Finite Element Modeling and Simulation

with ANSYS Workbench

Chapter 5
Modeling and Solution Techniques

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 Introduction

 Symmetry
 Substructures (Superelements)
 Equation Solving
 Nature of Finite Element Solutions
 Convergence of FEA Solutions
 Adaptivity (h-, p- and hp- Methods)

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 Symmetry
 Symmetry features of a structure are the first thing one
should look into and explore in the FE modeling & analysis.
 Types of symmetries
• Reflective (mirror, bilateral) symmetry
• Axisymmetry
• Rotational (cyclic) symmetry
• Translational symmetry
• Others (or combinations of the above)

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Figure 5.1. Some examples of symmetry: (a) reflective symmetry; (b)
axisymmetry; (c) rotational symmetry; and (d) translational symmetry.
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 Symmetry

 In the FEM, symmetry properties can be applied to

• Reduce the problem size and thus computational efforts
• Simplify the modeling task
• Check the FEM results (make sure the results are symmetrical if the
geometry and loading of the structure are symmetrical)

Figure 5.2. Results using symmetry features (mesh and stress contour plots).

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 Substructure (Superelements)

 Substructuring is a process of analyzing a large structure as

a collection of (natural) components.
 The FEA models for these components are called
substructures or superelements (SE).

Figure 5.3. An FEA model of a truck analyzed using substructures.

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 Substructure (Superelements)
 The advantages of using the substructuring technique
• Good for large problems (which may otherwise exceed your computer
capabilities)
• Less CPU time per run once the superelements have been processed (i.e.,
matrices have been condensed and saved)
• Components may be modeled by different groups
• Partial redesign requires only partial reanalysis (reduced cost)
• Efficient for problems with local nonlinearities (such as confined plastic
deformations) which can be placed in one superelement
• Exact for static deformation and stress analysis

 The disadvantages of using the substructuring

• Increased overhead for file management
• Increased initial time for setting up the system
• Matrix condensations for dynamic problems introduce new
approximations
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 Equation Solving

 Direct Methods (Gauss Elimination)

• Solution time proportional to NB2 (with N being the dimension of the
matrix, B the bandwidth of the FEA systems)
• Suitable for small to medium problems (with DOFs in the 100,000 range),
or slender structures (small bandwidth)
• Easy to handle multiple load cases

 Iterative Methods
• Solution time is unknown beforehand
• Reduced storage requirement
• Suitable for large problems, or bulky structures (large bandwidth,
converge faster)
• Need to solve the system again for different load cases

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 Nature of Finite Element Solutions
 FEA model is a mathematical model of the real structure,
based on many approximations.
• Real structure -- Infinite number of nodes (physical points or particles),
thus infinite number of DOFs
• FEA model – finite number of nodes, thus finite number of DOFs

 In particular, one can argue that the displacement field is

controlled by the values at a limited number of nodes.

Figure 5.4. Elements in an FEA model

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 Nature of Finite Element Solutions
 Therefore, we have the so called stiffening effect.
• FEA model is stiffer than the real structure.
• In general, displacement results are smaller in magnitudes than the exact
values.

 The FEM solution of displacement is a lower bound of the

exact solution.

Figure 5.5. Convergence of FEM solutions with exact solution

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 Convergence of FEA Solutions
 As the mesh in an FEA model is “refined”, the FEA solution
will converge to the exact solution of the mathematical
model of the problem.
 Several types of refinements have been devised in the FEA,
which include
h-refinement: Reduce the size of the element (“h” refers to the typical
size of the elements)

p-refinement: Increase the order of the polynomials on an element (“p”

refers to the highest order in a polynomial)

r-refinement: Re-arrange the nodes in the mesh

hp-refinement: Combination of the h- and p-refinements (to achieve

better results)
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 Adaptivity (h-, p-, and hp-methods)
 Adaptive FEA represents the future of the FEA applications.
 With proper error control, automatic refinements of an FEA
mesh can be generated by the program until the converged
FEA solutions are obtained.
 With the adaptive FEA capability, user interactions are
reduced, in the sense that a user only need to provide a
good initial mesh for the model (even this step can be done
by the software automatically).
 Error estimates are crucial in the adaptive FEA.

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 Axisymmetric analysis of a garden fountain…

Case Study with ANSYS Workbench

Finite Element Modeling and Simulation with ANSYS Workbench, © CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2014. All rights reserved. Chapter 5
 Case Study with ANSYS Workbench
<Problem Description> Garden fountains are popular amenities that are often found at
theme parks and hotels. As a fountain structure is usually an axisymmetric geometry with
axisymmetric loads and support, only a 2-D model, sliced through the 3-D geometry, is
needed to correctly predict the deformation of or stress in the structure. The figure
below gives the dimensions of the planar cross section of a two-tier garden fountain
made of concrete. Determine the maximum deformation and von Mises stress under the
given hydrostatic pressure. Use adaptive meshing to improve solution convergence.

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 Case Study with ANSYS Workbench
Step 1: Start an ANSYS Workbench Project
Launch ANSYS Workbench and save the blank project as ‘Fountain.wbpj’.
Step 2: Create a Static Structural (ANSYS) Analysis System
Drag the Static Structural (ANSYS) icon from the Analysis Systems Toolbox window and drop
it inside the highlighted green rectangle in the Project Schematic window to create a
standalone static structural analysis system.

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 Case Study with ANSYS Workbench
Step 3: Add a New Material
Double-click on the Engineering Data cell to add a new material. In the following
Engineering Data interface which replaces the Project Schematic, type ‘Concrete’ as the
name for the new material, and double-click Isotropic Elasticity under Linear Elastic in the
leftmost Toolbox window. Enter ‘29E9’ for Young’s Modulus and ‘0.15’ for Poisson’s Ratio in
the Properties window. Click the Return to Project button to go back to Project Schematic.

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 Case Study with ANSYS Workbench
Step 4: Launch the DesignModeler Program
Check Surface Bodies in the Properties of Schematic A3: Geometry window (select
Properties from the View drop-down menu to enable display of this window). Select 2D for
Analysis Type in this Properties window. Double-click the Geometry cell to launch
DesignModeler, and select ‘Meter’ in the Units pop-up window.

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 Case Study with ANSYS Workbench
Step 5: Create Surface Sketch
Click on the Sketching tab. Select the Draw toolbox and then Line. Draw a closed-loop line
profile as dimensioned below. Use the Fillet tool in the Draw toolbox to create line fillets
with a radius of 0.1m as shown below.

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 Case Study with ANSYS Workbench
Step 6: Create Surface Body
Switch to the Modeling tab and choose Surfaces from Sketches from the Concept menu.
Select Sketch1 from the Tree Outline shown below and click Apply on the Base Objects
selection in the Details of SurfaceSK1. Then click Generate.

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 Case Study with ANSYS Workbench
Step 7: Launch the Static Structural Program
 Double-click on the Model cell to launch the Static Structural program. Click on Geometry
in the Outline tree. In the Details of “Geometry”, choose axisymmetric for the 2D
Behavior field.
 In the Details of “Surface Body”, click to the right of the Material Assignment field and
select Concrete from the drop-down context menu.

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 Case Study with ANSYS Workbench
Step 8: Generate Mesh

 Right click on Mesh in the Project Outline. Select Insert and then Sizing from the context
menu. In the Details of “Body Sizing”, enter‘0.05m’ for the Element Size. Click on the
surface body in the Graphics window and apply it to the Geometry selection.

 Right click on Mesh. Select Insert and then Method. In the Details of “Automatic
Method”, click on the surface body, and apply it to the Geometry selection. Select
Triangles from the drop-down menu of Method. This will make use of triangular elements
for the mesh generation.

 In the Details of “Mesh”, choose Dropped for the Element Midside Nodes field. This will
specify the use of linear elements in the mesh. Note that linear triangular elements are
employed here to show the convergence of linear FEA approximate solutions; they are in
general not recommended for stress analysis. Right-click on Mesh and select Generate
Mesh.

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 Case Study with ANSYS Workbench

The meshed model is shown below

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 Case Study with ANSYS Workbench
Step 9: Apply Boundary Conditions
 Right-click on Static Structural (A5). Choose Insert and then Fixed Support from the
context menu. Apply this support to the horizontal line at the bottom.

 Right-click on Static Structural (A5). Choose Insert and then Frictionless Support from the
context menu. Apply this support to the leftmost vertical line (center line of the fountain).
The frictionless support prevents the line from moving or deforming in the normal
direction, and thus is equivalent to a symmetry condition.

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 Case Study with ANSYS Workbench
Step 10: Apply Loads
In the Project Outline, right-click on Static Structural (A5). Insert a Hydrostatic Pressure. In
the Details of “Hydrostatic Pressure”, ctrl-click the horizontal line and the adjacent line fillet,
and apply the two edges to the Geometry selection. Enter 1000 kg/m3 for Fluid Density.
Change the Define By selection to Components, and enter 9.8 m/s2 for the Y Component of
Hydrostatic Acceleration. Enter 0.68m for the X Coordinate and 0.76m for the Y Coordinate
for the Free Surface Location.

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 Case Study with ANSYS Workbench

Insert another Hydrostatic Pressure load, and apply the pressure to the line and its two
adjacent line fillets as shown below.

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 Case Study with ANSYS Workbench
Step 11: Retrieve Solution
Insert a Total Deformation item by right-clicking on Solution (A6) in the Outline tree.
Right-click on the Total Deformation in the Outline tree, and choose Insert then
Convergence.

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 Case Study with ANSYS Workbench
In the Details of “Convergence”, enter 1% for the Allowable Change field.
In the Details of “Solution (A6)”, set Max Refinement Loops as 10, and Refinement Depth
as 1.

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 Case Study with ANSYS Workbench
Right-click on Solution (A6) in the Outline tree and choose Solve.
After completion, click on Convergence in the Outline to review the convergence
curve.

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 Case Study with ANSYS Workbench
Click on Total Deformation in the Outline to review the converged deformation results.

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 Case Study with ANSYS Workbench
Click on Equivalent Stress in the Outline to review the stress results.

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 Summary

In this chapter,
 A few modeling techniques and options related to FEA solutions are
discussed.
 For static analysis of symmetrical structures, the symmetry features
should be explored in both the modeling stage and the solution stage.
 Substructuring or using superelements is a useful technique for solving
large-scale problems with constrained computing resources.
 Convergence of the FEA solutions is the important goal in FEA and should
be monitored.
 A case study using ANSYS Workbench is introduced to show how to apply
the various techniques introduced.

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