CC MOD 2

Cloud Computing has evolved from the Distributed system to the current
technology. Cloud computing has been used by all types of businesses, of
different sizes and fields.

1. Distributed Systems

In the networks, different systems are connected. When they target to send
the message from different independent systems which are physically located
in various places but are connected through the network. Some examples of
distributed systems are Ethernet which is a LAN technology,
Telecommunication network, and parallel processing. The Basic functions of
the distributed systems are −

• Resource Sharing − The Resources like data, hardware, and software can be shared
between them.
• Open-to-all − The software is designed and can be shared.
• Fault Detection − The error or failure in the system is detected and can be corrected.
Apart from the functions, the main disadvantage is that all the plan has to be
in the same location and this disadvantage is overcome by the following
systems −

• Mainframe Computing
• Cluster Computing
• Grid Computing
2. Mainframe Computing

It was developed in the year 1951 and provides powerful features. Mainframe
Computing is still in existence due to its ability to deal with a large amount of
data. For a company that needs to access and share a vast amount of data
then this computing is preferred. Among the four types of computers,
mainframe computer performs very fast and lengthy computations easily.

The type of services handled by them is bulk processing of data and

exchanging large-sized hardware. Apart from the performance, mainframe
computing is very expensive.

3. Cluster Computing

In Cluster Computing, the computers are connected to make it a single

computing. The tasks in Cluster computing are performed concurrently by each
computer also known as the nodes which are connected to the network. So
the activities performed by any single node are known to all the nodes of the
computing which may increase the performance, transparency, and processing
speed.

To eliminate the cost, cluster computing has come into existence. We can also
resize the cluster computing by removing or adding the nodes.

4. Grid Computing

It was introduced in the year 1990. As the computing structure includes

different computers or nodes, in this case, the different nodes are placed in
different geographical places but are connected to the same network using the
internet.

The other computing methods seen so far, it has homogeneous nodes that are
located in the same place. But in this grid computing, the nodes are placed in
different organizations. It minimized the problems of cluster computing but the
distance between the nodes raised a new problem.

5. Web 2.0

This computing lets the users generate their content and collaborate with other
people or share the information using social media, for example, Facebook,
Twitter, and Orkut. Web 2.0 is a combination of the second-generation
technology World Wide Web (WWW) along with the web services and it is the
computing type that is used today.

6. Virtualization

It came into existence 40 years back and it is becoming the current technique
used in IT firms. It employs a software layer over the hardware and using this
it provides the customer with cloud-based services.

7. Utility Computing

Based on the need of the user, utility computing can be used. It provides the
users, company, clients or based on the business need the data storage can
be taken for rent and used.

Conclusion

Cloud Computing has emerged from the 1950s to the current year and
companies are relying completely on cloud computing based on their specific
needs. Before cloud computing was not accepted and used, later on looking at
its features, people are investing money to buy cloud data storage.
Comparison between Cluster, Grid and Cloud
Computing:

Benefits of Cloud Computing:

1. Cost Efficiency:
• Benefit: Cloud computing allows organizations to reduce capital expenses by
eliminating the need for upfront hardware and infrastructure investments.
They can instead opt for a pay-as-you-go model, where they only pay for the
resources they use.
• Example: Companies can scale their computing resources up or down based
on demand, avoiding over-provisioning and reducing overall IT costs.
 2. Scalability and Flexibility:
• Benefit: Cloud services offer scalability, allowing businesses to easily scale
their resources up or down based on demand. This flexibility enables rapid
deployment of applications and services.
• Example: During peak periods, such as holiday shopping seasons, companies
can quickly scale up their computing resources to handle increased traffic and
then scale them down during quieter periods.
3. Accessibility and Remote Collaboration:
• Benefit: Cloud computing provides ubiquitous access to applications and
data from anywhere with an internet connection. This enables remote work,
collaboration among distributed teams, and access to resources on various
devices.
• Example: Employees can access work-related documents, applications, and
tools from home, while traveling, or from remote locations, enhancing
productivity and collaboration.
4. Reliability and High Availability:
• Benefit: Cloud providers offer robust infrastructure with redundant systems
and data backups, ensuring high availability and reliability of services.
• Example: Cloud platforms distribute data across multiple data centers,
minimizing the risk of data loss due to hardware failures or disasters. They
also provide automatic failover mechanisms to maintain service continuity.
5. Elasticity:
• Benefit: Cloud computing allows for elasticity, enabling resources to be
provisioned and de-provisioned dynamically in response to changing
workload demands.
• Example: Organizations can automatically scale resources based on traffic
patterns or performance metrics, ensuring optimal performance and cost-
efficiency.

Challenges of Cloud Computing:

1. Security and Privacy Concerns:
• Challenge: Cloud computing raises concerns about the security and privacy
of data stored in the cloud. Organizations may worry about data breaches,
unauthorized access, or compliance with regulations.
• Example: Storing sensitive information, such as personal or financial data, in
the cloud requires robust security measures, including encryption, access
controls, and regular security audits.
2. Dependency on Internet Connectivity:
 • Challenge: Cloud computing relies heavily on internet connectivity. Any
disruptions in connectivity can lead to service outages, data access issues, or
interruptions in business operations.
• Example: Organizations in remote areas or with unreliable internet
connections may face challenges in accessing cloud services consistently,
impacting productivity and performance.
3. Vendor Lock-In:
• Challenge: Adopting cloud services from a specific provider may lead to
vendor lock-in, making it difficult to migrate data and applications to another
provider or on-premises environment.
• Example: As organizations invest more resources into a particular cloud
platform, they may encounter difficulties in switching providers due to
compatibility issues, proprietary technologies, or contractual constraints.
4. Performance and Latency:
• Challenge: Cloud computing performance may be impacted by network
latency, especially for applications requiring low latency or high throughput.
• Example: Real-time applications, gaming, or high-frequency trading systems
may experience performance degradation when running in the cloud due to
network latency between client devices and cloud servers.
5. Data Transfer Costs:
• Challenge: Transferring large volumes of data to and from the cloud can incur
significant data transfer costs, especially if data needs to be moved frequently
between on-premises and cloud environments.
• Example: Organizations may encounter unexpected expenses when migrating
data to the cloud or when transferring data between different cloud regions
or providers, impacting overall cost-effectiveness.

Cloud Deployment Model: https://www.guru99.com/cloud-deployment-models.html

The cloud deployment model identifies the specific type of cloud
environment based on ownership, scale, access, and the cloud’s nature
and purpose. There are various deployment models are based on the
location and who manages the infrastructure.

Public Cloud:
• The Public Cloud allows systems and services to be easily accessible to
the general public.
• Public cloud may be less secure because of its openness, e.g., e-mail.
• Public clouds are owned and operated by third parties.
• Deliver superior economies of scale to customers
 • Pay-as-you-go
• It is a multitenancy architecture, so data is highly likely to be leaked
• Examples of Public Cloud:
a. Google App Engine
b. IBM Smart Cloud
c. Amazon
d. Azure

Private Cloud:
• Accessible within an organization. It offers increased
security because of its private nature.
• Private clouds are built exclusively for a single
enterprise.
• They aim to address concerns on data security and offer
greater control, which is typically lacking in a public
cloud.
• There are two variations to a private cloud:
 1. On-premise Private Cloud
2. Externally hosted Private Cloud

Examples of Private Cloud:

Eucalyptus
Ubuntu Enterprise Cloud - UEC (powered by Eucalyptus)
Amazon VPC (Virtual Private Cloud)
VMware Cloud Infrastructure Suite

Hybrid Cloud Model

• A hybrid cloud deployment model combines public and private
clouds. Creating a hybrid cloud computing model means that a
company uses the public cloud but owns on-premises systems
and provides a connection between the two.
• They work as one system, which is a beneficial model for a smooth
transition into the public cloud over an extended period.
 • The Hybrid cloud environment is capable of providing on-
demand, externally provisioned scale.
• The ability to augment a private cloud with the resources of a
public cloud can be used to manage any unexpected flows in
workload.
• Example of Hybrid Cloud: VMware vCloud (Hybrid Cloud Services)

Community Cloud Model

• Community clouds are cloud-based infrastructure models that
enable multiple organizations to share resources and services
based on standard regulatory requirements.
• It provides a shared platform and resources for organizations to
work on their business requirements.
• This Cloud Computing model is operated and managed by
community members, third-party vendors, or both. The
 organizations that share standard business requirements make up
the members of the community cloud.
• You can establish a low-cost private cloud.
• It helps you to do collaborative work on the cloud.
• It is cost-effective, as multiple organizations or communities share
the cloud.
• Examples of Community Cloud:
1 Google Apps for Government
2 Microsoft Government Community Cloud

How to select the suitable Cloud Deployment

Models
Companies are extensively using these cloud computing models all
around the world. Each of them solves a specific set of problems. So,
finding the right Cloud Deployment Model for you or your company is
important.

Here are points you should remember for selecting the right Cloud
Deployment Model:
 • Scalability: You need to check if your user activity is growing
quickly or unpredictably with spikes in demand.
• Privacy and security: Select a service provider that protects your
privacy and the security of your sensitive data.
• Cost: You must decide how many resources you need for your
cloud solution. Then calculate the approximate monthly cost for
those resources with different cloud providers.
• Ease of use: You must select a model with no steep learning curve.
• Legal Compliance: You need to check whether any relevant low
stop you from selecting any specific cloud deployment model.

Cloud Computing Service Delivery Models:

Service Models are the reference models on which the
Cloud Computing is based. These can be categorized
into three basic service models as listed below:

Software as a Service (SaaS):

SaaS is also known as "on-demand software". It is a software in which the applications are
hosted by a cloud service provider. Users can access these applications with the help of
internet connection and web browser.

Platform as a Service (PaaS):

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS):

IaaS is also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS). It is a computing infrastructure

managed over the internet. The main advantage of using IaaS is that it helps users to avoid
the cost and complexity of purchasing and managing the physical servers.
Service abstraction:
Service abstraction in the context of cloud computing refers to hiding
the complexities of underlying infrastructure or software from the users
or developers who interact with the services. This abstraction allows
users to focus on utilizing the services without needing to understand or
manage the underlying technical details. Service abstraction enables
greater flexibility, scalability, and ease of use in cloud computing
environments.

Service abstraction in cloud computing offers several benefits:

• Simplified Management: By abstracting away the underlying complexity of

infrastructure and services, users can focus on their core tasks without getting
bogged down by infrastructure management tasks.
• Increased Flexibility: Users can easily scale resources up or down based on
their changing needs, without needing to make changes to underlying
infrastructure configurations.
• Improved Efficiency: Service abstraction allows for more efficient resource
utilization and automation of tasks, leading to cost savings and improved
productivity.
• Faster Time-to-Market: With pre-configured environments and ready-to-use
services, developers can quickly deploy applications and services, reducing
time-to-market and accelerating innovation.

SPI MODEL:
The SPI model in cloud computing stands for Software, Platform, and
Infrastructure, representing the three primary service models or layers
offered by cloud service providers. These models provide different levels
of abstraction and functionality, catering to varying user requirements
and use cases.

Difference between Cloud Computing and Traditional

Computing :
XASS:
XaaS" stands for "Everything as a Service," and it refers to the concept of delivering
various services over the internet, similar to how Software as a Service (SaaS),
Platform as a Service (PaaS), or Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) are provided. XaaS
represents a broader approach where almost any product, service, or resource can be
delivered and consumed as a service over the internet. Some examples of XaaS
include:

1. Storage as a Service (STaaS): Provides scalable storage solutions over the

internet, allowing users to store and access their data remotely without
managing physical storage infrastructure.
2. Database as a Service (DBaaS): Offers database management and hosting
services, allowing users to deploy, manage, and scale databases without
dealing with underlying infrastructure.
3. Security as a Service (SECaaS): SECaaS delivers security solutions over the
internet, including services like antivirus software, firewall protection, intrusion
detection systems, and security information and event management (SIEM)
tools. Examples include Cisco Umbrella, McAfee Security as a Service, and
Cloudflare.
4. Backend as a Service (BaaS): BaaS provides developers with pre-built
backend infrastructure for applications, such as databases, storage, user
authentication, and push notifications. Examples include Firebase, AWS
Amplify, and Parse.
 These are just a few examples, and the concept of XaaS continues to
evolve as new technologies and service offerings emerge.

Vertical and Horizontal scaling in cloud

In cloud computing, vertical and horizontal scaling are two approaches used to
handle increases in workload or demand on applications and services. These scaling
techniques help ensure that systems remain responsive, available, and performant
under varying levels of usage. Here's an explanation of each:

Vertical Scaling:
Vertical scaling, also known as scaling up or scaling vertically, involves increasing the
capacity of a single server or resource. This typically means adding more CPU,
memory, storage, or other resources to the existing server or upgrading to a more
powerful server.

Key points about vertical scaling:

1. Single Instance: Vertical scaling focuses on improving the capabilities of

individual instances or servers.
2. Limited Scalability: There's a limit to how much a single server can be scaled
vertically. Eventually, hardware constraints or cost considerations may prohibit
further scaling.
3. Increased Complexity: Adding resources to a single server can lead to
increased complexity and potential points of failure.
4. Downtime Risk: Depending on the implementation, vertical scaling may
require downtime for upgrades or hardware replacements, which can impact
availability.

Horizontal Scaling:
Horizontal scaling, also known as scaling out or scaling horizontally, involves adding
more instances or servers to distribute the workload across multiple machines.
Instead of increasing the resources of a single server, horizontal scaling adds more
servers to the existing infrastructure.

Key points about horizontal scaling:

1. Distributed Architecture: Horizontal scaling distributes the workload across

multiple instances or servers, allowing for improved performance and fault
tolerance.
 2. High Scalability: Horizontal scaling can scale almost infinitely by adding
more servers as needed, making it suitable for handling sudden spikes in
demand.
3. Improved Fault Tolerance: With multiple instances handling the workload,
the failure of one instance does not necessarily result in service downtime,
enhancing resilience.
4. Complexity of Management: Managing a distributed system with multiple
instances can be more complex than managing a single, vertically scaled
server.
Comparison:
• Scalability Limits: Vertical scaling has inherent limitations due to hardware
constraints, while horizontal scaling offers higher scalability potential by
adding more servers.
• Cost Considerations: Vertical scaling may become cost-prohibitive as
resource requirements increase, while horizontal scaling allows for more
efficient resource utilization by adding instances as needed.
• Resilience and Availability: Horizontal scaling provides better fault tolerance
and availability by distributing the workload, whereas vertical scaling may
present a single point of failure.