E3S Web of Conferences 351, 01064 (2022) https://doi.org/10.

1051/e3sconf/202235101064
ICIES’22

Model of microwave link channel with adaptive modulation under

the fading conditions
Irina Stepanets, 1,*,and Sergei Odoevskii 2
1 Deutsche Telekom, Integrated Active Access, Landgrabenweg 151, 53227 Bonn, Germany
2 The State Marine Technical University St. Petersburg, Lotsmanskaya Ulitsa, 3, 190121 St. Petersburg, Russian Federation

Abstract. Higher throughput requirements of the radio access network (RAN) of 5th generation (5G)
network lead in turn to even more higher capacity require-ments of wireless backhaul segment. Current
research proposes a model of microwave link channel with adaptive modulation under the fading condi-tions.
This model allows to estimate maximum possible throughput with re-quired bit error probability (BEP) for
channel with adaptive modulation un-der fading conditions. The contribution of the current research is the
consid-eration of the 5G requirements on higher throughput and fading conditions in microwave link.
Whereby this fading is assumed as a process with Rice distribution.

1 1 Introduction may entail either idle free channel resources, or data loss.
There are modern software tools e.g. ONEPLAN RPLS-
The key characteristic of the channel in the wireless DB Link, which allows to solve such tasks of calculations
transport segment of the 5th generation (5G) for microwave link in praxis. However, it is necessary to
communication network is higher data transmission formalize the channel model for adaptive QAM switching
capacity, which should ensure the transmission of data under specific fading conditions from the theoretical point
streams coming from the radio access net-works. of view, in order to obtain its common characteristics.
Therefore, the throughput of the wireless transport Thus, the material in this paper is organized in the
segment in 5G should be by orders higher than in radio following order. The base aspects of the channel model
access networks. The requirements of the ETSI with adaptive modulation is described in Section 2. The
organization define the communication channel speed of calculation results based on the proposed model is given
the wireless segment up to 100 Gbps [1-4]. To ensure high in Section 3, considering the fading conditions of
data rates, it is necessary to use quadrature amplitude microwave link and adaptive switch of quadrature
modulation (QAM) modulation schemes of higher orders amplitude modulation (QAM). Finally, conclusions are
M, than in previous communication generations. M drawn in the in Section 4.
denotes the dimension of the QAM constellation, or the
total number of variants of symbol positions in the
constellation, while M=2L, where L is the number of bits 2 Base aspects of channel model
in one symbol. In current wireless transport systems based
on microwave links, QAM dimensions are used up to 2.1. Common structure of channel model
M=4096.
However, due to changes of external conditions and The channel model consists of mathematical expressions
channel conditions, the constant application of high QAM for calculation of the bit error probability (BEP) and
modulation schemes can lead to data loss. Therefore, the throughput. The common structure of the channel model
use of adaptive QAM (A-QAM) modulation schemes is can be represented in the following steps.
required, which automatically switches the modulation First step. Find the dependency of BEP
scheme according to the channel state. As the signal-to- 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏−𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 (𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ) on signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in a basic
noise ratio (SNR) improves, the modulation scheme Gaussian channel for each M-QAM scheme used in the
adapts to a higher order, which allows maximum use of adaptive modulation system [5, 6]:
the available channel resource and higher transmission 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏−𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 (𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ) = ∑𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄(�𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ) (1)
rates. If SNR decreases, a lower QAM scheme is applied, where 𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 is SNR in form of symbol to noise power ratio,
the transmission rate becomes slower, but there is no data
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 and 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 are specific QAM coefficients, 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄-function
loss. At the same time, it is important to set the SNR
represents tail distribution function of the standard
thresholds for modulation switching so that, on the one
normal distribution.
hand, the transition between QAM schemes is not too
frequent and, on the other hand, it is not too slow, which

*
Corresponding author: [email protected]

© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
E3S Web of Conferences 351, 01064 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202235101064
ICIES’22

Second step. Find the dependency of the bit error As formula (1) gives accurate coefficient only till 256-
probability 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 on SNR in the investigated fading QAM and the existing approximation do not give enough
channel according to the formula: accuracy, authors of this work developed own higher
∞
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 = ∫0 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏−𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 (𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 )𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 (𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 )𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 (2) accuracy approximation method of BEP calculation for
the higher modulation schemes such 1024-QAM and
where 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 is probability density function of a
(𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾 )
4096-QAM. These higher QAM schemes are necessary to
random variable, which characterizes the investigated be used in modern microwave link systems to fulfill the
channel. requirements on 5G capacity.
Third step. Define the SNR thresholds for each of The examples of corresponding SNR switching
M-QAM switching level by required 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 . This step threshold values for different re-quired BEPreq are
is discussed more detailed in the section 2.2. presented in Table 2
Fourth step. Estimate the channel throughput 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 Having known the SNR threshold for switching of
in bits per symbol (BPS) for the system with adaptive M- adaptive modulation in com-mon, as a next step it is
QAM according to the formula: possible to apply these values for the BEP and throughput
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹+1 estimation of a specific fading channel.
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = � 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖−𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = � 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 � 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 (𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 )𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖=1 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
(3)

where 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 is an iteration number through the switching

levels of adaptive M-QAM; 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙2 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 is a number of
bits per symbol on modulation level 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 -QAM; 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 is a
switching SNR threshold for 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 -QAM level;
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖−𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = ∫𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹+1 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 (𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 )𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 is throughput
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
provided by each used in a system modulation scheme,
whereby the integration limits represent SNR switching
thresholds, which were found in the Third step.
Fig. 1. SNR switching thresholds for required BEP by
Fifth step. Estimate the bit error probability
numerical method.
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 of a channel with adaptive modulation. Using
the estimated parameter from the previous steps,
calculate the 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 by formula: 2.3 Consideration of fading for microwave link
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = −1
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 �∑𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖=1 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ∙ ∫𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹+1 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏−𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 (𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ) ∙ The existing works devoted to research of adaptive
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹

𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 (𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 )𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 � (4) modulation transmission consider only the assumption of
Raleigh channel model [5-8]. This can be applicable for
the mobile communication with multipath transmission.
But as microwave link is characterized by one dominant
2.2 SNR switching threshold for channel with signal component transmitted in line-of-sight (LOS)
adaptive modulation channel, the channel model should be described by
another law, e.g. Rice distribution [16-19]. That is why
To define the state-of-the-art of the paper topic, different the applied in Second, Fourth and Fifth steps described in
research works were analyzed by us and the overview of section 2.1 probability density function 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 (𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ) takes
this analysis is summarized in the Table 1 with references the form:
to the corresponding literature. 1+𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
(1+𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘)𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
−�𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘+ � 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘(1+𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘)𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹−𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 (𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ) = ���𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 ����
𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ∙ 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼0 �2� ���
�
𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾 𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
The comparison of the mentioned works above and
(5)
our research is given in this paragraph. The analysis of
Where factor k is ratio of LOS to non-LOS signal
existing techniques for finding the SNR switching thresh-
power; 𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾�𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 is average symbol SNR; 𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 is current symbol
olds in a system with adaptive modulation shows, that
SNR; 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼0 is modified Bessel function of zero order.
either these approaches do not reflect the desired accuracy
Whereby as the SNR distribution is represented in
[14,15], or are based on averaging of the current BEP
terms of power, which is a squared value, it is necessary
values [7-13]. Such averaging can be acceptable for
to modify the distribution law in terms of squared random
mobile communication systems, however, it is
value. This condition was considered by authors of
unacceptable for transport wireless data transmission,
current paper in (4).
such microwave link to backhaul of 5G networks. Since
in the case of microwave link communication it is
important to maintain a required BEPreq at every moment,
it was decided to use numerical method by assumption of
AWGN channel in order to define SNR switching
threshold

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Table 1. Analysis of existing approaches on finding of switching thresholds for systems with adaptive modulation A-QAM.
Authors Shorten name of work with Used technique to find SNR threshold depending on the required
reference BEP
L. Hanzo, W. Book “Single-and Multi- A solution with use of Powell optimization method based on [13]
Webb, T. carrier Quadrature Amplitude is proposed.
Keller Modulation” [7Fehler!
Verweisquelle konnte nicht
gefunden werden.]
J.Torrance, L. Paper “Optimization of A solution with use of Powell optimization method based on [13]
Hanzo switching levels for adapt. is proposed.
mod., Rayleigh fading” [8]
B. J. Choi, L. Paper “Optimum mode- A solution with use of Lagrange multiplier method is proposed.
Hanzo switching for adaptive
modulation systems” [9]
B. J. Choi, L. Paper “Optimum mode- Proposed solution gives average error probability by the method of
Hanzo switching assisted adaptive Lagrange multipliers.
modulation” [10]
B. J. Choi, L. Paper “Optimum mode- Proposed solution gives average error probability by the modified
Hanzo switching-assisted adaptive method of Lagrange multipliers.
modulation” [11]
B. J. Choi, L. Paper “Performance of Proposed solution gives average error probability by the method of
Hanzo и др. adaptive modulation over Powell optimization based on [13].
Rayleigh fading channel”
[12]
T. Liew, Paper “Switching threshold Proposed solution gives average error probability for systems with
L. Hanzo for turbo coded adaptive turbo-coding
modulation” [13]
M. Alouini, Paper “Adaptive modulation Description of the approximate calculation technique. Gives rough
A. Goldsmith over Nakagami fading results.
channels” [14,15]

Table 2. Calculation results of SNR thresholds by numeric method

BEPreq SNRBPS SNRQPSK SNR16 SNR64 SNR256 SNR1024 SNR4096
K, dB , dB , dB , dB , dB , dB , dB
10-3 6,7 9,8 16,5 22,5 28,4 34,2 40
10-6 10,5 13,5 20,4 26,5 32,5 38,5 44,4
10-9 12,5 15,5 22,5 28,6 34,6 40,6 46,6

The higher the k-factor is, the more prevailing the LOS
3 Calculation results signal power is. The simulated system with adaptive
modulation contents switching modes with square
In this section the simulation results of the microwave link constellations: QPSK, BPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-
channel are presented according to the proposed channel QAM, 1024-QAM, 4096-QAM (thin lines on figures
model with LOS under the fading conditions. show its individual BEP without adaptation). The holistic
The simulation results are provided for required BEP of the system with adaptive modulation is presented
BEPreq values 10-3 and 10-6 and presented on the figures as red bold line. BEP values are plotted along the vertical
2-5. The simulations were done for different LOS left axis depended on SNR values (horizontal axes). The
intensity, i.e. different values of k-factor: 5; 10; 20; 50. right vertical axis depicts the values of throughput in bits
per second.

*
Corresponding author: [email protected]

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E3S Web of Conferences 351, 01064 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202235101064
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Fig. 2. Simulation results for BEPreq=10-3 and k=5 (on the left), k=10 (on the right).

Fig. 3. Simulation results for BEPreq=10-3 and k=20 (on the left), k=50 (on the right).

Fig. 4. Simulation results for BEPreq=10-6 and k=5 (on the left), k=10 (on the right).

Fig. 5. Simulation results for BEPreq=10-6 and k=20 (on the left), k=50 (on the right).

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E3S Web of Conferences 351, 01064 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202235101064
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The obtained results of the Rice channel estimation by 3. Stepanets, I., Fokin, G., Odoevskii, S.: Model of
criteria of throughput and BEP allow to draw out the Integrated Radio Access and Wireless Backhaul
following conclusions. The graphs depict the operation of for 5th Generation Network. In: International
the system with adaptive modulation: by increase of SNR, Youth Conference on Electronics,
the signal energy becomes stronger, which allows the Telecommunications and Information
system to switch to a higher QAM modulation level. This Technologies, pp. 637-645. Springer, Cham
change is represented by the hills of the bit error rate (2021).
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obviously. Also, as the k-factor increases, the throughput and multi-carrier quadrature amplitude
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The behavior of the hills of 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 shows a York, USA (2000).
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𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 increases, the noise resistance 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
9. Choi B.J., Hanzo L.: Optimum mode-switching
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GLOBECOM'01. IEEE Global
The model of microwave link channel with adaptive Telecommunications Conference, vol. 6, pp.
modulation under the fading conditions is proposed in this 3316-3320 (2001).
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in particular the common structure of channel model,
assisted constant-power single-and multicarrier
which includes the mathematical expressions for
adaptive modulation. IEEE Transactions on
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Special attention is devoted to definition of SNR
(2003).
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and to consideration of fading for microwave link based 12. Choi B.J., Hanzo L., et.al.: Performance of
on Rice distribution. Calculation results based on the Rake receiver assisted adaptive-modulation
proposed channel model are presented for the modulation based CDMA over frequency selective slow
levels from BPSK to 4096-QAM. This model can be used Rayleigh fading channels. Electronics Letters
to solve the problem of channel estimation for wireless 37(4) (2001).
backhaul segment of 5G. In this work we assumed the 13. Liew T.H., Hanzo L.: Switching threshold and
ideal adaptation model. For the future work it is planned coding-rate optimisation for turbo
to consider inaccuracies of the adaptive control system convolutional and turbo BCH coded adaptive
caused by random radio conditions. modulation. In: 57th IEEE Semiannual
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*
Corresponding author: [email protected]

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ICIES’22

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