Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.

,
S.M.E.
Definition of Stability

STABILITY is the vessel’s ability to return to an

upright position after Prepared
being heeled
by CM by an external forces.
MARCO, M.D.,
S.M.E.
Weight
Displacement of Water

For a ship to float, it must displace a weight of water

equal to it’s own weight. This weight is measured in
the symbol ∆
Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,
tons and is represented by S.M.E.
 “A ship displaces
a weight of water that
is equal to its own
weight.”

sound

Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,

S.M.E.
 Therefore …...
a vessel will
experience
an upthrust that is
equal to the weight
Displacement of the displaced
water.

Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,

S.M.E.
 When Buoyancy (B)
is equal to Gravity (G)
the vessel will float.

sound

Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,

S.M.E.
 WEIGHT
DEADWEIGHT

Deadweight is a measurement of the ship’s total

carrying capacity. It isPrepared
thebytotal weight of cargo, ballast,
CM MARCO, M.D.,
fuel oils, provisions, crew, freshwater,
S.M.E. stores and etc.
• By Deadweight is understood the weight
of the vessel’s contents:
• Cargo
• Bunkers - ( fuel / lubricating oil /
ballast water / fresh
water/potable water)
Equipment
Stores sound

Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,

S.M.E.
• Gross tonnage equals the entire volume of
the enclosed spaces of the ship.

sound

Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,

S.M.E.
• Net tonnage can be calculated by
deducting the spaces that are not used
for cargo from the gross tonnage.

sound

Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,

S.M.E.
• Harbour Dues that must be paid are often
calculated according to the net tonnage.

sound

Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,

S.M.E.
By Bale Space is meant the volume of
soun

the cargo holds that can be used for

general cargo.
Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,
S.M.E.
By Grain Space is meant the volume of the
cargo holds that can be used for bulk cargo.

Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,

S.M.E.
Ullage (to allow for the expansion of the oil).

By Oil Space is understood 98% of the

total volume of the wet bulk tanks.
Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,
S.M.E.
CONTAINER STOWAGE
TEU’S ( Twenty Equivalent Units)
Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,
S.M.E.
TPC ( Tons Per Centimeter Immersion ), is a
measurement of how many tons that are required to
change the ship’s draught by one centimeter.The TPC
Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,
may vary at different draughts S.M.E. and trim calculations.
Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,
S.M.E.
K is the abbreviation of the Keel, and is always at the
same place. This is on the constructed line going
through the center of the ship, called the Centerline.

Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,

S.M.E.
G is the center of gravity, and it’s vertical placement is
dependent on the places of masses onboard. Heavy cargoes
placed near the bottom of the ship gives a low G while cargo
placed higher in the ship gives a higher G. The gravitational
forces work downwards as if they work in one point.

Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,

S.M.E.
The Forces of Buoyancy work all over the
underwater hull.

Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,

S.M.E.
The Forces of Buoyancy work upwards as in one point,
called the Center of Buoyancy

Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,

S.M.E.
M is the Metacenter of the ship. When heeling at small
angles, the ship will pivot around this point.

Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,

S.M.E.
STABILITY NOMENCLATURE K = KEEL
M M = META CENTER
KM = HEIGHT OF
META CENTER
G G = CENTER OF GRAVITY
KG = HT OF CENTER
B OF GRAVITY
GM = METACENTRIC HT
B = CENTER OF BUOYANCY
G=B K
V/L FLOATS KB = HT OF CENTER
G>B BUOYANCY
V/L SINKS BM = METACENTRIC RADIUS

Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,

S.M.E.
Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,
S.M.E.
 • THE POS. OF K IS FIXED
M • THE POS OF M VARIES
W/ THE DRAFT OF VSL.
GG • G MOVES TOWARDS
G WT. LOADED
G • G MOVES AWAY FROM
B WT. DISCHARGE
• G MOVES PARALLEL
TO THE DIR. OF THE WT
K BEING SHIFTED
• B MOVES TOWARDS
THE LOW SIDE OF
INCLINED V/L
Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,
S.M.E.
Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,
S.M.E.
 STABLE
TST FULL TST FULL

M
G
KM > KG
M IS ABOVE G
GM IS POSITVE
K
DBT EMPTY

Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,

S.M.E.
 NEUTRAL
TST FULL TST FULL

M G

KM = KG
K M & G COINCIDES
DBT EMPTY
GM = ZERO

Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,

S.M.E.
 UNSTABLE
TST FULL TST FULL
G
M

KG > KM
K G IS ABOVE M
DBT EMPTY
GM IS NEGATIVE

Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,

S.M.E.
 STABLE
TST EMPTY TST EMPTY
G
M

G MOVES TOWARDS
WEIGHT ADDED
K G MOVES AWAY FROM
DBT FULL WEIGHT DISCHARGED

Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,

S.M.E.
Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,
S.M.E.
 HEEL LIST
G OFF THE
CENTER LINE

LOW
SIDE
DUE TO EXTERNAL DUE TO UNEVEN
FORCE WEIGHT
Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,
S.M.E.
Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,
S.M.E.
Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,
S.M.E.
The Righting Lever GZ is the horizontal distance between
vertical forces acting through B1 and G. The stability depend upon
the length of GZ and thePrepared
Buoyancy forces.
by CM MARCO, M.D.,
S.M.E.
For angles of maximum 10º - 15º, the GZ is calculated
as: GZ = GM x Sin θ
( θ is the angle of Heel ) S.M.E.
Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,
A typical GZ curve for a specific shi in one certain
condition. To find the GZ value at one angle of hee

Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,

S.M.E.
To find a GZ value at one angle of heel:
- Start at the given angle of heel
- Go straight up until we meet the GZ curve
- We can read the GZ value by going horizontally out to
the axis where the GZ value S.M.E.are written in meters.
Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,
If we increase the distance between M and G, there
will be a great on Improving the GZ values. The
Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,
result is a better stability.S.M.E.
If we increase more the distance between M and G,
there will be a greatPrepared
on Improving
by CM MARCO, M.D.,
the GZ values. The
result is a better stability.S.M.E.
Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,
S.M.E.
 UPRIGHT INCLINED
POSITIVE GM POSITIVE GM

M
M
G
G Z
B
B
K
K
GZ = RIGHTING ARM OR
RIGHTING LEVER
RIGHTING MOMENT = GZ X DISP
Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,
S.M.E.
 UPRIGHT INCLINED
GM = ZERO GM = ZERO

G M
M G
Z
B
B
K
K
GZ (RIGHTING ARM) = ZERO
Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,
S.M.E.
 UPRIGHT INCLINED
NEGATIVE GM NEGATIVE GM

G
Z G
M
M
B
B
K
K
NEG. GZ = CAPSIZING ARM
Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,
S.M.E.
 RELATIONSHIP BET. GM AND GZ

Z G (NEGATIVE GM)

M ZERO GM
G Z
G Z
B

K
(POSITIVE GM)

Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,

S.M.E.
Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,
S.M.E.
EFFECT OF DIFF. GM ON THE PERIOD OF ROLL

M
G Z
TENDER G Z STIFF
G IS HIGH G IS LOW
GM IS SMALL K GM IS LARGE
SMALL GZ LARGE GZ
SLOW ROLL FAST ROLL

Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,

S.M.E.
Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,
S.M.E.
 M
G

TANK EMPTY TANK FULL

NO FREE SURFACE NO FREE SURFACE
Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,
S.M.E.
 TANK NOT FULL = FREE SURFACE
VERTICAL RISE OF G = REDUCTION IN GM

Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,

S.M.E.
WITH 2 BULKHEADS THE EFECTS IS REDUCED
TO 1/9. THE MORE BULKHEADS THE LESS EFFECT

SUBDIVISON OF TANKS

G IS STILL EFFECTIVELY
WATERTIGHT RAISED BUT ONLY BY 1/4
SUBDIVISION COMPARED TO WHEN THE
TANK WAS UNDIVIDED
Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,
S.M.E.
 PRACTICAL WAYS OF REDUCING
THE FREE SURFACE EFFECT
MIN. NO. OF DAILY FREEING PORTS,
SERVICE TANKS SCUPPERS, UNOBSTRUCTED
IN USE
M
G

WHERE POSSIBLE, BILGES PUMPED OUT

TANKS EITHER
EMPTY
OR FULL
Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,
S.M.E.
FREE SURFACE EFFECT

Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,

S.M.E.
Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,
S.M.E.
 Lpp

App Fpp
Perpendiculars are vertical lines fwd and aft, used for
measurement purposes. The fwd perpendicular is measured
from the endpoint of the constructed waterline. The aft
perpendicular is measured
Preparedthrough the
by CM MARCO, rudder shaft. Length
M.D.,
between perpendicular is referred to as LPP.
S.M.E.
 App Fpp
In the middle of the perpendicular we have the so called
Mid-Length of the ship. This is found by dividing the
distance Lpp in two. The mid-length is therefore called
L/2 and represented Prepared
by the symbol:
by CM MARCO, M.D.,
S.M.E.
LCG is the Center of Longitudinal Gravity, and it’s
placement is dependent on the Longitudinal masses
onboard. LCG is measured in meters from the aft
Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,
perpendiculars. S.M.E.
LCB are forces of Buoyancy working all over the hull.
These forces work upwards in one point. LCB is
measured in metersPrepared
from the
by CM aftM.D.,perpendiculars.
MARCO,
S.M.E.
 App Fpp
LCF (Longitudinal Center of Flotation) when changing
trim, will rotate about a transverse axis that passes
through the center of the actual waterline. LCF is
read out from the hydrostatic data of the ship at a
Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,
given condition. S.M.E.
Ship rotating about the LCF

Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,

S.M.E.
Ship rotating about the LCF

Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,

S.M.E.
Ship rotating about the LCF

Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,

S.M.E.
TRIM is the difference between fwd and aft draft.
The trim may be changed by:
- Moving mass already onboard in a fwd or aft direction
- Adding mass at different places onboard
Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,
- A change in the water density S.M.E.
Aft Trim is when the aft draught is larger than the fwd
draught
Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,
S.M.E.
Fwd Trim is when the fwd draught is larger than the aft
draught
Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,
S.M.E.
 Trimming Moment when adding a mass =
Mass added x the distance fwd or aft of LCF
Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,
S.M.E.
 Trimming Moment when adding a mass =
Mass added x the distance fwd or aft of LCF
Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,
S.M.E.
Trimming Moment when moving a mass =
Mass moved x the distance it moved
Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,
S.M.E.
Trimming Moment when moving a mass =
Mass moved x the distance it moved
Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,
S.M.E.
Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,
S.M.E.
Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,
S.M.E.
Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,
S.M.E.
Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,
S.M.E.
Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,
S.M.E.
Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,
S.M.E.
Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,
S.M.E.
Prepared by CM MARCO, M.D.,
S.M.E.