READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on
Reading Passage 1 below.

The Dover Bronze-Age Boat

A beautifully preserved boat, made around 3,000 years ago and discovered by
chance in a muddy hole, has had a profound impact on archaeological research.
It was 1992. In England, workmen were The timbers that closed the recovered
building a new road through the heart of end of the boat had been removed in
Dover, to connect the ancient port and the antiquity when it was abandoned, but
Channel Tunnel, which, when it opened much about its original shape could be
just two years later, was to be the first land deduced. There was also evidence for
link between Britain and Europe for over missing upper side planks. The boat was
10,000 years. A small team from the not a wreck, but had been deliberately
Canterbury Archaeological Trust (CAT) discarded, dismantled and broken. Perhaps
worked alongside the workmen, recording it had been 'ritually killed' at the end of its
new discoveries brought to light by the life, like other Bronze-Age objects.
machines.
With hindsight, it was significant that
At the base of a deep shaft six metres the boat was found and studied by
below the modern streets a wooden mainstream archaeologists who naturally
structure was revealed. Cleaning away the focused on its cultural context. At the time,
waterlogged site overlying the timbers, ancient boats were often considered only
archaeologists realised its true nature. from a narrower technological perspective,
They had found a prehistoric boat, but news about the Dover boat reached a
preserved by the type of sediment in which broad audience. In 2002, on the tenth
it was buried. It was then named the Dover anniversary of the discovery, the Dover
Bronze-Age Boat. Bronze-Age Boat Trust hosted a
conference, where this meeting of
About nine metres of the boat's length
different traditions became apparent.
was recovered; one end lay beyond the
Alongside technical papers about the boat,
excavation and had to be left. What
other speakers explored its social and
survived consisted essentially of four
economic contexts, and the religious
intricately carved oak planks: two on the
perceptions of boats in Bronze-Age
bottom, joined along a central seam by a
societies. Many speakers came from
complicated system of wedges and
overseas, and debate about cultural
timbers, and two at the side, curved and
connections was renewed.
stitched to the others. The seams had been
made watertight by pads of moss, fixed by
wedges and yew stitches.
 Within seven years of excavation, the and the project then named BOAT
Dover boat had been conserved and 1550BC got under way in June 2011.
displayed, but it was apparent that there
A small team began to make the boat
were issues that could not be resolved
at the start of 2012 on the Roman Lawn
simply by studying the old wood.
outside Dover museum. A full-scale
Experimental archaeology seemed to be
reconstruction of a mid-section had been
the solution: a boat reconstruction, half-
made in 1996, primarily to see how
scale or full-sized, would permit
Bronze-Age replica tools performed. In
assessment of the different hypotheses
2012, however, the hull shape was at the
regarding its build and the missing end.
centre of the work, so modern power tools
The possibility of returning to Dover to
were used to carve the oak planks, before
search for the boat's unexcavated northern
turning to prehistoric tools for finishing. It
end was explored, but practical and
was decided to make the replica half-scale
financial difficulties were insurmountable
for reasons of cost and time, and synthetic
- and there was no guarantee that the
materials were used for the stitching,
timbers had survived the previous decade
owing to doubts about the scaling and tight
in the changed environment.
timetable.
Detailed proposals to reconstruct the
Meanwhile, the exhibition was being
boat were drawn up in 2004.
prepared ready for opening in July 2012 at
Archaeological evidence was beginning to
the Castle Museum in Boulogne-sur-Mer.
suggest a Bronze-Age community
Entitled 'Beyond the Horizon: Societies of
straddling the Channel, brought together
the Channel & North Sea 3,500 years ago',
by the sea, rather than separated by it. In a
it brought together for the first time a
region today divided by languages and
remarkable collection of Bronze-Age
borders, archaeologists had a duty to
objects, including many new discoveries
inform the general public about their
for commercial archaeology and some of
common cultural heritage.
the great treasure of the past. The
The boat project began in England but reconstructed boat, as a symbol of the
it was conceived from the start as a maritime connections that bound together
European collaboration. Reconstruction the communities either side of the
was only part of a scheme that would Channel, was the centrepiece.
include a major exhibition and an
extensive educational and outreach
programme. Discussions began early in
2005 with archaeological bodies,
universities and heritage organisations
either side of the Channel. There was
much enthusiasm and support, and an
official launch of the project was held at an
international seminar in France in 2007.
Financial support was confirmed in 2008
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on
Reading Passage 2 below.

The changing role of airports

Airports continue to diversify their role in an effort to generate income. Are
business meeting facilities the next step? Nigel Halpern, Anne Graham and Rob
Davidson investigate.
A
In recent times developing commercial revenues has become more challenging for airports
due to a combination of factors, such as increased competition from Internet shopping,
restrictions on certain sales, such as tobacco, and new security procedures that have had
an impact on the dwell time of passengers. Moreover, the global economic downturn has
caused a reduction in passenger numbers while those that are travelling generally have less
money to spend. This has meant that the share of revenue from non-aeronautical revenues
actually peaked at 54% at the turn of the century and has subsequently declined slightly.
Meanwhile, the pressures to control the level of aeronautical revenues are as strong as ever
due to the poor financial health of many airlines and the rapid rise of the low-cost carrier
sector.
B
Some of the more obvious solutions to growing commercial revenues, such as extending
the merchandising space or expanding the variety of shopping opportunities, have already
been tried to their limit at many airports. A more radical solution is to find new sources of
commercial revenue within the terminal, and this has been explored by many airports over
the last decade or so. As a result, many terminals are now much more than just shopping
malls and offer an array of entertainment, leisure, and beauty and wellness facilities, At this
stage of facilities provision, the airport also has the possibility of taking on the role of the
final destination rather than merely a facilitator of access.
C
At the same time, airports have been developing and expanding the range of services that
they provide specifically for the business traveller in the terminal. This includes offering
business centres that supply support services, meeting or conference rooms and other
space for special events. Within this context, Jarach (2001) discusses how dedicated
meetings facilities located within the terminal and managed directly by the airport operator
may be regarded as an expansion of the concept of airline lounges or as a way to reconvert
abandoned or underused areas of terminal buildings. Previously it was primarily airport
hotels and other facilities offered in the surrounding area of the airport that had the potential
to take on this role and become active as a business space (McNeill, 20039).
D
When an airport location can be promoted as a business venue, this may increase the
overall appeal of the airport and help it become more competitive in both attracting and
retaining airlines and their passengers. In particular, the presence of meeting facilities could
become one of the determining factors taken into consideration when business people are
choosing airlines and where they change their planes. This enhanced attractiveness itself
may help to improve the airport operator's financial position and future prospects, but clearly
this will be dependent on the competitive advantage that the airport is able to achieve in
comparison with other venues.
E
In 2011, an online airport survey was conducted and some of the areas investigated included
the provision and use of meeting facilities at airports and the perceived role and importance
of these facilities in generating income and raising passenger numbers. In total, there were
responses from staff at 154 airports and 68% of these answered ‘yes’ to the question: Does
your airport own and have meetings facilities available for hire? The existence of meeting
facilities therefore seems high at airports. In addition, 28% of respondents that did not have
meeting facilities stated that they were likely to invest in them during the next five years. The
survey also asked to what extent respondents agreed or disagreed with a number of
statements about the meeting facilities at their airport. 49% of respondents agreed that they
have put more investment into them during recent years; 41% agreed that they would invest
more in the immediate future. These are fairly high proportions considering the recent
economic climate.
F
The survey also asked airports with meeting facilities to estimate what proportion of users
are from the local area, i.e. within a 90-minute drive from the airport, or from abroad. Their
findings show that meeting facilities provided by the majority of respondents tend to serve
local versus non-local or foreign needs. 63% of respondents estimated that over 60% of
users are from the local area. Only 3% estimated that over 80% of users are from abroad.
It is therefore not surprising that the facilities are of limited importance when it comes to
increasing use of flights at the airport: 16% of respondents estimated that none of the users
of their meeting facilities use flights when travelling to or from them, while 56% estimated
that 20% or fewer of the users of their facilities use flights.
G
The survey asked respondents with meeting facilities to estimate how much revenue their
airport earned from its meeting facilities during the last financial year. Average revenue per
airport was just $12,959. Meeting facilities are effectively a non-aeronautical source of
airport revenue. Only 1% of respondents generated more than 20% non-aeronautical
revenue from their meetings facilities; none generated more than 40%. Given the focus on
local demand, it is not surprising that less than a third of respondents agreed that their
meeting facilities support business and tourism development in their home region or country.
H
The findings of this study suggest that few airports provide meetings facilities as a serious
commercial venture. It may be that, as owners of large property, space is available for
meeting facilities at airports and could play an important role in serving the needs of the
airport, its partners, and stakeholders such as government and the local community. Thus,
while the local orientation means that competition with other airports is likely to be minimal,
competition with local providers of meetings facilities is likely to be much greater.

Questions 14-18
The text has eight paragraphs, A-H
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
N.B. You may use any letter more than once.

14 evidence that a significant number of airports provide meeting facilities.

15 a statement regarding the fact that no further developments are possible in some
areas of airport trade.

16 reference to the low level of income that meeting facilities produce for airports.

17 mention of the impact of budget airlines on airport income.

18 examples of airport premises that might be used for business purposes.

Questions 19-22
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text for each answer. Write your answer
in boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet.
19 The length of time passengers spend shopping at airports has been affected by
updated __________________

20 Airports with a wide range of recreational facilities can become a _______________

for people rather than a means to travel.

21 Both passengers and ________________ may feel encouraged to use and develop
a sense of loyalty towards airports that market their business services.

22 Airports that supply meeting facilities may need to develop a ___________________

over other venues.
Questions 23-26

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text for each answer.

Write your answer in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.

Survey Findings
Despite financial Constraints due to the 23 ______________,a significant
percentage of airports provide and wish to further support business meeting
facilities. Also, just under 30% of the airports surveyed plan to provide these
facilities within 24 _______________:
However, the main users of the facilities are 25 _____________ and as
many as 16% of respondents to the survey stated that their users did not
take any 26 ________________ at the airport.
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on
Reading Passage 3 below.

IS PHOTOGRAPHY ART?
This may seem a pointless question today. painters and a section of the public, was that
Surrounded as we are by thousands of photographs should not be considered ‘art’
photographs, most of us take for granted that, because they were made with a mechanical
in addition to supplying information and device and by physical and chemical
seducing customers, camera images also serve phenomena instead of by human hand and
as decoration, afford spiritual enrichment, and spirit; to some, camera images seemed to have
provide significant insights into the passing more in common with fabric produced by
scene. But in the decades following the machinery in a mill than with handmade
discovery of photography, this question creations fired by inspiration. The second
reflected the search for ways to fit the widely held view, shared by painters, some
mechanical medium into the traditional photographers, and some critics, was that
schemes of artistic expression. photographs would be useful to art but should
not be considered equal in creativeness to
The much-publicized pronouncement by
drawing and painting. Lastly, by assuming that
painter Paul Delaroche that the daguerreotype*
the process was comparable to other techniques
signalled the end of painting is perplexing
such as etching and lithography, a fair number
because this clever artist also forecast the
of individuals realized that camera images were
usefulness of the medium for graphic artists in
or could be as significant as handmade works
a letter written in 1839. Nevertheless, it is
of art and that they might have a positive
symptomatic of the swing between the outright
influence on the arts and on culture in general.
rejection and qualified acceptance of the
medium that was fairly typical of the artistic Artists reacted to photography in various ways.
establishment. Discussion of the role of Many portrait painters — miniaturists in
photography in art was especially spirited in particular — who realized that photography
France, where the internal policies of the time represented the ‘handwriting on the wall’
had created a large pool of artists, but it was became involved with daguerreotyping or
also taken up by important voices in England. paper photography in an effort to save their
In both countries, public interest in this topic careers; some incorporated it with painting,
was a reflection of the belief that national while others renounced painting altogether.
stature and achievement in the arts were Still other painters, the most prominent among
related. them the French painter, Jean-Auguste-
Dominique Ingres, began almost immediately
From the maze of conflicting statements and
to use photography to make a record of their
heated articles on the subject, three main
own output and also to provide themselves with
positions about the potential of camera art
source material for poses and backgrounds,
emerged. The simplest, entertained by many
vigorously denying at the same time its artist might 'raise himself to heights that we do
influence on their vision or its claims as art. not yet know'.
The view that photographs might be The question of whether the photograph was
worthwhile to artists was enunciated in document or art aroused interest in England
considerable detail by Lacan and Francis Wey. also. The most important statement on this
The latter, an art and literary critic, who matter was an unsigned article that concluded
eventually recognised that camera images that while photography had a role to play, it
could be inspired as well as informative, should not be 'constrained' into 'competition'
suggested that they would lead to greater with art; a more stringent viewpoint led critic
naturalness in the graphic depiction of Philip Gilbert Hamerton to dismiss camera
anatomy, clothing, likeness, expression, and images as 'narrow in range, emphatic in
landscape. By studying photographs, true assertion, telling one truth for ten falsehoods'.
artists, he claimed, would be relieved of menial
These writers reflected the opposition of a
tasks and become free to devote themselves to
section of the cultural elite in England and
the more important spiritual aspects of their
France to the 'cheapening of art' which the
work.
growing acceptance and purchase of camera
Wey left unstated what the incompetent artist pictures by the middle class represented.
might do as an alternative, but according to the Technology made photographic images a
influential French critic and poet Charles common sight in the shop windows of Regent
Baudelaire, writing in response to an exhibition Street and Piccadilly in London and the
of photography in 1859, lazy and untalented commercial boulevards of Paris. In London, for
painters would become photographers. Fired by example, there were at the time some 130
a belief in art as an imaginative embodiment of commercial establishments where portraits,
cultivated ideas and dreams, Baudelaire landscapes, and photographic reproductions of
regarded photography as ‘a very humble works of art could be bought. This appeal to the
servant of art and science’; a medium largely middle class convinced the elite that
unable to transcend 'external reality'. For this photographs would foster a desire for realism
critic, photography was linked with 'the great instead of idealism, even though some critics
industrial madness' of the time, which in his recognized that the work of individual
eyes exercised disastrous consequences on the photographers might display an uplifting style
spiritual qualities of life and art. and substance that was consistent with the
defining characteristics of art.
Eugene Delacroix was the most prominent of
the French artists who welcomed photography * the name given to the first commercially
as help-mate but recognized its limitations. successful photographic images
Regretting that 'such a wonderful invention'
had arrived so late in his lifetime, he still took
lessons in daguerreotyping, and both
commissioned and collected photographs.
Delacroix's enthusiasm for the medium can be
sensed in a journal entry noting that if
photographs were used as they should be, an
Questions 27-30
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.

27 What is the writer’s main point in the first paragraph?

A Photography is used for many different purposes.
B Photographers and artists have the same principal aims.
C Photography has not always been a readily accepted art form.
D Photographers today are more creative than those of the past.
28 What public view about artists was shared by the French and the English?
A that only artists could reflect a culture's true values.
B that only artists were qualified to judge photography.
C that artists could lose work as a result of photography.
D that artistic success raised a country's international profile.
29 What does the writer mean in paragraph 6 by 'the handwriting on the wall'?
A An example of poor talent.
B A message that cannot be trusted.
C An advertisement for something new.
D A signal that something bad will happen.
30 What was the result of the widespread availability of photographs to the middle
classes?
A The most educated worried about its impact on public taste.
B It helped artists appreciate the merits of photography.
C Improvements were made in photographic methods.
D It led to a reduction in the price of photographs.
Questions 31-34
Complete the summary of Paragraph 3 using the list of words, A-G, below.
Write your answers in boxes 31-34 on your answer sheet.
Questions 35-40
Look at the following statements and the list of people, A-E, below.
Match each statement with the correct person.
Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 35-40 on your answer sheet.

35 He claimed that photography would make paintings more realistic.

36 He highlighted the limitations and deceptions of the camera.
37 He documented his production of artwork by photographing his works.
38 He noted the potential for photography to enrich artistic talent.
39 He based some of the scenes in his paintings on photographs.
40 He felt photography was part of the trend towards greater mechanisation.