Pattern Recognition

Lec-1

Dr. Mona M.Soliman

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Pattern Recognition
Applications
◼ Machine vision is an area in which pattern recognition is of importance. A machine
vision system captures images via a camera and analyzes them to produce descriptions
of what is imaged. A typical application of a machine vision system is in the
manufacturing industry, either for automated visual inspection or for automation in
the assembly line.

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Pattern Recognition
Applications
◼ Character (letter or number) recognition is
another important area of pattern recognition,
with major implications in automation and
information handling.
◼ An OCR system has a “front-end”device
consisting of a light source, a scan lens,a document
transport, and a detector. At the output of the
light-sensitive detector, light-intensity variation
is translated into “numbers”and an image array
is formed. In the sequel, a series of image
processing techniques are applied leading to line
and character segmentation. The pattern
recognition software then takes over to
recognize the characters—that is, to classify
each character in the correct “letter, number,
punctuation” class

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 Pattern Recognition
Applications
◼ Computer-aided diagnosis is
another important application of
pattern recognition, aiming at
assisting doctors in making
diagnostic decisions. The final
diagnosis is, of course, made by
the doctor.
◼ Computer-assisted diagnosis has
been applied to and is of interest
for a variety of medical data,
such as X-rays, computed
tomographic images, ultrasound
images, electrocardiograms
(ECGs), and
electroencephalograms (EEGs).

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Pattern Recognition
Applications
◼ Speech recognition is another area in which a
great deal of research and development effort
has been invested. Speech is the most natural
means by which humans communicate and
exchange information.
◼ The recognition system, recognizes the spoken
text and translates it into ASCII characters,
which are shown on the screen and can be
stored in the memory.
◼ Entering information by “talking” to a
computer is twice as fast as entry by a skilled
typist. Furthermore, this can enhance our
ability to communicate with deaf and dumb
people.

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 Pattern Recognition
Applications
◼ Data mining and knowledge discovery
Data mining is of intense interest in a wide range of
applications such as medicine and biology, market and
financial analysis, business management, science
exploration, image and music retrieval.
◼ Information exists in huge amounts of data in
various forms including, text, images, audio and
video, stored in different places distributed all over
the world. The traditional way of searching
information in databases based on manual
annotation.
◼ Content-based retrieval systems are becoming
more and more popular where information is
sought based on“similarity” between an object,
which is presented into the system, and objects
stored in sites all over the world. 8
Example
◼ Problem Definition
Let us first simulate a simplified case “mimicking” a medical image classification task.
Two images, each having a distinct region inside it. The two regions are also themselves
visually different. We could say that the region of Figure (a) results from a benign lesion, class
A, and that of Figure (b) from a malignant one (cancer), class B.

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◼ We will further assume that these are not the
only patterns (images) that are available to us,
but we have access to an image database.
◼ The first step is to identify the measurable
quantities that make these two regions distinct
from each other. Figure 2 shows a plot of the
mean value of the intensity in each region of
interest versus the corresponding standard
deviation around this mean.
◼ Each point corresponds to a different image
from the available database.
◼ It turns out that class A patterns tend to
spread in a different area from class B
patterns.

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The straight line seems to be a good candidate for separating the two classes.
Let us now assume that we are given a new image with a region in it and that we
do not know to which class it belongs. It is reasonable to say that we measure the
mean intensity and standard deviation in the region of interest and we plot the
corresponding point. This is shown by the asterisk (∗) in Figure .
Then it is sensible to assume that the unknown pattern is more likely to belong to class A
than class B.
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Challenging Questions
■ How are the features generated?
◼ It is problem dependent, and it concerns the feature generation stage of the design of a
classification system that performs a given pattern recognition task. (In the preceding
example, we used the mean and the standard deviation,

■ What is the best number l of features to use? In practice, a larger than necessary number
of feature candidates is generated, and then the “best” of them is adopted.

■ Having adopted the appropriate, for the specific task, features, how does one
design the classifier? These questions concern the classifier design stage. (In the preceding
example the straight line was drawn empirically)

■ Finally, once the classifier has been designed, how can one assess the performance
of the designed classifier? That is, what is the classification error rate? This is the task of the
system evaluation stage. 12
Basic Stages in pattern
recognition system
Data
Preprocessing

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SUPERVISED, UNSUPERVISED, AND
SEMI-SUPERVISED LEARNING

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SUPERVISED, UNSUPERVISED, AND
SEMI-SUPERVISED LEARNING

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