Chapters 21-24

Potential Energy
Coulomb’s Law
∆𝑈𝐸 = −𝑊𝐸 = − ∫ 𝐹⃗𝐸 ∙ 𝑑𝑠⃗ 𝑘𝑞1 𝑞2
𝑘𝑞1 𝑞2 𝑈2𝑝𝑡 =
𝐹⃗2𝑝𝑡 = 𝑟̂ 𝑟
𝑟2 𝛥𝑈𝐸 = −𝑞𝐸𝑑 cos 𝜃 (uniform E) 1 𝑘𝑞 𝑖 𝑞𝑗
𝑘𝑞1 𝑞2 𝑈= ∑
|𝐹⃗ | = | 2 | 𝐹⃗𝐸 = −𝛻⃗⃗𝑈𝐸 2 𝑟𝑖𝑗
𝑟 𝑖,𝑗
𝑖≠𝑗

𝑟⃗ Δ𝑥 Δ𝑦 Δ𝑧
𝐹⃗𝐸 = 𝑞𝐸⃗⃗ 𝑟̂ = = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ 𝑈𝐸 = 𝑞𝑉
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
⃗⃗=
∇ 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ 𝑈
𝐹⃗ 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝐸⃗⃗ = 𝑉=
𝑞0 𝑞0
𝑞=𝜆𝐿=𝜎𝐴=𝜌𝑉

Electric Field Electric Potential

∆𝑉 = − ∫ 𝐸⃗ ⋅ 𝑑𝑠
𝑘𝑞 𝑘𝑞
𝐸⃗⃗𝑝𝑡 = 𝑟̂ 𝑉𝑝𝑡 =
𝑟2 Δ𝑉 = −𝐸𝑑 cos 𝜃 (uniform E) 𝑟
𝑞𝑒𝑛𝑐 𝜕𝑉
𝛷𝐸 = ∮ 𝐸⃗⃗ ⋅ 𝑑𝐴⃗ = 𝐸⃗⃗ = −𝛻⃗⃗𝑉 𝐸𝑠 = − 𝑉 = ∑ 𝑉𝑖 = ∫ 𝑑𝑉
𝜖0 𝜕𝑠 𝑖

1 𝜆 −𝜆 𝑟
𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒,𝑑 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙 = ln ( )
2𝜋𝜖0 𝑑 2𝜋𝜖0 𝑅
Electric Dipoles
𝜎 𝜎
𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 = 𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑘,𝑧 = (√𝑧 2 + 𝑅 2 − 𝑧)
2𝜖0 2𝜖0
1 𝑞𝑧 𝑝⃗ = 𝑞𝑑⃗
𝐸𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔,𝑧 =
4𝜋𝜖0 (𝑧 + 𝑅 2 )3/2
2 2𝑘𝑝
𝐸𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠,𝑧 =
𝜎 𝑧 𝑧3
𝐸𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑘,𝑧 = (1 − )
2𝜖0 √𝑧 + 𝑅 2
2 𝑘𝑝 cos 𝜃
𝑉=
1 𝑞 𝑟2
𝐸𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = (𝑟 ≥ 𝑅)
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟 2 𝜏⃗ = 𝑝⃗ × 𝐸⃗⃗
𝐸𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 0 (𝑟 < 𝑅) 𝑈 = −𝑝⃗ ∙ 𝐸⃗⃗
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙
1 𝑞𝑟
𝐸 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = (𝑟 < 𝑅)
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑅 3

Useful Constants/Conversion Factors:

1 N ∙ m2 𝑒 = 1.602 × 10−19 C
1 eV = 1.602 × 10-19 J 𝑘= = 8.99 × 109 𝑚𝑒 = 9.11 × 10−31 kg
4𝜋𝜀0 C2
1 V = 1 J/C C2 𝑚𝑝 = 1.6726 × 10−27 kg
1 F = 1 C2/J 𝜀0 = 8.85 × 10−12
N ∙ m2 𝑚𝑛 = 1.6749 × 10−27 kg
1 A = 1 C/s T∙m particles
𝜇0 = 4𝜋 × 10−7 𝑁𝐴 = 6.02 × 1023
A mol
Circle: Circumference=2πr
kg ⋅ m m ft
1N = 1 2 = 0.225lb 𝑔 = 9.8 2 = 32 2 Area=πr2
s s s
N ∙ m2 Sphere: Area= 4π r2
1 J = 1 N∙m = 0.239 cal 𝐺 = 6.67 × 10 −11
kg 2 Volume= (4/3) π r3
1 W = 1 J/s = 1.34 ×10-3 hp
m Cylinder: Lateral Area=2πrh
1 Pa = 1 N/m2 𝑐 = 2.9979 × 108
s
Volume= πr2h

Page 1 of 3
 Chapters 25-27
Series
Capacitance Resistance 𝑖𝑠 = 𝑖1 = 𝑖2 = ⋯
𝑄
𝐶= → 𝑄 = 𝐶𝑉𝑎𝑏 𝑞𝑠 = 𝑞1 = 𝑞2 = ⋯
𝑉𝑎𝑏
𝑉𝑎𝑏
𝜅𝜖0 𝐴 𝑅= → 𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝐼𝑅 𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + ⋯
𝐶𝑝𝑝 = 𝐼
𝑑 𝜌𝐿
2𝜋𝜅𝜖0 𝐿 𝑅= 1 1 1
𝐶𝑐𝑦𝑙 = 𝐴 = + +⋯
ln(𝑏/𝑎) 𝐶𝑠 𝐶1 𝐶2
𝑅 ≈ 𝑅0 [1 + 𝛼(𝑇 − 𝑇0 )]
𝑎𝑏 𝑅𝑠 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + ⋯
𝐶𝑠𝑝 = 4𝜋𝜅𝜖0
𝑏−𝑎
𝐿𝑠 = 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 + ⋯

Parallel
Current & Current Density Energy Density and Power 𝑖𝑝 = 𝑖1 + 𝑖2 + ⋯
𝑞𝑝 = 𝑞1 + 𝑞2 + ⋯
2
𝑑𝑞 1 1 1𝑄 𝑉𝑝 = 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 = ⋯
𝑖= = 𝑛𝑞𝐴𝑣𝑑 𝑈𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 𝐶𝑉 2 = 𝑄𝑉 =
𝑑𝑡 2 2 2 𝐶
𝑖 𝑈 1
𝐽= → 𝐽⃗ = 𝑛𝑞𝑣⃗𝑑 𝑢= = 𝜅𝜖0 𝐸 2 𝐶𝑝 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + ⋯
𝐴 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 2
𝐸 = 𝜌𝐽 𝑉2 1 1 1
𝑃 = 𝑖 2 𝑅 = 𝑖𝑉 = = + +⋯
𝑚 𝑅 𝑅𝑝 𝑅1 𝑅2
𝜌= 2
𝑒 𝑛𝜏 1 1 1
= + +⋯
𝐿𝑝 𝐿1 𝐿2

Kirchoff’s Rules Charging RC Circuit Discharging RC Circuit

𝜏 = 𝑅𝐶 𝜏 = 𝑅𝐶
∑ 𝑖𝑖𝑛 = ∑ 𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑡 (junction) 𝑞(𝑡) = 𝐶ℰ(1 − 𝑒 −𝑡/𝑅𝐶 ) 𝑞(𝑡) = 𝑞0 𝑒 −𝑡/𝑅𝐶
∑𝑉 = 0 (loop) 𝑖(𝑡) = 𝑖0 𝑒 −𝑡/𝑅𝐶 𝑖(𝑡) = 𝑖0 𝑒 −𝑡/𝑅𝐶

From PHY 107

vavg = Δx/Δt v=dr/dt ΣF = ma ar = v2/r
aavg = Δv/Δt a=dv/dt Fnet = Δp/Δt at = Δ|v|/Δt
vf = vi + aΔt FAB = – FBA Δs = rΔθ
Δx = ½ (vi + vf )Δt Fx = – dU/dx v = rω
Δx = viΔt + ½ a(Δt)2 𝐺𝑚𝐴 𝑚𝐵 at = rα
𝐹⃗𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣 = − 𝑟̂
vf2 = vi2 + 2 aΔx 𝑟2 v = (2πr)/T

KEtr = ½mv2 𝑠𝑓
𝑊 = ∫ 𝐹⃗ ⋅ 𝑑𝑠⃗ = 𝐹𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
PEg = mgh 𝑠𝑖
PEg = – (GMm)/r 𝛥𝑊
𝑃= = 𝐹⃗ ⋅ 𝑣⃗ = 𝐹𝑣 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
W + Ei = Ef 𝛥𝑡

Page 2 of 3
 Chapters 28-30
Magnetic Force Cyclotron Motion Crossed Fields
𝑚𝑣 𝐸
𝐹⃗𝐵 = 𝑞𝑣⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗ 𝑟= 𝑞𝐵
𝑣=
𝐵

⃗⃗ × 𝐵 𝑞𝐵 𝑉𝐻 = 𝑣𝑑 𝐵𝑑
𝑑𝐹⃗𝐵 = 𝑖 𝑑ℓ ⃗⃗ 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 = 𝑚
𝐵𝑖
𝑛=𝑉
𝐻 𝑙𝑒

Magnetic Field Magnetic Dipole

Flux & Faraday’s Law
⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗×𝑟̂
𝜇0 𝑞𝑣 𝜇⃗ = 𝑁𝑖𝐴⃗
𝑑𝐵 4𝜋 𝑟 2 𝜇 𝜇
𝐵𝑧 = 2𝜋0 𝑧3
⃗⃗×𝑟̂
𝜇0 𝑖 𝑑ℓ ⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝐴⃗
ϕ𝐵 = ∫ 𝐵
⃗⃗ =
𝑑𝐵 4𝜋 𝑟 2 ⃗⃗
𝜏⃗ = 𝜇⃗ × 𝐵 𝑑𝜙B
ℰ = −𝑁 = ∮ 𝐸⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑠⃗
∮𝐵 ⃗⃗ = 𝜇0 𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐
⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑑ℓ 𝑑𝑡
⃗⃗
𝑈 = −𝜇⃗ ∙ 𝐵

RL Circuit
0 𝜇 𝑖 Inductance
𝐵𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒, = 2𝜋𝑟
𝑖𝑛𝑓 𝑑𝑖
ℰ = −𝐿 𝑑𝑡
0 𝜇 𝑖 𝜏 = 𝐿/𝑅
𝐵𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒, = 4𝜋𝑟 (sin 𝜃𝑎 + sin 𝜃𝑏 ) 𝜙𝐵
𝑓𝑖𝑛 𝐿=𝑁 𝑖
(self)
𝜇0 𝑖 𝜙
𝐵 𝑎𝑟𝑐, = ( ) ℰ
𝑖 = (1 − 𝑒 −𝑡/𝜏 ) (growing) 𝐿𝑠𝑜𝑙,𝑖𝑛𝑓 = 𝜇0 𝑛2 𝑉
𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 2𝑅 2𝜋 𝑅
𝜙𝐵2 𝜙𝐵1
2 𝑀 = 𝑁2 = 𝑁1 (mutual)
⃗⃗𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙, = 𝜇0 𝑁𝑖(𝜋𝑅
𝐵
) 𝑖1 𝑖2
2𝜋 (𝑧 2 +𝑅2 )3/2 𝑑𝑖 ℰ
𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑑𝑡
= 𝐿 𝑒 −𝑡/𝜏 (growing) 1
𝑈𝐿 = 2 𝐿𝑖 2
𝑁
𝐵𝑠𝑜𝑙, = 𝑛𝜇0 𝑖 = 𝜇 𝑖
𝐿 0 𝐵2
𝑖𝑛𝑓 𝑢𝐵 = 2𝜇
𝑁𝜇0 𝑖 𝑖 = 𝑖0 𝑒 −𝑡/𝜏 (decaying) 0
𝐵𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 2𝜋𝑟
𝑎≤𝑟≤𝑏

Chapters 31-32
Resistance, Reactance, & Impedance
LC Circuit RLC Circuit (non-driven)
𝑑2 𝑞 1
(for AC Circuits driven at 𝜔)
𝐿 𝑑𝑡 2 + 𝐶 𝑞 = 0 𝑑2 𝑞 𝑑𝑞 1
𝐿 𝑑𝑡 2 + 𝑅 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶 𝑞 = 0 𝑉𝑅 = 𝐼𝑅
𝑞 = 𝑄 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙) 𝑅
−( )𝑡 𝑉𝐿 = 𝐼Χ 𝐿 , Χ 𝐿 = 𝜔𝐿
𝑞 = 𝑄𝑒 2𝐿 cos(𝜔′𝑡 + 𝜙)
𝑖 = −𝜔𝑄 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙) 1
𝑅 2
𝑉𝐶 = 𝐼Χ 𝐶 , Χ 𝐶 = 𝜔𝐶
1 ′ √𝜔 2
𝜔= 𝜔 = − (2𝐿)
√𝐿𝐶 ℰ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐼𝑍 , 𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + (Χ 𝐿 − Χ 𝐶 )2

Maxwell’s Equations
Transformers 𝑞𝑒𝑛𝑐
Driven RLC Circuit
∮ 𝐸⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝐴⃗ =
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑝 𝑁𝑠
𝑁 𝜖0 ℰ = ℰ𝑚𝑎𝑥 sin(𝜔𝑡)
𝑝 −𝑑𝜙𝐵
∮ 𝐸⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑠⃗ = 𝑑𝑡
𝑖 = 𝐼 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 𝜙)
𝑁𝑝
𝐼𝑠 = 𝐼𝑝 𝑁 Χ𝐿 −Χ𝐶
𝑠 ⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝐴⃗ = 0
∮𝐵 𝜙 = tan−1 ( 𝑅
)
𝐼𝑝 𝑉𝑝 = 𝐼𝑠 𝑉𝑠 2
⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑠⃗ = 𝜇0 (𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑,𝑒𝑛𝑐 )
∮𝐵 𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑅 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 ℰ𝑟𝑚𝑠 cos 𝜙
𝑁 2
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅 ( 𝑁𝑝 ) 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
𝑉
, 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
𝐼
𝑠 𝑑𝜙 √2 √2
𝑖𝑑 = 𝜖0 𝑑𝑡𝐸

Page 3 of 3
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