution DSS 2205 with α -phase volume
Hua Tan , Dong and pitting corrosion fraction which has been confirmed
Han , Yanjun behavior of UNS S31803 by TEM.
11. Guo , Jin Li duplex stainless steel  A study has shown that laser-beam
welds welding and post-weld heat treatment
enhanced the pitting corrosion
resistance of welded joint on a UNS
S31803 duplex stainless steel.
 The results showed the joint
displayed impaired pitting corrosion
resistance and that pitting
preferentially occurred at ferrite
grain in the fusion zone. After 3 min
heat treatment at 1080°C, the joints
11
 pitting corrosion resistance was
restored.

 Super martensitic stainless steel weld

with dissimilar weld(super duplex
stainless steel) by ATIG welding.
Sérgio Souto
12.  The mechanical behavior of the
Maior Tavaresa , Effects of Post Weld
weldment was inferior the base
Clóvis Ribeiro Heat Treatments on the
Super metal, by precipitation of
Rodrigues , Juan Microstructure and
martensitic intermetallic phases and Mo-rich
Manuel Pardal , Mechanical Properties of
stainless phases.
Edvan da Silva Dissimilar Weld of Super
steel  There is decrease in peak of
Barbosa , martensitic Stainless
hardness, elongation in tensile test
Hamilton Ferreira Steel
and impact toughness due to prolong
Gomes de Abreu
post-weld heat treatment(PWHT).

 Super duplex stainless

steel(UNS32750) undergoes fusion
by laser welding and these weld-
joints are subjected to post-weld heat
treatment at 1050°C for 2 hours.
Pulsed Nd: YAG laser  It enhances the fraction of austenite
S. Saravanana, K.
welding and subsequent phase, alleviates the phase imbalance
Raghukandan, N.
13. Super DSS post-weld heat treatment and improves corrosion resistance of
Sivagurumanikan
on super duplex stainless SDSS weldments.
dan
steel  Vickers microhardness and tensile
strength of weld joints are than
PWHT due to high ferritic phase in
weld joints.

Yanze Yang , UNS Effect of a brief post-  Ferrite in the WM of as-welded

Zhiyu Wang , S31803 weld heat treatment on specimen is easier to suffer attack of
Hua Tan , Jufeng DSS the microstructure pitting corrosion than austenite
14. Hong , Yiming evolution and pitting because of the low nitrogen content
Jiang , Laizhu corrosion of laser beam in ferrite. After PWHT,
Jiang , Jin Li , welded UNS S31803 precipitations of nitrides are
duplex stainless steel dissolved into the matrix again.
 The volume fraction of ferrite both
in the WM and HAZ decreases with
the increase of PWHT temperature.
 The highest pitting corrosion
resistance is obtained at 1080°C with
the highest critical pitting
12
 temperature and pitting nucleation
resistance for the annealed DSS
2205 welds.

 DSS has fused by electron-beam

welding, resulted large amount of
Cr2N was precipitated in large ferrite
grains and along ferrite grain
boundaries
 The as-welded joint exhibited poor
pitting corrosion resistance, and
pitting preferentially occurred at the
ferrite grain in the weld.
 Heat treatment promoted austenite
Zhiqiang Effect of post-weld heat growth and intergranular austenite
Zhanga , treatment on formation, Cr2N dissolution, and
Hongyang Jinga , microstructure evolution eliminated dendritic segregation,
Lianyong Xua, , DSS and pitting corrosion consequently improving the
15. Yongdian Hana , resistance of electron corrosion resistance of the welded
Lei Zhaoa , beam-welded duplex joint.
Xiaoqing Lva. stainless steel  Pitting corrosion occurred
preferentially in welds after PWHT.
The weaker phase, austenite, was
prone to selective corrosion because
its pitting resistance equivalent
number(PREN) was lower than that
of ferrite. Austenite homogenization
during PWHT showed no significant
difference PREN between different
types of austenite, indicating similar
resistance to pitting corrosion.
Nousha Super DSS Effect of hydrogen on the  Despite its superior corrosion
Kheradmand , hardness of different resistance, super duplex stainless
Roy Johnsen , phases in super duplex steels (SDSS) are prone to hydrogen
16. Jim Stian Olsen , stainless steel embrittlement.
Afrooz Barnoush  In this paper, a novel in situ
electrochemical nanoindentation
technique is used to investigate the
hydrogen effect on the
nanomechanical response of the
existing phases in SDSS, i.e. ferrite
and austenite.
 Consider the presence of residual

13
 stresses in the microstructure and
their effects on the hydrogen
solubility of different phases, as
hydrogen can affect hardness,
modulus, and/or elastic-to-plastic
transition loads is needed.

 DSS under the influence of laser

welding has undergone Charpy
impact test to determine the fatigue
crack growth rate(FCGR) was
studied under the influence of
gamma content an its morphology
followed by post-weld heat
treatment.
 Martensitic transformation due to
plastic deformation within the thin
The effect of short time
M.C. Young , layer caused crack closure and
post-weld heat treatment
L.W. Tsay , C.-S. explained the difference in crack
2205 DSS on the fatigue crack
Shin , S.L.I. growth behavior between samples.
growth of 2205 duplex
17. Chan  The Short time post-heating of the
stainless steel welds
weldment was able to effectively
raise the γ content and restore the α /
γ ratio .
 The great increase in c content and
change in γ morphology was
responsible for the improved weld’s
impact toughness and limited effect
on fatigue crack growth rate.

Jagesvar Verma, DSS Effect of welding

Ravindra processes and conditions  It systematically highlights the effect
Vasantrao on the microstructure, of joining processes and conditions
18. Taiwade mechanical properties on microstructure, mechanical
and corrosion resistance properties and corrosion resistance of
of duplex stainless steel duplex stainless steels and its various
weldments combinations with dissimilar metals
on the basis of structure.
 The authors highlight the need for
high heat input, optimization of inter
pass temperature, cooling rate,
proper selection of consumables,
defect free joints for rapid
14
 productivity.

 DSS has undergone aging treatment

Edgard de to determine the embrittlement
Macedo Silvaa, through speed of sound, Rockwell
Victor Hugo hardness, Charpy test.
Costa de  Through speed of sound parameter, it
Phase transformations
Albuquerque , showed two hardening stages, first
evaluation on a UNS
Josinaldo Pereira UNS 31803 by spinodal decomposition resulted
S31803 duplex stainless
19. Leite , Antonio DSS ductile fracture and other by grain
steel based on
Carlos Gomes growth resulted in brittle fracture.
nondestructive testing
Varela , Elineudo  Speed of sound is important non-
Pinho de Mourac, destructive parameter for following
João Manuel R.S. up the embrittlement in DSS.
Tavares.

 Study of microstructure changes to

heat treated DSS sample
characterized by ultra-sonic plus
echo technique.
Influence of heat  The heat treatment at
treatment on the 1350°C ,resulted in coarse grained
K. Vijayalakshmi ferrite, which favored formation of
SAF 2205 microstructure, ultrasonic
, V. Muthupandi , austenite with fast cooling.
20. DSS attenuation and hardness
R. Jayachitrac  Attenuation steeply increases, when
of SAF 2205 duplex
stainless steel the grain size increases.
 Both grain size and phase content
have a combined effect on hardness
and velocity.

21. Xue-fang Xie , 2205 DSS Nonhomogeneous  In DSS multi-pass weld joints, the
Jingwen Li , microstructure formation austenite phase was dominating at
Wenchun Jiang, and its role on tensile and weld filler zone due to formation of
Zhilong Dong, fatigue performance of Intergranular austenite and extensive
Shan-Tung Tu , duplex stainless steel ferritization at heat-affected
Xiangnan Zhai , 2205 multi-pass weld zone(HAZ).
Xu Zhao joints  The tensile strength of the weld joint
is greater than the base metal due to
refinement of grains , and final
rupture occurred in base metal zone.
 The fatigue lifetime was less
compared to base material though the
phase equilibrium is maintained, the
15
 initiation of fatigue cracks
propagates over austenite phase.

 Post-weld heat treatment on the

sample has given a highest impact
toughness at 1080°C, hardness value
Ziying Zhang , reached minimum and austenite
Huizhen Zhang , Microstructure evolution volume fraction was elevated
Jun Hu , and mechanical significantly.
Xiaoxiao Qi , SAF 2507 properties of briefly heat-  Beyond on increasing the
Yang Bian , Ao super DSS treated SAF 2507 super temperature, the hardness tends to
22. Shen , Pingping duplex stainless steel increase.
Xu, Yiangqiang welds
Zhao

 2205 TIG weld joint was examined

under microstructure strain
distributions of weld metal zone,
high temperature heat affected zone,
low temperature heat effected zone
Numerical analysis of the and base metal considering the
Song Gao, deformation behavior of microstructure morphology, phase
Shaoning 2205 duplex stainless proportion and stress-strain curves of
Geng ,Ping steel TIG weld joint the constituent phases.
23. 2205 DSS
Jiang , Gaoyang based on the  The quality of strain localized bands
Mi , Chu Han , microstructure and are determined by the microstructure
Liangyuan Ren micro-mechanical morphology variation.
properties  Most of the strain localized bands
occur in austenite phase in LT-HAZ
and base metal .

Quantification of  This paper is an attempt to quantify

R. Badyka , G.
hardening contribution of the contribution of both spinodal
Monnet , S.
G-Phase precipitation decomposition and G-phase
Saillet , C. DSS
and spinodal precipitation values of the hardness
Domain , C.
24. decomposition in aged increase of the ferrite of the cast and
Pareige
duplex stainless steel: lean steels for a wide range of
16
 composition and temperature.
 In this study, not only spinodal
decomposition is the main
contributor of hardening but also G-
APT analysis and micro- phase precipitator is the main
hardness measurements contributor to ferrite hardness
increase at early stage of ageing in
Mo-bearing steels.

3. RESEARCH GAPS AND OBJECTIVES

Research Gaps:

1. The advanced techniques like hybrid, A-TIG and PCGTAW will also be a better choice for joining thick
sections in critical service conditions which are not promoted in this study[8].
2. Lack in determination of hardness limit for DSS material under the effect of H 2S[16].
3. The physical mechanisms involved in increasing depth-to-width ratio by usage of flux[9].
4. Super tensile forming and hot tensile behaviour are not analyzed[15].

17
 5. Corrosion fatigue of 2205 stainless steel weldments in marine exposure was not explained[15].
6. 2205 duplex stainless steel alloy aged for 3000 hours at 300 °C, leads to formation of discontinuous
phase results in precipitation which was not analyzed[17].

Objectives:
The main focus of the study is to examine the “Effect of post weld heat-treatment on morphology, hardness
and localized corrosion behaviour of 2205 duplex stainless steel flux assisted TIG welds”. This study seeks to
establish a detailed relationship on evolution of phase balance in its morphology by post-weld heat treatment
towards the hardness and corrosion resistance of the weldment.

This study has been evaluated by taking 3 DSS samples which are welded by i) TIG welding with 100% Ar
shielding gas ii)A-TIG welding with 100% Ar shielding gas iii)A-TIG welding with 95% Ar and 5% N 2
shielding gas.

The results are used:

 To compare the efficiency of TIG welding and A-TIG welding.
 Enlightening the usage of nitrogen gas as shielding gas and SiO2 as flux.
 Evaluating the choice of heat treatment temperature after welding.
 Compare and contrast the microstructure changes of pre-weld and post-weld heat treatment using optical
microscopy.
 Compare and contrast the microhardness value across the weldments in all conditions using Vickers
hardness tester.
 Compare and contrast Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) by Nyquist and bode plot studies
were performed in a 1M NaCl solution to observe general and pitting corrosion behaviour in all regions
of weldment in pre-weld and post-weld heat treatment.
 Compare and contrast Open Circuit Potential by potential v/s time graph studies were performed in a
1M NaCl studies were performed in a 1M NaCl solution to observe general and pitting corrosion
behaviour in all regions of weldment in pre-weld and post-weld heat treatment.
 Compare and contrast Potentio -dynamic polarization by current density v/s potential of polarization
graph studies were performed in a 1M NaCl solution to observe general and pitting corrosion behaviour
in all regions of weldment in pre-weld and post-weld heat treatment.
4. WORKPLAN

Duplex stainless steel

TIG,A-TIG Weldments
18
Microstructural Corrosion Studies Hardness Behavior
Characterization  Microhardness
 Potentio-dynamic
 Optical microscopy polarization(PDP) value
 Grain structure  Intergranular Corrosion  Vickers hardness
examination  Electrochemical test
 Phase analysis Impedance
 Volume fraction of Spectroscopy(EIS)
phases  Open circuit
potential(OCP)

Result and Discussion

Conclusion

5. SUMMARY OF THE PROJECT

Alloy 2205 duplex stainless steel offers high tensile strength, pitting and corrosion resistance. Welded
samples are therefore used in everyday structural applications, pressure vessel construction, cargo tanks for
ships and trucks, biofuel plants, digesters, piping and tubing in paper and pulp industry. Flux-activated arc
welding with non-consumable tungsten electrodes has been found to limit the fatigue strength properties,
incomplete penetration of welded structures. Heat treatments applied to welded structures in both solution
annealing and stress relieving treatments eliminate the precipitation of detrimental intermetallic phases.

19
6. REFERENCES

1. Arun Kumar Gurrala, Atmaramudu Tirumalla, Surjan Sheik and Raffi Mohammed,Effect of shielding
environment on microstructure and corrosion behavior of 2205 duplex stainless-steel
weldments,Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology,
Andhra Pradesh, Tadepalligudem, A.P., India -534101,2021.
2. Arun Kumar Gurralaa, Atmaramudu Tirumallaa, Surjan Sheika and Raffi Mohammeda*, Role of nitrogen
shielding environment on microstructure and corrosion behavior of welded 2205 duplex stainless-steel

20
 using A-GTAW process, aDepartment of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of
Technology Andhra Pradesh, Tadepalligudem, A.P., India-534101.,2022.
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